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A job description should give details of the performance ______ a specific job.

For a country such as Britain, ______ depends on a manufacturing base that can mean inefficiency.

The wrapper itself ______ the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately.

In this law, ______, “state” means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality.

It is important that they know ______ to get from the applicants.

______ evidence of helium saw it as a bright yellow line in spectroscopes they aimed at the sun.

______ equally between school and television studios, she was busy learning lines while her friends are hooking on lines.

Formerly, calcium and vitamin D were frequently added to enriched bread, but ______ consumer demand and questionable nutritional benefit led to gradual phasing out of these enrichments.

Viewing your account balances any time you want, you can transfer money accounts at your convenience.

11. An educational environment to separate you from the daily rigors of life.

Directions: Present your perspective on the issue below, using relevant reasons and/or examples to support your views. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.Human life is sometimes compared to the climbing of a mountain.In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary.Word limit: no less than 200 words.

我一直以为大学校长是高瞻远瞩、指导学术与教育大方向的决策人，而不是管馒头稀饭的保姆。这一类型的教育者的用心，毋庸置疑，当然是善意的。问题是，我们论“事”的时候，用心如何根本不重要，重要的是实际后果，而教育的后果何其严重！在这种过度呵护的幼稚教育下成长的大学生，遇事时，除了“眼泪汪汪”之外又能做些什么呢？

An individual human existence should be like a river—small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man, who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will not be unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.

Directions: Blow is passage from a guide giving advice to foreign nationals living in Britain. Read the passage then fill in each gap with ONE word from the box below the passage. Write your answers in the spaces on ANSWEER SHEET. The first one has been done as an example.Losing your passportIf something has happened to your passport, inform your embassy at once and ask them to tell you all the documents that you will need to produce to be (Example) with a new one. This is most important because some embassies require extensive documentary proof of nationality, as well as proof of identity, such as driving license, or credit cards. So take care that you are not wasting time and money when you can least 66 either. If your passport has been lost or stolen, your embassy will want you to report the incident to the police as soon as possible. When you do so, ask for the police reference number of your case as many of the embassies find this useful in following up your 67 .Similarly, take your passport number with you to the embassy, as this will accelerate your case. The size and number of the photographs that you will need will 68 on your embassy, and some may even recommend a photographer. You should also confirm with embassy officials how much you will have to pay and also in what 69 it is to be paid.Some of the embassies are prepared to issue on-the-spot emergency passports, requiring no more than your oath to claim your 70 , but as a precaution you should investigate the requirements before you are actually forced to make an emergency request.

The extent of a nation’s power over its coastal ecosystems and the natural resources in its coastal waters has been defined by two international law doctrines: freedom of the seas and adjacent state sovereignty. Until the mid-twentieth century, most nations favored application of broad open-seas freedoms and limited sovereign rights over coastal waters. A nation had the right to include within its territorial dominion only a very narrow band of coastal waters (generally extending three miles from the shoreline), within which it had the authority, but not the responsibility, to regulate all activities. But, because this area of territorial dominion was so limited, most nations did not establish rules for management or protection of their territorial waters.Regardless of whether or not nations enforced regulations in their territorial waters, large ocean areas remained free of controls or restrictions. The citizens of all nations had the right to use these unrestricted ocean areas for any innocent purpose, including navigation and fishing. Except for controls over its own citizens, no nation had the responsibility, let alone the unilateral authority, to control such activities in international waters. And, since there were few standards of conduct that applied on the “open seas”, there were few jurisdictional conflicts between nations.The lack of standards is traceable to popular perceptions held before the middle of this century. By and large, marine pollution was not perceived as a significant problem, in part because the adverse effect of coastal activities on ocean ecosystems was not widely recognized, and pollution caused by human activities was generally believed to be limited to that caused by navigation. Moreover, the freedom to fish, or over fish, was an essential element of the traditional legal doctrine of freedom of the seas that no maritime country wished to see limited. And finally, the technology that later allowed exploitation of other ocean resources, such as, oil, did not yet exist.To date, controlling pollution and regulating ocean resources have still not been comprehensively addressed by law, but international law-established through the customs and practices of nations-does not preclude such efforts. And two recent developments may actually lead to future international rules providing for ecosystem management. First, the establishment of extensive fishery zones, extending territorial authority as far as 200 miles out from a country’s coast, has provided the opportunity for nations individually to manage larger ecosystems. This opportunity, combined with national self-interest in maintaining fish populations, could lead nations to reevaluate policies for management of their fisheries and to address the problem of pollution in territorial waters. Second, the international community is beginning to understand the importance of preserving the resources and ecology of international waters and to show signs of accepting responsibility for doing so. As an international consensus regarding the need for comprehensive management of ocean resources develops, it will become more likely that international standards and policies for broader regulation of human activities that affect ocean ecosystems will be adopted and implemented.61. According to the passage, until the mid-twentieth century there were few jurisdictional disputes over international waters because .62. According the international law doctrines applicable before the mid-twentieth century, if commercial activity within a particular nation’s territorial waters threatened all marine life in those waters, the nation would have been .63. The author suggests that before the mid-twentieth century, most nations’ actions with respect to territorial and international waters indicated that .64. The author cites which one of the following as an effect of the extension of territorial waters beyond the three miles limit?65. The passage as a whole can best be described as .

Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise lo few, if any, purposeless physiological responses, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to elicit assistance from others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention. So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress. University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to cut onion would contain no such substance.Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.At Tulane University’s Tear Analysis Laboratory Dr. Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication, to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.At Columbia University Dr. Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues lo the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.56. It is known from the first paragraph that .57. What does “both those responses to tears” (Lines 6-7, Para, 1) refer to?58. “Counterproductive” (Lines 7, Para, 1) very probably means “”.59. What does the author say about crying?60. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?

Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans thought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Aiberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warning is incomplete; that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warning seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research—a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.51. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that .52. According to Bruce Aiberts, science can serve as .53. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)?54. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?55. The author associates the issue of global warning with that of smoking because __.

In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old days when no one bothered to lock their doors. There simply wasn’t any crime to worry about.Amazingly, these happy times appear still to be with us in the world’s biggest community. A new study by Dan Farmer, a gifted programmer, using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors.SATAN can try out a variety of well-known hacking tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in. Fanner has made the program publicly available, amid much criticism. A person with evil intent could use it to hunt down sites that are easy to burgle.But Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and, so far, events have proved him right. SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause new disorder. So is the Net becoming more secure? Far from it. In the early days, when you visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content. Now the Web is full of tiny programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page, and run on your own machine. These programs could, if their authors wished, do all kinds of nasty things to your computer.At the same time, the Net is increasingly populated with spiders, worms, agents and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and classify information. All these make wonderful tools for antisocial people who want to invade weak sites and cause damage.But let’s look on the bright side. Given the lack of locks, the Internet is surely the world’s biggest (almost) crime-free society. Maybe that is because hackers are fundamentally honest. Or that there currently isn’t much to steal. Or because vandalism isn’t much fun unless you have a peculiar dislike for someone.Whatever the reason, let’s enjoy it while we can. But expect it all to change, and security to become the number one issue, when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling services they want to be paid for.46. By saying “... owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors” (Lines 3-4, Para. 2), the author means that .47. SATAN, a program designed by Dan Farmer can be used .48. Farmer’s program has been criticized by the public because .49. The author’s attitude toward SATAN is .50. The author suggests in the last paragraph that __.

Scientists claim that air pollution causes a decline in the world’s average air temperature. In order to prove that theory, ecologists have turned to historical data in relation to especially huge volcanic eruptions. They suspect that volcanoes affect weather changes that are similar to air pollution.One source of information is the effect of the eruption of Tambora, a volcano in Sumbawa, the Dutch East Indies, in April 1815. The largest recorded volcanic eruption, Tambora threw 150 million tons of fine ash into the stratosphere. The ash from a volcano spreads worldwide in a few days and remains in the air for years. Its effect is to turn incoming solar radiation into space and thus cool the earth. For example, records of weather in England show that between April and November 1815, the average temperature had fallen 4,5 F. During the next twenty four months, England suffered one of the coldest periods of its history. Farmer’s records from April 1815 to December 1818 indicate frost throughout the spring and summer and sharp decreases in crop and livestock markets. Since there was a time lag of several years between cause and effect, by the time the world agricultural commodity community had deteriorated, no one realized the cause.Ecologists today warn that we face a two-fold menace. The ever-present possibility of volcanic eruptions, such as that of Mr. St. Helens in Washington, added to man’s pollution of the atmosphere with oil, gas, coal, and other polluting substances, may bring us increasingly colder weather.41. It is believed that the earth gets colder when .42. The effects of Tambora’s eruption were .43. The cause of cold weather in England from 1815 to 1818 was .44. No one realized the cause of the deterioration of the world agricultural commodity market because .45. If, as some scientists predict, the world ends in ice, what might be the cause?

The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smelters compared with animals, 21 this is largely because, 22 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 23 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 24 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, 25, we are extremely sensitive to smells, 26 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 27 human smells even when these are 28 to far below one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 29 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 30 smell receptors in the nose, These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 31 to the brain, However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 32 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 33 to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 34 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 35 new receptors if necessary. This may 36 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. We are not 37 of the usual smell of our own house but we 38 new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 39 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 40 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.

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