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Whether you are male or female, if you ( ) early and middle teenage years you will probably recall many times when you stood in front of a mirror looking at yourself or worrying about your height, weight, or body shape.

As serious as she is about the bullfight, she does not allow respect to ( ) her sense of whimsy when painting it.

Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaptation to be a product of selection at the level of populations: recent studies of evolution, however, have found no ( ) this pervasive view of selection.

Because no comprehensive ( ) exist regarding personal reading practices, we do not know, for example, the greatest number of books read in an individual lifetime.

While Parker is very outspoken on issues she cares about, she is not ( ); she concedes the strength of opposing arguments when they expose weaknesses inherent in her own.

Usually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in this particular experiment she let a number of ( ) results slip by.

Even those who disagreed with Carmen’s views rarely faulted her for expressing them, for the positions she took were as ( ) as they were controversial.

Paradoxically, Robinson’s excessive denials of the worth of early works of science fiction suggest that she has become quite ( ) them.

Johnson vows that if I ( ) the connection, he will settle in the village for the rest of his life, and you know it is impossible to submit to such an extremity while any other alternative remains.

Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic “Rhythms, Natural and Harmonious Features in Our Study” according to the idea given below and outline in Chinese. Write your essay on Answer Sheet II clearly and neatly.悠扬的节律，自然的发展及其和谐的共存在我们的生活中无处不在。四季的发生，生命的演变和社会的进步无一都是节奏、天然及和谐的作品。不过您注意到了吗，在我们的学习中，在我们的科学研究中它也是和我们相伴而行的。请你留意本学科学习和研究的特征，用具体的事例或亲身感受谈一下，节律、自然及和谐在我们学科发展中的存在和感受。Rhythms, Natural and Harmonious Features in Our Study

Read the following short paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.预言未来的经济是困难的事情。美国人逐渐意识到他们自己是在一种全球化经济中竞争，而且他们将不断经历经济的好转和低迷。不过有一件事情可以确定的是，美国关于财富的传统观念已经对人民的生活水平和价值观产生了深远的影响。而因为美国人对于财富持续增长的观念已经深深扎根于他们的信仰系统，所以财富的衰退的现状会对他们产生严重的挫伤。不过即便是经济的衰退，很难说对他们所持的理念带来太多的作用，相反也许会产生积极的竞争和促进作用。

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. What’s the best teacher? Experience, of course! It’s priceless.（1）It comes from what you yourself have seen, heard, tasted, smelled and felt — what you yourself have lived through.Take a closer look. Look at our limitations. （2）No wonder experience is so precious in that we can’t begin to get enough of it, even cannot experience again what we just lived through. We’re not born with instant replay. We can’t actually relive any moment. And, obviously, we’re limited to one lifetime.Space and time! How they limit us. Who has a time machine to carry him back into history? No one. It’s the same with space.（3）We can’t literally be in two places at the same time. Right now, you can’t be sitting where you are and at the same time be strolling down the famed Champs Elysees in Paris (巴黎香榭丽舍大道).And there’s so much experience we need. What’s it really like to work on an assembly line? What’s it really like to be a secretary?Here’s where reading fits.（4）It can bring us, personally, almost unlimited additional experience; to be sure, it’s secondhand experience. But it’s often so, vivid it seems firsthand, just as if we’re living through it ourselves, being moved to tears, laughter or suspense.（5）That rich range of experience provides the ideal supplement to our own limited experience; by doing so, reading becomes one of our most profound mind-shaping activities.Furthermore, all this experience is available when we want it. Books never impose on us. When we want them, we reach out and pull them off the shell or table. At our convenience we invite them to share their unbelievable wealth with us.

Until about five years ago, the very idea that peptide hormones might be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus was astounding- Peptide hormones, scientists thought, were made by endocrine glands and the hypothalamus was thought to be the brains’ only endocrine gland. What is more, because peptide hormones cannot cross the blood-brain barrier; researchers believed that they never got to any part of the brain other than the hypothalamus, where they were simply produced and then released into the bloodstream.But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present. The immunological method of detecting peptide hormones by means of antiserums, however, is imprecise. Cross-reactions are possible, and this method cannot determine whether the substances detected by the antiserums really are the hormones, or merely close relatives. Furthermore this method cannot be used to determine the location in the body where the detected substances are actually produced.New techniques of molecular biology, however, provide a way to answer these questions. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s) that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s) of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will contain these mRNA’s. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them, then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s, but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. The cells containing these mRNA’s can then be isolated and their mRNA’s decoded to determine just what their protein products are and how closely the products resemble the true peptide hormones.The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. Roberts, expressing the sentiment of many researchers, states: “I was trained as an endocrinologist. But it became clear to me that the field of endocrinology needed molecular biology input. The process of grinding out protein purifications is just too slow.”If, as the initial tests with cDNA probes suggest, peptide hormones really are made in the brain in areas other than the hypothalamus, a theory must be developed that explains their function in the brain. Some have suggested that the hormones are all growth regulators, but Rosen’s work on rat brains indicates that this cannot be true. A number of other researchers propose that they might be used for intercellular communication in the brain.1.Which of the following titles best summarizes the passage?2.The passage suggests that a substance detected in brain by use of antiserums to peptide hormones may（）. 3.The passage implies that, in doing research on rat brains, Rosen discovered that （）. 4.Which of the following is a way in which the immunological method of detecting peptide hormones differs from the molecular method?

Follow the money and you will end up in space. That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum on mining beyond Earth.Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre for Space Engineering Research, the event brought together mining companies, robotics experts, lunar scientists, and government agencies that are all working to make space mining a reality.The forum comes hot on the heels of the 2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firm.Planetary Resources of Washington says it will launch its first prospecting telescopes in two years, while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to be harvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Another commercial venture that sprung up in 2012, Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips to the moon, including to potential lunar miners.Within a few decades, these firms may be meeting earthly demands for precious metals, such as platinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vital for personal electronics, such as yttrium and lanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers who transformed the western United States, the first space miners won’t just enrich themselves. They also hope to build an off-planet economy free of any bonds with Earth, in which the materials extracted and processed from the moon and asteroids are delivered for space-based projects.In this scenario, water mined from other worlds could become the most desired commodity. “In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of gold or a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny of Honeybee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless. Water will let you live.”Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent to astronauts on the International Space Station for drinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, so ice-rich asteroids could become interplanetary refueling stations.Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, and aluminum in lunar soil and asteroids, which could be used in 3D printers to make spare parts or machinery. Others want to turn space dirt into concrete for landing pads, shelters and roads.1.In the passage the author mentions several companies primarily to （）.2.The author indicates that space mining could have which positive effect?3.As used in the passage the word “demands” underlined most nearly means （）. 4.What function does the discussion of water in last part of the passage?

When giving any general overview of the development and use of machine translation (MT) systems and translation tools, it is important to distinguish four basic types of translation demand.The first, and traditional type of demand is for translations of a quality normally expected from humans, i.e. translations of publishable quality. This illustrates the use of MT for dissemination. It has been satisfied, to some extent, by machine translation systems ever since they were first developed in the 1960s. However, MT system produce output which must invariably be revised or “post-edited” by human translators if it is to reach the quality required. Sometimes such revision may be substantial, so that in effect the MT system is producing a “draft” translation. As an alternative, the input text may be regularized (or “controlled” in vocabulary and sentence structure) so that the MT system produces few errors which have to be corrected. Some MT systems have, however, been developed to deal with a very narrow range of text content and language style, and these may require little or no preparation or revision of texts. The second basic demand is for translations at a somewhat lower level of quality, which are intended for users who want to find out the essential content of a particular document — and generally, as quickly as possible. This demand — the use of MT for assimilation — has been met in the past as, in effect, a by-product of systems designed originally for the dissemination application. Since MT systems did not (and still cannot) produce high quality translations, some users have found that they can extract what they need to know from the unedited output. They would rather have some translation, however poor, than no translation at all. With the coming of cheaper PC-based systems on the market, this type of use has grown rapidly and substantially.The third type of demand—MT for interchange — comes from the need for immediate translation in order to convey the basic content of messages. MT systems are finding a “natural” role, since they can operate virtually or in fact in real-time and on-line and there has been little objection to the inevitable poor quality, and are useful in producing spoken language translations, e.g. for telephone conversations and business negotiations. The problems of integrating speech recognition and automatic translation are obviously hard to tackle, but progress is nevertheless being made. In the future — still distant, perhaps — we may expect on-line MT systems for the translation of speech in highly restricted domains.The fourth area of application is for translation within multilingual systems of information retrieval, information extraction, database access, etc. This field is the focus of a number of projects in Europe at the present time, which have the aim of widening access for all members of the European Union to sources of data and information whatever the source language.1.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that in rendering publishable translations of literary works, （）.2.MT systems will make few errors if （）. 3.According to the third paragraph, users of MT for assimilation （）. 4.It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that with the progressive sophistication of MT systems,（）.

Soil naturally contains harmless amounts of lead, along with other metals. Because of pollution, however, the amounts are higher the closer you get to cities and towns. But experts say this should not stop gardeners from growing food if they take safety measures.David Johnson is a chemistry professor in the State University of New York’s College of Environmental Science and Forestry. He explains that lead can enter the ground from leaded paint and leaded fuel and from industry.And once lead gets into the soil, it stays a long time. It remains an environmental threat especially to children. Lead can harm mental and physical development even in babies before they are born.If a test finds that soil has too much lead, you might be advised to remove the soil or cover it with sod grass. Different countries have different levels that they consider acceptable.Carl Rosen of the University of Minnesota Extension notes that concerns about lead have increased now that more people are planting gardens. But Professor Rosen says plants generally do not absorb much lead. He says there is likely more risk from lead dust on plants or from playing in the soil than from the plant itself.Still, some plants do absorb more than others. Experts say good choices for the garden include tomatoes, peppers, beans and okra. Among the plants that can absorb more contaminants, they say, are root crops, leafy vegetables and herbs. If you grow carrots, for example, you might want to peel them. Dirt may be harder to remove from some crops than from others. But all produce should be washed.Gardens should be planted away from roads and structures, especially old building. Home gardeners should plant away from the foundation of their house. And lead amounts can be especially high near industrial areas and waste dumps.Soil should also be tested for its PH level, a measure of the acid and alkaline balance. Experts say the ability to take up lead is reduced when the PH level is above six and a half. Adding organic material such as compost to soil can also make lead less available to plants.Some people attempt a process called phytoremediation. They try to remove lead from soil by growing certain plants that collect it. But Professor Rosen says the process is complex and may not work.1.All of the following is true about lead in soil EXCEPT （）.2.According to the passage, there is an increased concern about the lead because （）. 3.Which of the following plants may contain the lowest amount of lead?4.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is to inform on （）.

Yet the difference in tone and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs. Religions are many, reason one. Religion consists of conscious ideas, hopes, enthusiasms, and objects of worship; it operates by grace and flourishes by prayer. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, nor call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion. Religion brings some order into life by weighting it with new materials. Reason adds to the natural materials only the perfect order which it introduces into them. Rationality is nothing but a form, an ideal constitution which experience may more or less embody. Religion is a part of experience itself: a mass of sentiments and ideas. The one is an inviolate principle, the other a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changing force of religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems to make for an ultimate harmony within the soul and for an ultimate harmony between the soul and all that the soul depends upon. Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the goal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims. Religion also has an instinctive and blind side and bubbles up in all manner of chance practices and intuitions; soon, however, it feels its way toward the heart of things, and from whatever quarter it may come, veers in the direction of the ultimate.Nevertheless, we must confess that this religious pursuit of the Life of Reason has been singularly abortive. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but anyone regarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind. Their chief anxiety has been to offer imaginary remedies for mortal ills. Some of which are incurable essentially, while others might have been really cured by well-directed effort. The Greek oracles, for instance, pretended to heal our natural ignorance, which has its appropriate though difficult cure, while the Christian vision of heaven pretended to be an antidote to our natural death — the inevitable correlate of birth, and of a changing and conditioned existence. By methods of this sort little can be done for the real betterment of life. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness, Nature is soon avenged. An unhealthy exaltation and a one-sided morality have to be followed by regrettable reaction. When this come, the real rewards of life may seem vain to a relaxed vitality, and the very name of virtue may irritate young spirits untrained in any natural excellence, Thus, religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fulfill.What is the secret of this ineptitude? Why does religion, so near to rationality in its purpose, fall so short of it in its results? The answer is easy; religion pursues rationality through the imagination. When it explains events or assigns causes, it is an imaginative substitute for science. When it gives precepts, insinuates ideals, or remoulds aspiration, it is an imaginative substitute for wisdom—I mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit of all good. The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses. Hence the depth and importance of religion becomes intelligible no less than its contradictions and practical disasters. Its object is the same as that of reason, but its method is to proceed by intuition and by unchecked poetical conceits.1.As used in the passage, the author would define wisdom as （）.2.Which of the following statements is not true according to the author?3.The author of this passage states that religion differs from rationality in that （）. 4.All of the following terms may be used to describe the concept of reason as used by the author EXCEPT（）.

Based on hundreds of face-to-face interviews and surveys with students, sociologist Robert Manning of Georgetown University (1) both the number with credit card debt and their indebtedness (2) “systematically underreported” in previous studies which failed to reflect the “survival strategies” many used to (3) their debts. These included the use of federal student loans to pay (4) credit cards, effectively shifting the debt, (5) parents for loans, cutting back on course work to increase time at paid jobs or even (6) altogether to work full time. “Official drop-out rates include growing numbers of students who are unable to cope with the stress of their debts and/or (7) jobs for servicing their credit cards,” the study said. (8) , debts can haunt students. “Student credit card debts are increasingly (9) during the recruitment process and may be an important (10) in evaluating prospective employees.” it noted. And the (11) can also manifest in far more (12) ways.” Janne O’Donnell’s 20-year-old son, a junior at the University of Oklahoma, (13) O’Donnell and Manning agreed students should (14) some responsibility for reckless use of credit, (15) said credit card companies also had to be held (16) for making it so easy for them to get into debt. Manning said one of the most (17) aspects of the student credit card issue was “the (18) of college and university administrators by the credit card industry.” Card issuers were (19) school programs, funding activities and even entering into business (20) with schools involving college-branded “affinity” cards, he said. “As a result, rather than protecting the economic and educational interests of their students, college administrators are playing an active and often disingenuous role in promoting the prominence of credit cards in collegiate life.”

I can vouch for his（）, I have always found him veracious.

As serious as she is about the bullfight, she does not allow respect to （）her sense of whimsy when painting it.

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