试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

题库

首页 > 题库 > 中南大学

Today, the world also needs a paradigm shift on economy system. But this time it is the prevailing economic model that must be transformed. (1) By 2030, the global middle class will total nearly five billion people, all of whom will expect the same kinds of opportunities and comforts that wealthy populations have long enjoyed. This will put increasing strain on the environment and deplete the world’s stock of resources.(2) The problem is that the world has long maintained a myopic focus on producing and consuming goods as cheaply as possible, thus leading to a result as a linear economy based on the rapid use, disposal, and replacement of goods. Sustaining the current model would require unlimited, easily accessible resources and infinite space for waste — something that clearly is not possible. (3) Indeed, the consequences of our disposable economy — skyrocketing CO2 emissions, unmanageable waste streams, and the increasing difficulty of extracting resources, to name a few, are already apparent. To find a sustainable alternative, one need only look to nature, where nothing is wasted. Forests, for example, are completely efficient systems, with species’ lifecycles occurring in perfect harmony with the seasons. This underpins levels of resilience and longevity that economic systems should strive to emulate. (4) Just as ecosystems reuse everything in an efficient and purposeful cycle, a “circular” economic system would ensure that products were designed to be part of a value network, within which the reuse and refurbishment of products, components, and materials would ensure the continual re-exploitation of resources.Of course, building a circular economy would require a fundamental restructuring of global value chains. Instead of selling products, businesses would retain ownership, selling the use of the goods they make as a service. (5) Selling a product’s benefits instead of the product itself would create a powerful incentive for the producers to design for longevity, repeated reuse and eventual recycling, which would enable them to optimize their use of resource.

I passed all the other courses that I took at my university, but I could have never passed botany. This was because all botany students had to spend several hours a week in a laboratory looking through a microscope at plant cells, and I could never once see a cell through a microscope. This used to enrage my instructor. He would wander around the laboratory pleased with the progress all the students were making in drawing the structure of flower cells, until he came to me. I would just be standing there. “I can’t see anything” I would say. He would begin patiently enough, explaining how anybody can see through a microscope, but he would always end up in a fury, claiming that I could, too, see through a microscope but just pretended that I couldn’t. “It takes away from the beauty of flowers anyway.” I used to tell him. “We are not concerned with beauty in this course,” he would say. “We are concerned solely with what I may call the mechanics of flowers.” “Well,” I’d say, “I can’t see anything” “Try it just once again,” he’d say, and I would put my eye to the microscope and see nothing at all, except now and again a nebulous milky substance — a phenomenon of maladjustment. You were supposed to see a vivid, restless clockwork of sharply defined plant cells. “I see what looks like a lot of milk,” I would tell him. This, he claimed, was the result of my not having adjusted the microscope properly, so he would readjust it for me, or rather, for himself. And I would look again and see milk.I finally took a deferred pass, as they called it, and waited a year and tried again. (You had to pass one of the biological sciences or you couldn’t graduate). The professor had come back from vacation brown as a berry, bright-eyed and eager to explain cell-structure again to his classes. “Well,” He said to me, cheerily, when we met in the first laboratory hour of the semester, “We’re going to see cells this time, aren’t we?” “Yes, sir,” I said. Students to the right of me and to the left of me and in front of me were seeing cells; what’s more, they were quietly drawing pictures of them in their notebooks, Of course, I didn’t see anything.“We’ll try it,” the professor said to me grimly, “with every adjustment of the microscope known to man. As God is my witness. I’ll arrange this glass so that you see cells through it or I’ll give up teaching. In twenty-two years of botany, I…”. He cut off abruptly for he was beginning to quiver all over, like Lionel Barrymore, and he genuinely wished to hold onto his temper; his scenes with me had taken a great deal out of him.So, we tried it with every adjustment of the microscope known to man. With only one of them did I see anything but blackness or the familiar lacteal opacity, and that time I say, to my pleasure and amazement, a variegated constellation of flecks, specks, and dots. These I hastily drew. The instructor, noting my activity, came back from an adjoining desk, a smile on his lips and his eyebrows high in hope. He looked at my cell drawing, “what’s that?” he demanded, with a hint of a squeal in his voice, “that’s what I saw,” I said. “You didn’t, you didn’t, you didn’t!” he screamed, losing control of his temper instantly; and he bent over and squinted into the microscope. His head snapped up. “That’s your eye!” he shouted. “You’ve fixed the lens so that it reflects! You’ve drawn your eye!”1.According to the author, why was he taking the botany course?2.It can be inferred from the passage that the professor’s attitude toward the author was （）. 3.Why did the author have difficulty with the microscope?4.The tone of this passage could best be described as（）.

The recent debate on acid rain is again setting environmentalist head to head against industry. But this time, a curious philosophy has emerged in Washington that says the more we know about a problem, the more uncertainty is introduced and the more it needs to be studied. As a result, we know more about acid rain and its effects, than ever before, but it seems a regulatory solution has never been further away.Researchers generally agree that acid rain arises primarily from the burning of coal and oil. The emissions contain oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, which can be carried hundreds of miles on the prevailing westerly winds. They eventually return to earth as dry gases and particulates and react with ground waters to form nitric or sulfuric acid. They may also be converted to the acids in the atmosphere by chemical processes that are still not fully understood.However, the acids are formed, they have already been charged with a substantial list of damages. Corrosion of metal structures in windward areas of the country has been well- documented, but it is a relatively minor entry on the list. Other forms of damage are far more insidious and longer-lasting. There is evidence, for example, that the acids leach heavy metals —aluminum, lead, and mercury — from the soil, which then poison plant roots and deprive them of vital nutrients. In lakes and rivers, the acid alters the blood chemistry in fish. The metals, meanwhile, irreversibly damage the gill systems of certain species, such as bass and walleye. As the concentration of poison rises, egg hatching is reduced and the number of deformed embryos increases.The effects of acid rain are more severe in the eastern part of the country for two reasons. First, most coal burning occurs in Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, according to Eville Gorham, professor of ecology and botany at the University of Minnesota and a modern pioneer in the study of acid rain. These states produce about a quarter of all U.S. oxide emissions, he told this year’s American Chemical Society meeting in Las Vegas and the airborne particulates tend to wind up in the Northeast.The second reason is the varying chemical makeup of North American soils, Western soils are relatively rich in neutralizing compounds like magnesium and calcium carbonates, but the coarse, shallow eastern soils have much less of this buffering capacity. Together, these factors explain what Gorham calls a “pool of acid air pollution” over the Northeast that is strongly suspected of having killed or injured aquatic life in more than 200 lakes in New York’s Adirondack region.1.According to the passage, acid rain （）.2.The author implies that （）. 3.The damaging effects of acid rain are felt less in the West because （）. 4.The LEAST serious problem caused by acid rain is the（）.

When giving any general overview of the development and use of machine translationsystems and translation tools, it is important to distinguish four basic types of translation demands.The first, and traditional type of demand is for translations of a quality normally expected from humans, i.e., translations of publishable quality. This illustrates the use of MT for dissemination. It has been satisfied, to some extent, by machine translation systems ever since they were first developed in the 1960s. However, MT systems produce output which must invariably be revised or “post-edited” by human translators if it is to reach the quality required. Sometimes such revision may be substantial, so that in effect the MT system is producing a “draft” translation. As an alternative, the input text may be regularized (or “controlled” in vocabulary and sentence structure) so that the MT system produces few errors which have to be corrected. Some MT systems have, however, been developed to deal with a very narrow range of text content and language style, and these may require little or no preparation or revision of texts.The second basic demand is for translations at a somewhat lower level of quality, which are intended for users who want to find out the essential content of a particular document—and generally, as quickly as possible. This demand —the use of MT for assimilation—has been met in the past as, in effect, a by-product of systems designed originally for the dissemination application. Since MT systems did not (and still cannot) produce high quality translations, some users have found that they can extract what they need to know from the unedited output. They would rather have some translation, however poor, than no translation at all. With the coming of cheaper PC-based systems on the market, this type of use has grown rapidly and substantially.The third type of demand—MT for interchange—comes from the need for immediate translation in order to convey the basic content of messages. MT systems are finding a “natural” role, since they can operate virtually or in fact in real-time and on-line and there has been little objection to the inevitable poor quality, and are useful in producing spoken language translations, e.g. for telephone conversations and business negotiations. The problems of integrating speech recognition and automatic translation are obviously hard to tackle, but progress is nevertheless being made. In the future—still distant, perhaps—we may expect on-line MT systems for the translation of speech in highly restricted domains.The fourth area of application is for translation within multilingual systems of information retrieval, information extraction, database access, etc. This field is the focus of a number of projects in Europe at the present time, which have the aim of widening access for all members of the European Union to sources of data and information whatever the source language.1.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that in rendering publishable translations of literary works,（）.2.According to the third paragraph, users of MT for assimilation （）. 3.It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that with the progressive sophistication systems, （）. 4.Translation within multilingual systems of information retrieval, etc, is now the focus of a number of projects in Europe because（）.

Sigmund Freud lived most of his life in Vienna, Austria. He was trained in medicine and established the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1910. This excerpt is from a translation of a 1923 work, The Ego and the Id.There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment, they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician, but later one comes to take a deeper and juster view. One becomes convinced, not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation, but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. Every partial solution that ought to result; and in other people does result, in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the exacerbation of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. The exhibit what is known as a “negative therapeutic reaction.”There is no doubt that there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery, and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger. We are accustomed to say that the need for illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery. If we analyze this resistance in the usual way — then, even after allowance has been made for an attitude of defiance towards the physician and for fixation to the various forms of gain from illness, the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery, more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic inaccessibility, a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness.In the end, we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a“moral”factor, a sense of guilt which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering. We shall be right in regarding this disheartening explanation as final. But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty; he does not feel guilty, he feels ill. This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which is extremely difficult to overcome. It is also particular difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill, he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case.1.A good title for this passage might be （）.2.From the passage we can learn that Freud means that these patients （）. 3.Freud’s study of this syndrome leads him to think that （）. 4.Does Freud feel that analysis is not right for the patients he describes?

The chemical formula of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is now well established. The molecule is a very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, which can be of four different types. Two of the possible bases—adenine and guanine — are purines, and the other two — thymine and cytosine — are pyrimidines. So are as is known, the sequence of bases along the chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of phosphate, sugar and base, is known as a nucleotide.The first feature of our structure which is of biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, but of two. These two chains are both coiled around a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that since there was only one chain in the chemical formula there would only be one in the structural unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two.The other biologically important feature is the manner in which the two chains are held together. This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases. The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single base from the other. The important point is that only certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. One member of a pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two chains. If a pair consisted of two purines, for example, there could not be room for it.We believe that the bases will be present almost entirely in their most probable forms. If this is true, the conditions for forming hydrogen bonds are more restrictive, and the only pairs of bases possible are: adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine. Adenine, for example, can occur on either chain; but when it does, its partner on the other chain must always be thymine.The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of bases can fit into the structure. It follows that in a long molecule many different permutations are possible, and it therefore seems likely that the precise sequence of bases is the code which carries the genetical information. If the actual order of the bases on one of the pair of chains were given, one could write down the exact order of the bases on the other one, because of the specific pairing. Thus, one chain is, as if were, the complement of the other, and it is this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule might duplicate itself.1.The authors use the word “backbone” (underlined in 1th and 5th paragraphs) to indicate that （）.2.In the second paragraph, what do the authors claim to be a feature of biological interest?3.Based on the passage, the authors’ statement “If a pair consisted of two purines, for example, there would not be room for it” (italicized) implies that pair （）. 4.The authors9 use of the words “exact,” “specific,” and “complement” blackened in the final paragraph functions mainly to（）.

It is so mild and moist as I saunter along by the wall east of the Hill that I remember, or anticipate, one of those warm (1) in the spring, when the earth is just laid bare, the wind is south, and the cladonia lichens are (2) and lusty with moisture, your foot sinking into them and pressing the water out as from a sponge, and the (3) places also are drinking it in. You wander (4) in a beaded coat, wet to the skin of your legs, sit on moss-clad rocks and stumps, and hear the (5) of migrating sparrows flitting amid the shrub oaks, sit long at a time, still, and have your thoughts. A rain which is as serene as fair (6), suggesting fairer weather than was ever seen. You could hug the clods that (7) you. You feel the fertilizing influence of the rain in your mid. The part of you that is wettest is fullest of life, (8) the lichens. You discover evidences of immortality not known to (9). You cease to die. You detect some buds and sprouts of life. Every (10) in the old rye-field is on virgin soil.And then the rain comes thicker and faster than before, thawing the (11) frost in the ground, detaining the migrating bird, and turn your back to it, full of serene, contented (12), soothed by the steady dropping on the withered leaves, more at home for being abroad, more comfortable for being wet, sinking at each step (13) into the thawing earth, gladly (14) the gray rotting ice. The dullest sounds seem sweetly modulated by the air. You leave your tracks (15) spring rye, scaring the fox-colored sparrows along the woodsides. You cannot go home yet; you stay and sit in the rain. You (16) along the distant woodsides, full of joy and expectation, seeing (17) beauty, hearing nothing but music, as free as the (18) sparrow, seeing far ahead, a courageous (19), a great philosopher, not indebted to any academy or college for this (20), but chiefly to the April rain, which descend on all alike.

Paradoxically, Robinson’s excessive denials of the worth of early works of science fiction suggest that she has become quite（）them.

You（）the class to tell me that: you could have come up to me afterwards.

Nowadays more and more people are interested in arranging time for exercises and（）to release the stress caused by the fast pace and pressure of their lives.

Usually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in this particular experiment she let a number of（）results slip by.

Indeed, with computers as basic as a Macintosh, producers can write scripts, budget productions and（）schedules and locations all on the same machine.

The new biological psychiatry does not deny the contributing role of psychological factors may act as a catalyst on existing physiological conditions and（）such illnesses.

Britain’s press is unusual（）it is divided into two very different types of newspapers: the quality press and popular press.

The singer’s performance was so exciting that many of his fans were（）enthusiasm.

We can’t hope to compete with other big companies（）we have inferior equipment in our installation lines and training of our workforce.

Veteran doctors can often reflect on past experiences to draw lessons for the present; young resident doctors, however, rarely have the advantages of such（）.

The First World War began in a context of jargon and verbal delicacy and continued in a cloud of euphemism as（）as language and literature, skillfully used, could make it.

The two paintings by the great artist embody the（）style of the times and the impulses that would transform Chinese contemporary art.

To test the（）of borrowing from one field of study to enrich another, simply investigate the extent to which terms from the one may, without forcing, be utilized by the other.

暂未登录

学员用户尊享特权

老师批改作业做题助教答疑学员专用题库高频考点梳理

上一页 1 2 3 4 5 6 下一页