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Now, the first of these false tendencies and moral infirmities—unbounded pride and haughtiness—is essentially a mental blindness and aberration; and vanity, with its delusions, is the same disease in a lower and milder phase. And all will admit that the source of this moral failing is an overweening love of self. But in self-conceit the co-operating influence of fancy is easily and distinctly traceable. As to the second of those infirmities which distract and disturb life: I should also be disposed to consider the sensual passionateness or passionate sensuality as a disease indeed, but of a brutalizing tendency—an inflammatory habit, a fever of the soul, which either spends itself in acute and violent paroxysms, or with slower but certain progress secretly undermines and subverts all man’s better qualities. In either case, the true source of the evil—the irresistible energy and the false magic of this passion—lies in an over-excited, deluded, or poisoned fancy. The natural instinct itself, in so far as it is inborn and agreeable to nature, is obnoxious to no reproach. The blame lies altogether in the want of principle, or that weakness of character which half-voluntarily concedes to the mere instinct an unlimited authority, or, at least, is incapable of exercising over it a due control. The third false direction of man’s instincts which, after the two already noticed, involves human society in the greatest disorder, and most fatally disturbs the peace of individuals, is an unlimited love of gain, selfishness, and avarice. No doubt, in a certain modified and lower sense, the hope of advantage or profit is the motive that prompts every enterprise; at least, according to the judgment of the world, nothing is undertaken or transacted without a view to some object of a selfishness more or less refined. But when we look to the worst and most violent cases of this disease—an insatiable avarice and a morbid love of gain, then we at once see the baneful effects which the fancy, dwelling exclusively on material property and chinking coin, has on this moral disease, where, with the golden treasure, mind and soul are shut up and buried, and both completely numbed and petrified, in the same way that, by certain organic diseases of the body, the heart becomes ossified. By these pernicious passions, the higher moral organ of life is in different ways attacked and destroyed. In the first case, that of the blinding of the mind by pride and vanity, the moral judgment is perverted and falsified. In the second case, where the soul is brutalized by a life of sensuality, the moral sense is clouded, loses all its delicacy, and is at last totally obliterated. In the third instance, that of a thorough numbness of the inner life produced by selfishness and avarice, the idea of moral duty is in the end totally lost, dies away, and becomes extinct, while the dead Mammon is regarded as the supreme good of life, and, being set up as the sole object of human exertion, is substituted for the best and noblest acquisition of mind and soul. The three passions which we have already examined are founded indeed on a positive pursuit, however false may be the extent or perverted the direction in which it is carried out. We might now proceed with our speculation, and, progressively developing it from the same point of view, extend and apply it to the aggressive passions, which are based on a merely negative pursuit—the attack, annihilation, and destruction of their objects. I allude to the passion of hatred, in its three different elements or species, viz., anger, malice, and revenge. But to enter further upon such investigations would be inappropriate in the present place. Generally, indeed, in touching upon matters so universally known, my object has been merely to consider and exhibit them from their psychological side, in order to show partly how the triple principle of human existence, according to mind or spirit, and soul, and the third element, wherein the former two conjointly operate, finds its application, and is repeated, as it were, in miniature, in the narrower sphere of the natural inclination, both good and bad, and also in that of the external senses. At the same time it was also my wish to call attention to the fact, that the dominion of the fancy over its subordinate faculties, whether of the external senses or the instincts, manifests itself likewise in the pernicious passions, as exercising over them a very baneful influence, and, indeed, as being the principal source of the prevailing aberrations. These three passions and leading defects of character, which destroy the inward peace of individuals and disturb the order of society, may be regarded as so many Stygian floods, so many dark subterranean streams of lava and fire, which, bursting from the crater of a burning fancy, pour down upon the region of the will, there again to break out in lawless deeds and violent catastrophes, or, perhaps, what is far worse, to lie smoldering in a life frittered away in worthless pursuits, without object or meaning, or in the frivolous routine of an ordinary existence.1. The three passions which corrupt moral character are also often referred to as .2. By this excess and false direction the mental powers, originally designed for nobler and more exalted purposes may form .3. In all the passions, when, by their intensity, they become immoral, the essential and co-operating influence is formed by .4. According to the author “Mammon” stands for .5.According to the passage, malevolence is one of the manifestations of .

Grotesque method (Bakhtin, 1968) is particularly useful in analyzing the regeneration and renewal of long-lived (half century) corporation such as McDonald’s. Grotesque method has implications for strategy, organizational development and change, and organizational behavior. Beyond our development and use of “grotesque method”, a second contribution is to explore the “intertextuality” of three spheres: McDonald’s grotesque corporate body; McDonaldland grotesque character bodies; and McDonaldization of the global grotesque body. As such, “grotesque method” is the basis of Bakhtin’s (1968) study of the history of grotesque, how grotesque aesthetic, its grotesque tastes changed from Medieval Renaissance of the 16th century to the modern centuries, to modernity, before the postmodern turn that followed his work. With these changes in epochs, there is a renewal of what counts in the historical moment as grotesque. During Rabelais’s (1532/1873) novels, it was appropriate to ridicule the king and clergy, to use dung and urine to degrade; this was not to just mock, it was to unleash what Bakhtin saw as the people’s power, to renew and regenerate the entire social system. It was the power of the people’s festive-carnival, a way to turn the official spectacle inside-out and upside down, just for a while; long enough to make an impression on the participating official stratum. With the advent of modernity (science, technology, industrial revolution), the mechanistic overtook the organic, and the officialdom no longer came to join in festive-carnival. The bodily lower stratum of humor dualized from the upper stratum. Next we look at applying grotesque method to the study of grotesqueness in the three spheres: McDonald’s, McDonaldland, and McDonaldization.Corporate bodies are renewed for the next generation of employees and customers in ways this section seeks to explore using grotesque method. The theory is that at each historical moment the corporate grotesque body is at the intersection of its old and new body offering death (retirement & downsizing) to old workers and life to newly hired ones; this Bakhtin (1968: 322) calls the “two-bodied image”. The two-bodied image is not a life cycle theory; McDonald’s uses hyperbolization to express the simultaneity of its two bodied grotesque corporate bodies. Organs are severed from the corporate body; new ones are added, at each moment in McDonald’s history; both Bakhtin (1968) and Deleuze and Guattari (1987) pursue the body dismemberment (& memberment; grafted parts) or body without organs image of capitalism. McDonald’s found in our literature review (Boje, Driver & Cai, 2004) of strategy is theorized and studied as a closed system whose strategy and form are finished, unchanging.I have used Bakhtin’s (1968) grotesque method to show the interdependency of grotesque bodily hybrid elements: fast food/human (i.e. Fry Girls&Boys; McNugget trio), human/animal who is raw uncooked bird/girl, the cooked burger/humans (Mayor McCheese, Sheriff Big Mac, & Hamburglar), the gaping mouth of Hamburglar/McDonald’s, vegetable/human (Lettuce Lady), and the savior/human (Ronald). The study reveals the deep problems of fast food portrayal (and counter-images) in the globalization of this industry. The three spheres are interrelated in the battles over fast food, nutrition, and environment. My intended contributions was to show the dialectic of the negative mocking and the positive pole of organizational (as well as activist) renewal and regeneration. In this way the present study goes beyond Rhodes (2001) and Boje (2001), who show the former, but not the later aspects of the grotesque method. In the main, beyond these works, the scores of other management articles reviewed; do not address either aspect of the grotesque method, focusing instead on polyphonic, heteroglossia, and dialogic imagination.1. Traditionally, carnival fulfilled the function of a .2. The essence of the Rabelaissian grotesque body is to connect .3. Regeneration of the corporate body particularly refers to .4. Rhodes (2001) and Boje (2001) exclusively focus on the dialectic of the negative mocking, i.e. .5. According to grotesque method, the spiritual allusion of Ronald to the savior should be regarded as an example of .

A work of art is the unique result of a unique temperament. Its beauty comes from what the author is. It has nothing to do with what other people want. Indeed, the moment that an artist takes notice of what other people want, and tries to supply the demand, the artist becomes a dull or amusing artisan, _1_ or a dishonest shop-keeper. Such a person has no further claim _2_ an artist. Art is the most intense mode of individualism that the world has known. I am inclined to say that it is the only real mode of individualism _3_ the world has known. Crime, which, under certain conditions, may seem to have created individualism, must take cognizance of other people and interfere with them. It belongs to the sphere of action. But alone, without any reference to neighbors, without any interference, the artist can _4_ a beautiful thing; and if art is not created solely for pleasure, it is not art at all.And it is to be noted that it is the fact that art is this intense form of individualism _5_ makes the public try to exercise over it an authority that is _6_ it is ridiculous, and as corrupting as it is contemptible. It is not quite their fault. The public has always, and in every age, been badly brought up. They are continually asking art to be popular, _7_ their want of taste, to flatter their absurd vanity, to tell them what they _8_ before, to show them what they ought to be tired of seeing, to amuse them when they feel heavy after eating too much, and to distract their thoughts when they _9_ their own stupidity. Now art should never try to be popular. The public should try to make itself artistic. There is a very wide difference. If a scientist were told that the results of experiments, and the conclusions arrived at, should be of _10_ character that they would not upset the received popular notions on the subject, or disturb popular prejudice, or hurt the sensibilities of people who knew nothing about science; if a philosopher were allowed to speculate in the highest spheres of thought, _11_ the conclusions reached were the same as those held by people who had never thought in any sphere at all—well, nowadays the scientist and the philosopher would be considerably amused. Yet it is really a very few years since both philosophy and science were subjected to a brutal popular control, to authority in fact—the authority of _12_ the general ignorance of the community, or the terror and greed for power of an ecclesiastical or governmental class. Of course, we have to a very great extent _13_ any attempt on the part of the community, or the church, or the government, _14_ the individualism of speculative thought, but the attempt to interfere with the individualism of imaginative art still lingers. In fact, it does _15_ linger; it is aggressive, offensive, and brutalizing.The one thing that the public dislikes is novelty. Any attempt to extend the subject matter of art is extremely distasteful to the public; and yet the vitality and progress of art depend in a large measures _16_ the continual extension of subject matter. The public dislikes novelty _17_ it is afraid of it. It represents to the public a mode of individualism, an assertion that the artist has power _18_ the selection and treatment of the work’s subject. The public is quite right in its attitude. Art is Individualism, and Individualism is a disturbing and disintegrating force. Therein lies its immense value. For _19_ it seeks to disturb is monotony of type, slavery of custom, _20_ of habit, and the reduction of people to the level of machines.

新西兰是发达的高福利社会，并以盛产高质量的水果、肉和乳制品著称于世。服务业，特别是旅游以及与教育相关的产业，也在经济发展中起着重要作用。每年有很多来自中国的游客和留学生来到新西兰享受它所提供的一切。

这一年，我们隆重纪念了中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年，举行了盛大阅兵，昭示了正义必胜、和平必胜、人民必胜的真理。我和马英九先生在新加坡会面，实现了跨越66年时空的握手，表明两岸关系和平发展是两岸同胞的共同心愿。

合作是人类进化的最大成功。人类之所以能够战胜历史上那么多政治、经济、自然危机，靠的是合作。合作并不代表没有竞争，其实正是因为有了利益之争，才会创造出如此多的就业机会，才会让合作变得那么生动、有趣。

科学就是探求真理。常常有这样的情形：由于研究的角度不同，掌握资料的差异，认识方法的不同，就会产生不同的观点，以致引起学术上的论争。因此，有作为的科学工作者都把反对的意见看作对自己莫大的帮助，把对自己的批评当作珍贵的友谊。

发展是人类社会永恒的主题，寄托着生存和希望。发展权是一项不可剥夺的人权，象征着人类的尊严和荣耀。唯有发展，才能消除全球性挑战的根源；唯有发展，才能保障人民的基本权利；唯有发展，才能推动人类社会进步。

Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese.While it’s certainly true that affluent parents can raise happy and well-adjusted children, the struggle to set limits has never been tougher. Saying no is harder when you can afford to say yes. But the stakes have also never been higher. Recent studies of adults who were overindulged as children paint a discouraging picture of their future. Kids who’ve been given too much too soon grow up with life’s disappointment. (1) They have a distorted sense of entitlement that gets in the way of success both in the workplace and in relationships. Psychologists say parents who overindulge their kids may actually be setting them up to be more vulnerable to future anxiety, and depression. “The risk of over indulgence is self-centeredness and self-absorption, and that’s a mental-health risk.”Today’s parents—who themselves were raised on Greatest Generation values of thrift and self-sacrifice—grew up in a culture where “no” was a household word. Goldman remembers that as a teenager, she had to be for a phone in her room. In a world where families spend “quality time” at the mall instead of in the back-yard, her request seems almost quaint. Today’s kids want much more partly because there’s so much more to want. They think of MP3 players and flat-screen TVs as essential utilities and they’ve developed strategies to get them. (2) One survey of grade-school children found that when they crave something new, most expect to ask nine times before parents give in.In the heat of this buying blitz, even parents who desperately need to say no find themselves reaching for their credit cards.According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, the average American child sees more than 40,000 commercials a year. That’s in addition to fast-food outlets in schools, product placements in TV shows and movies, even corporate sponsorship of sports stadiums. (3) “There’s virtually no escape from it. The marketers call it ‘cradle-to-grave brand loyalty.’ They want to get kids from the moment they’re born,” says Susan Linn, a Harvard psychologist and the author of Consuming Kids: the Hostile Takeover of Childhood.(4) And this generation of parents is uniquely ill equipped to counter the relentless pressure. Baby boomers, raised in the contentious 1960s and 1970s, swore they would do things differently and have a much closer relationship with their own children. Many even wear the same Gap clothes as their kids and listen to the same music. “So whenever their children get angry at them, it makes this generation feel a lot guiltier than previous generation. (5) Today’s parents put in more hours on the job; at the end of a long work week, it’s tempting to buy peace with “yes” rather than mar precious family time with conflict. But these parents are confusing permissiveness with love. Experts agree: too much love won’t spoil a child, but too few limits will.Psychologists like Temple University Steinberg say that’s exactly what they should be doing. “Children need limits on their behavior because they feel better and more secure when they live within a certain structure.” Parents should not make the mistake of projecting their own need or feelings on their children. “As adults, we don’t like it when other people tell us what we can and can’t do,” he says. “To children it doesn’t feel that way.” Children learn self-control by watching how other people behave, especially their parents.

Directions: Write a 100-120-word summary of the article in this part.

Directions: Some sentences have been removed in the following text. Choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.A massive environmental catastrophe is predicted, but help arrives in the form of new and utterly unexpected technology. America in the 21st century? No, London in the 19th. Some apocryphal Victorian, so the story goes, looked at the rate at which the number of horses on city streets was increasing and assured his peers that their capital would soon be knee-deep in horse manure. He got it wrong, largely because he failed to predict the imminent rise of the automobile. That brought its own problems, of course, but the point was that Victorians were blindsided by the future—which, as any would be Cassandra soon learns, is seldom what it appears to be.Think for a minute: Is there a technology right under our noses that will make many of our own environmental fears moot? Yes, there is. It’s called the Internet. 1. _________In the past two years alone, here’s what has happened: more people are working from home; companies are using B2B websites to coordinate their supply chain more efficiently; inventories are lower, meaning warehouses are emptier; and although the paperless office has failed to arrive, online habits are reducing paper needs by millions of tons.You may scoff: Am I really going to save the planet by buying books online rather than a book shop at the mall? Actually you just might. A book purchased online costs about one-sixteenth the energy of one bought in the store. For starters, it takes about 0.1 gal. of fuel to ship an average 2.5-lb. book, whereas your average trip to the mall uses up 1 gal. of gas. 2. _Then there’s all that waste from real-world stores, which need heating and lighting. Online retailers that employ nothing but warehouses have about eight times the number of sales per square foot of space used. 3. _ For everything you buy with appoint and a click, the planet thanks you.Consider the tremendous saving now that millions of us are able to work from home—or at least, dial into the office more than we drive there. 4. _ You might as well be there, especially with lightning-fast broadband Internet connections.The ease of e-commerce can also be a curse. If you demand overnight shipping on those books, it’ll take six times the amount of fuel to get them to you as would normal delivery thanks to jet-fuel costs. But environmental groups welcome the Net’s energy efficiency. 5. ___________A. Internet is allowing a type of growth that uses energy and resources better.B. Almost anybody who uses the Internet on a regular basis will feel the savings occurring.C. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Internet could make 12.5% of retail space superfluous.D. Worldwide, at least $27 billion in advertising will be siphoned away from you daily read and onto the Internet during the next five years.E. After all, your refrigerator’s always on; the heating is always on in the winter.F. One minute spent driving, in general, uses the same amount of energy as 20 minutes’ worth of time sitting at home with your computer.G. According to scores of studies, the dotcom revolution is already starting to have a profound impact on the way industry affects our world.

Perhaps no branch of legal scholarship has enjoyed greater influence during the last half century than the economic analysis of the law. Although its conceptual kernel can be traced at least to the English jurist and philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), the field of law and economics did not hit full stride until the 1960s. This timing is no coincidence, arriving on the heels of the legal realism movement, which had made a serious case that law was not an independent discipline, but rather an institutional intersection of disparate and competing social forces, ideas, and agendas. This realist criticism set the stage for constructive and interpretative theories of law emanating from external disciplines (including economics). What is coincidental, however, is that economics was simultaneously undergoing its own transformation, form a largely philosophical discourse to an elegant mathematical approach for analyzing social and private ordering. Energized by this intellectual transformation, economic-minded scholars (particularly at the University of Chicago) soon began to seek out institutional applications for this methodology. Law proved an inviting target.Most law and economics analysis falls into one of two subspecies: (a) positive theory, which uses economic analysis to explain observed social behavior, or to predict (for example) how behavior will respond to a change in legal regime; and (b) normative theory, which evaluates the social desirability of observed behavior or predicted changes thereto. Positive theories are the simplest, yet still depend on some core assumptions about individual behavior. Most central: they posit that individuals respond to economic incentives in systematic and predictable ways. This assumption—known generally as “rationality”—maintains that individuals behave as if they were attempting to maximize their happiness, or “utility”. As long as one’s underlying preferences are sufficiently well behaved, the argument goes, a mathematical “utility function” exists that faithfully embodies those preferences. When a collection of rational individuals interact with one another, the predicted outcome that results is called “equilibrium”.Normative theories go a step further, explicitly evaluating which equilibrium outcome (or collection thereof) is socially most desirable. To make this assessment, the theorist must provide a method for aggregating and comparing individuals’ welfare. A number of methods are possible here, ranging from the relatively weak notion of Pareto efficiency (ranking as efficient all outcomes that cannot be altered to increase someone’s utility without reducing someone else’s) to the stronger notion of Kaldor-Hicks efficiency (identifying efficient outcome as those for which there exists no alternative that, when compared, confers greater monetized benefits on winners that it does on losers). Although most tractable notions of efficiency require one to compare individual utilities, Kenneth Arrow’s “impossibility theorem” has demonstrated that it is frequently (though no always) impossible to make such comparison coherently without also being dictatorial, Consequently, normative theorists frequently must wield their conclusion with measured caution.1.The significance of the Theory of Law and Economics strives in .2.The passage discusses that social and private ordering .3. Methodology is important in Law and Economics because .4. Positive theory can be described as .5.Normative theories predicates .

Puerto Rico is usually thought of as a tourism destination or is usually invisible in the U.S. media. In recent times, its fiscal and economic crisis has led to show up in the business pages of the mainstream media with inaccurate comparisons with Detroit or Greece whose fiscal crisis had attracted much media attention. As usual, the mainstream press looks at the illness without looking at the root causes. And the comparisons are usually risky because they tend to ignore history and the nuances of each case. Unfortunately for Puerto Rico, its fuzzy political relationship with the United States is always described with euphemisms by the supporters of the governing Popular Democratic Party (“Commonwealth”) in order to avoid the undeniable truth. The basic problem of the Puerto Rico model is the failure of its economic system to provide the revenue to pay for services. While in the early stages of what was called “Operation Bootstrap” there was a closing of the gap in wages between Puerto Rico and the United States. But after the 1970s the gap began to expand. Part of the reason was the decline in unionization rates, and the decline in the economic development efforts which led to less revenues going to the government coffers. Since the 1970s, they began to rely on debt to pay for basic public services and to pay for previous debt. This is a chaotic situation given that the public debt of Puerto Rico is $71 billion dollars or 102 per cent of the island’s GNP the highest of any state in the U.S. The debt income ratio is 83 per cent almost 14 times the same measure as New York, California or Illinois. In order to obtain some revenue from these newly incorporated “controlled foreign corporations” the colonial government instituted Law 154 to tax these corporations at a rate of 4 per cent, in an industry that has become addicted to low taxes this measure has not been received well. In 2012 the government received $1.8 billion dollars from this measure. A local economist Argeo Quiñones has argued that instead of this tax the government should legislate to increase the backward linkages of these enterprises. In other words to provide incentives so that they buy a higher percentage of their industrial inputs to infuse more money into the economy and further increase employment. Because of the reliance on local tax exemptions, “controlled foreign corporations” are not subject to federal taxes and at times they sell their intellectual rights (like Microsoft USA) to their local foreign owned subsidiary (since Puerto Rico is foreign for tax purposes) and are able to save billions of dollar in the sales in the U.S. market. The Congress Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs (October 12, 2012), chaired by Senator Max Baucus found that: “In 2011, this corporate sleight of hand enabled Microsoft USA to shift 47 cent of every dollar in U.S. sales totaling $6 billion, to its Puerto Rican subsidiary, dodging payments of U.S. taxes on nearly half of its U.S. sales income.” In the meantime, foreign corporations in Puerto Rico, predominantly from the U.S. repatriated $33 billion in profits in 2012. It is also good for drug traffickers, Puerto Rico is a trans-shipment point for drugs into the United States that brought in $5 billion in drug trafficking activity in Puerto Rico in 2011. Recently, in 2012 the regular election included a referendum on Puerto Rico’s status. The referendum had two parts, one in which people had to choose whether they were satisfied with the present “territorial status” status, given the long term efforts to improve it the results of this vote were not a surprise. 54 per cent of the voters chose that they were not satisfied with the present colonial status. In the second part of the referendum people were given three choices, but the present status of “commonwealth” was not included. The purpose was to disperse the pro-commonwealth vote and highlight the pro-statehood vote. However, in protest for the language of the ballot the PPD asked its supporters to leave the ballots blank. In this round, while statehood received the highest percentage of the votes 44.4 per cent it is the lowest pro-statehood vote since 1998 and 1993. When the blank votes are added to the rest 54.7 percent of voter rejected statehood. But in sum, these results have confused the issue for congress and while the Obama administration approved funding for another plebiscite and another bill is in Congress to ask voter “Yes or No” on statehood no reasonable observer expects any clear result from these efforts. Especially when the General Accounting Office (GAO) in March released a study where the consequences of statehood for Puerto Rico will be dismal, what remains of the manufacturing sector will leave and what will be left is a population dependent on federal subsidies. Puerto Ricans need a clear path toward the resolution of their political status. This will have dire consequences for all, Puerto Rico and the United States.1. The essay about Puerto Rico is mainly about .2. The main mode of analysis used by the author is .3. The blank votes in the ballot came mainly from .4.The body of “controlled foreign corporations” is composed of .5.The fuzzy descriptions of the relationship between Puerto Rico and the U.S.A. are a euphemism for its status as a .

The UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 4-6 June 2012, offers an extraordinary and unique opportunity to reset the world on a sustainable development path. Despite substantial improvements over the past 20 years in many key areas of sustainable development, the world is not on track to achieve the goals as aspired to in Agenda 21, adopted in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, and reiterated in subsequent world conferences, such as the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002. While there have been some achievements in implementing Agenda 21, including the implementation of the chapters on “Science for Sustainable Development” and on “Promoting Education, Public Awareness & Training”, for which UNESCO was designated as the lead agency, much still remains to be done. Increasing disparities, inequalities and social inequity, growing deterioration of the environment and resources, as well as concurrent energy, food and financial crises, reflect the inadequacy of the world’s current development paradigm. No development model which leaves a billion people in hunger, poverty and socially excluded will be sustainable. Rio+20 must underpin a broader, longer-term process of redressing imbalances, a rethinking of priorities, and the necessary institutional reforms to bring about coherence in economic, environmental and social policies, which benefits all members of society.Charting the way forward in a sustainable manner must start by recognizing that the world has changed in fundamental ways, with shifts in demographic growth, resource consumption, production patterns, climate change, and increasing natural and human-induced disasters. There has been much technological progress, from renewable energy to new vehicles for social dialogue, such as social media. Achievements have been made in attaining a number of the Millenum Development Goals (MDGs) and Education for All (EFA) goals. All of this has profound implications for UNESCO and its activities.Green societies are educated societies in all of its dimensions. Investing in education is crucial for achieving sustainable development, poverty eradication, equity and inclusiveness. Education holds the key to productivity and sustainable growth, improves health and nutrition, income, and livelihoods, creating a condition for achieving all of the MDGs and the EFA goals. No country has ever climbed the human development ladder without steady investment in education.A second critical factor is the quality of education. Years of schooling alone do not guarantee that students will receive an education relevant for their lives and careers. Quality—that is the content of the education provided, the excellence of teachers, actual attainments and achievements—matters as much as quantity. There is a positive feedback loop between education and innovation as a prime mover of sustainable growth in green economies, where innovation, green skills and the capacity to cope with change will be significant drivers of each economic sector. Education is a sound investment; quality education is a smart investment for building inclusive, green societies.Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is a particularly important dimension of quality education. It provides people at all levels of education, but in particular youth, with the skills, competencies and knowledge needed to impart values indispensable for behavior and practices conducive to sustainable development, and for multicultural and multi-ethnic societies aspiring to democratic citizenship. It is fundamental for preparing young people for green jobs, for adapting to a changing physical environment, and for changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns. ESD must be strengthened and promoted at all levels and in all educational settings throughout life. This calls for mainstreaming education for sustainable development comprehensively into relevant national education policies and practices. It equally calls for developing effective mechanisms to link green growth labor market objectives to educational programs, particularly through technical and vocational education and training. It entails reforming formal, informal and nonformal education systems so as to prepare young men and women for a green labor market and to retrain the existing workforce.1.The UN Conference on Sustainable Development offers an extraordinary and unique opportunity to .2.The writer argues that Rio+20 must .3. When the writer argues that “charting the way forward in a sustainable manner must start by recognizing that the world has changed in fundamental ways, with shifts in demographic growth” the writer means that .4.According to the writer, education .5. According to the writer, education is important because .

Multiple levels of synergy exist between bicycling, health, and social equality. Transportation infrastructure and policy in most countries elevates the social status of motorists over bicyclists and pedestrians. Through such policy, the status syndrome (inequality as a direct risk factor for ill health) is related to the world obesity epidemic and to low self-esteem and social stigmatization of those who walk, ride mass transit, and use the bicycle for transportation. Programs which promote bicycling have the ability to help reverse these negative health and social trends. Such programs are more successful in boosting cycling, health, and social equality when one of the program goals is the elevation of the cyclist to equal status and privilege as the motorist. Because the effects of inequality on health have profound consequences for all humanity, transportation planners, policy makers and infrastructure developers must adopt as a priority, the goal of promoting status equality in every policy and project.A 1999 World Health Organization study of mobility concluded “Exercise levels, social contact, and access to services in children, the elderly, the ill, and the poor is inversely related to the societal level of motor vehicle usage in all countries.” In 2006, Transportation Alternatives (TA) in New York published a study showing that people who live on streets with heavy traffic go outdoors less often and have fewer friends than those living on quieter streets. The study, “Traffic’s Human Toll” reveals that high volume vehicular traffic has profoundly negative impacts on the lives and perceptions of residents who live near it. The study concluded that, “Compared to their neighborhood counterparts living on streets with low traffic volumes, residents living on higher volume streets: harbor more negative perceptions of their block; possess fewer relationships with their neighbors; are more frequently interrupted during sleep, meals, and conversations; spend less time walking, shopping and playing with their children.”A 1995 study of social contact in San Francisco third graders showed that, on average, those living on streets with light traffic had three times as many friends and twice as many acquaintances as those living on streets with heavy traffic.The recently identified Nature Deficit Disorder is a failure to develop a sense of connectedness with nature resulting from lack of meaningful experience of natural areas. This disorder develops in children who are constantly indoors or in motor vehicles. Children who are deprived of contact with nature begin to show deficits in motor and social skills as early as age five. The disorder was starkly demonstrated in a study by Marco Huttenmoser of Zurich in which 6 and 7 year-old children were asked to draw pictures of their daily trips to school. Those who walk or bicycle to school drew pictures rich with color and included a variety of plants, animals and people encountered in their journeys. Their classmates who are driven to school tended to draw images with little color and devoid of details about anything but the vehicle, the road, and the buildings of origin and destination.Through the status syndrome, motorists adversely affect the health of other modal users. This effect constitutes an externalization to society of the cost of motoring which has not been fully recognized or subjected to economic analysis. The costs of motoring not fully paid by motorists themselves have, therefore, been underestimated by economists. This externalization of cost must be accounted for in future economic analyses of transportation impacts the perception of transportation mode status by individuals has largely become internalized and automatic. Transportation programs which elevate the status of pedestrians, bicyclists and transit users to equality or superiority with respect to motorists will help change this perception and should result in more rapid adoption of alternative transportation modes than programs which ignore status effects or which seek to change status perception by education or marketing approaches not accompanied by real and demonstrative changes in the system hierarchy. By lowering motor vehicle usage, these programs will serve to decrease the health impacts of both the status syndrome and the other adverse effects of transportation inequality mentioned above. Transportation equality is clearly a vital matter of health and social justice.1.What does the writer mean by “synergy” between “bicycling, health, and social equality”?2.“Social Stigmazation” of people who walk, ride mass transit, and use the bicycle for transportation refers to .3. The main thesis of the article is that planners must .4. Studies have found that people who own motor vehicles .5. By “externalization to society of the cost of motoring” the writer argues that .

Most Americans believe that our society of consumption-happy, fun-loving, jet-traveling people creates the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Contrary to this view, I believe that our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness and, eventually, to the _1_ of our culture. I refuse to identify fun with pleasure, consumption with joy, busyness with happiness, or the faceless, buck-passing “organization man” with an independent individual.From this critical view our rates of alcoholism, suicide and divorce, as well as juvenile _2_, gang rule, acts of violence and indifference to life, are characteristic symptoms of our “_3_ of normalcy”. It may be argued that all these pathological phenomena exist because we have not yet reached our aim, _4_ of an affluent society. It is true, we are still far from being an affluent society. But the material progress made in the last decades allows us to hope that our system might eventually produce a materially affluent society. Yet will we be happier then? The example of Sweden, one of the most prosperous, democratic and peaceful European countries, is _5_ very encouraging: Sweden, _6_ often pointed out, in spite of all its material security has among the highest alcoholism and suicide rates in Europe, while a much poorer country like Ireland ranks among the lowest in these respects. Could it be that our dream that material welfare per se _7_ to happiness is just a pipe dream?Certainly the humanist thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, who are our ideological ancestors, thought that the goal of life was the full unfolding of a person’s potentialities; what _8_ to them was the person who is much, not the one who has much or uses much. For them economic production was a means to the _9_ of man, not an end. It seems that today the means have become ends, _10_ not only “God is dead”, as Nietzsche said in the nineteenth century, but also man is dead; that what is alive are the organizations, the machines, and that man has become their _11_ rather than being their _12_.Each society creates its own type of personality by its way of bringing up children in the family, by its system of education, by its effective values (_13_, those values that are rewarded rather than only preached). Every society creates the type of “social character” which is needed for its proper functioning. It forms men who want to do what they have to do. What kind of men does our large-scale, _14_ _15_ need?It needs men who cooperate smoothly in large groups, who want to consume _16_, and whose tastes are standardized and can be easily influenced and anticipated. It needs men who feel free and independent, _17_ who are _18_ to be commanded, to do what is expected, to fit into the social machine without _19_, men who can be guided without force, led without leaders, prompted without an aim _20_ the aim to be on the move, to function, to go ahead.

最近的争论是关于修改欧盟的宪章问题。欧盟明年要增加十个成员国，需要有新的宪章来自我约束。因此各国政府正在构思修订有关外交事务、税收、政治避难和司法政策等问题的法规，并赋予欧洲议会更多的权利。

多年来，中国共产党和中国政府从基本国情出发，把人民的生存权、发展权放在首位，致力于减贫脱贫，努力保障和改善民生，发展各项社会事业，使发展成果更多更公平地惠及全体人民，保障人民平等参与、平等发展的权利。

今天，我们生活在一个矛盾的世界之中。一方面，物质财富不断积累，科技进步日新月异，人类文明发展到历史最高水平。另一方面，地区冲突频繁发生，恐怖主义、难民潮等全球性挑战此起彼伏，贫困、失业、收入差距拉大，世界面临的不确定性上升。

中国传统文化的发展，有其特定的地理环境和历史条件。中国处于一个相对封闭的地理位置，为中国古代文化的相对独立的发展提供了一个地理环境，使她能在相当长的一段时间里，免受外来文化的冲击，形成了一个历史悠久又自成体系、具有一定稳定性的文化系统。

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