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A long held view of the history of the English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tension that ultimately led to the American Revolution.

Children, who play life, discern its true law and relations more clearly than men, fail to live it worthily, but who think that they are by experience; that is, by failures.

Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they ________ kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of no children accompanying them.

Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and space, which is the special property of sculpture and architecture, since a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one time, sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view, supplying movement in space and time.

Only when one is aware of the marvelous complexity of the Earth sciences and yet can understand the division of the branches ________ those parts of the subject that are of greatest personal interest.

The United States Supreme Court, in 1977, recognized that establishments selling and exhibiting ________ materials are injurious to the public morals and that the state has the power to regulate such establishments in order to protect the public.

Those who have already made the elite in the FFP of a major airline ________ benefit the most when it joins an alliance: then they enjoy the FFP perks and advantages on any and all of the member carriers.

________ inherited hates and prejudices—in all of us—will permit, we are finding out whether equality can be more than a catchword, whether equality is possible in race, religion, sexual preference, or gender.

The change was made mostly to reduce what the government says is a growing education gap in the country: wealthy students go the best colleges and get the best jobs, keeping the children of poorer families on the social ________.

During the period between 1778 and 1781, Thomas Paine and others attacked Robert Morris, a key Member of Congress, for profiteering in Congress, which investigated his accounts and vindicated him, nevertheless, his reputation ________.

当人类逐渐了解自然，开始向自然索取并慢慢发展到企图征服自然，并愈演愈烈时，自然的和谐与平衡便遭到毁坏。荒漠化的地区出现了，灾难性的洪水来临了，连空气和水质也常受到污染，人类赖以生存的环境基础受到了破坏。

谈到美国文学时，不能断言它与欧洲文学截然不同。广义上说，美国和欧洲齐头并进。在任何时间，旅行者都会在两地发现同样风格的建筑、相同式样的服装，书店出售相同的书籍。思想如同人和商品一样会自由自在地跨越大西洋，尽管有时速度慢些。

中国戏曲是中国戏剧和音乐剧的结合，其起源可追溯到3世纪。中国戏曲有很多地方剧分支。京剧是其中最有名的一个。京剧出现于18世纪末，并在19世纪中期得到充分发展和认可。京剧在清朝宫廷特别受欢迎，并已被视为中国的文化珍品。

新西兰人喜欢轻松、悠闲的生活方式。似乎追求享乐已深深嵌入这个民族的灵魂之中。不像其他发达国家那样，新西兰人没有成为现代生活快节奏的受害者，而是坚持保留长期形成的自然的东西。他们喜欢孤寂，厌恶现代生活的喧嚣。

2016年是我国进入全面建成小康社会决胜阶段的开局之年。我们要着力推进结构性改革，着力推进改革开放，着力促进社会公平正义，着力营造政治上的绿水青山，为全面建成小康社会决胜阶段开好局、起好步。

Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese.(1) Now that you know the background of what I am about to say, I may just as well say it: The way to develop good taste in literature is to read poetry. If you think that I am speaking out of professional partisanship, you are mistaken: I am no union man.(2) The point is that being the supreme of human locution, poetry is not only the most concise way of conveying the human experience: it also offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation—especially one on paper.(3) The more one reads poetry, the less tolerant one becomes of any sort of verbosity. A child of epitaph and epigram, poetry is a great disciplinarian to prose. It teaches the latter not only the value of each word but also the mercurial mental patterns of the species, alternatives to linear composition, the knack of omitting the self-evident, emphasis on detail, the technique of anticlimax. Above all, poetry develops in prose that appetite for metaphysics, which distinguishes a work of art from mere belles letters.Please, don’t get me wrong: I am not trying to debunk prose. The truth of the matter is that literature started with poetry, with the song of a nomad that predates the scribblings of a settler (4) All I am trying to do is to be practical and spare your eyesight and brain cells a lot of useless printed matter. Poetry, one might say, has been invented for just this purpose.All you have to do is to arm yourselves with the works of poets in your mother tongue, preferably form the first half of this century, and you will be in great shape.If your mother tongue is English, I might recommend to you Robert Frost, Thomas Hardy, W. B. Yeats, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, Marianne Moore and Elizabeth Bishop.(5) If, after going through the works of any of these, you drop a book of prose picked from the shelf, it won’t be your fault. If you continue to read it, which will be to the author’s credit: that will mean that this author has something to add to the truth about our existence. Or else, it would mean that reading is your incurable addiction. As addictions go, it is not the worst.

Directions: Write a 100-120-word summary of the article in this part.

Directions: Some sentences have been removed in the following text. Choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.People often compare our lives with that of the cave man—who didn’t have to worry about the stock market or the atomic bomb. They forget that the cave man worried about being eaten by a bear while he was asleep, or about dying of hunger—things that few people worry much about today. 1. _________ It’s not that people suffer more stress today: it’s just that they think they do.2. _ Cold and heat, for example, are stressors. But in man, with his highly developed central nervous system, emotional stressors are the most frequent and the most important. The thing for the average person to remember is that all the demands that you make—whether on your brain or your liver or your muscles or your bones—cause stress. For example, stress can occur under deep anesthesia, when your emotions are not engaged, or in animals that have no nervous system, or even in plants.3. _ At certain times, pestilence and hunger were the predominant causes. Another, then and now, is warfare or the fear of war. At the moment, I would say the most frequent causes of distress in man are psychological—that is to say, lack of adaptability, not having a code of behavior. 4. _ So has the idea of being loyal to your monarch or leader. Even the satisfaction of accumulating dollars has been diminished by inflation.So one of the main problems for youngsters these days is that they have no motivation. It is not that they are stupid. Dropouts include the brightest. But they don’t believe what they are taught in school. And it’s sometimes the most intelligent ones who then turn to drugs, alcohol, or other forms of abuse. They are very energetic, but they haven’t anything to run for. The problem is expressed by the French writer Montaigne, who said: “No wind blows in favor of the ship that has no port of destination.”Most people who are ambitious and want to accomplish something live on stress. They need it. I like to use examples from the animal world because there is a biological basis for what I say. If you take a turtle and force it to run as fast as a race horse, you will kill it. So it’s useless to say to a turtle-type human that he must accomplish this because his father was famous and his grandfather before that. You can’t make a race horse out of a turtle. But the reverse is also true. If you are the race-horse type, as most efficient business executives and politicians are, you have the urge to do many things and to express yourself. If you are told not to do anything, you are under terrible distress. 5. ___________ That is an expression to which I fully subscribe. It implies doing what you like to do and what you were made to do at your own rate.A. You will usually become less capable of concentrating, and you will have an increased desire to move about.B. Whenever anyone experiences something unpleasant, for lack of a better word they say they are under stress.C. The secret that people cope with stress is not to avoid stress but to “do your own thing”.D. In the end, I doubt whether modern man experiences more distress than his ancestors.E. One reason for this is that the satisfaction of religious codes has diminished in importance for mankind.F. One cannot generalize the more frequent causes of stress. They differ in various civilizations and historical time periods.G. In simple medical terms, I define stress as the response of the body to any demand. Stress is the state you are in, not the agent that produces it, which is called a stressor.

C was the original M, the first head of the Secret Service and the prototype of James Bond’s boss. The initial, standing for Cumming (not Chief) and always written in green ink, was the mark of an eccentric character. In fact, Captain Sir Mansfield Cumming, who founded what became MI6 in 1909 and ran it until his death in 1923, was the stuff of which fictional spymasters are made. He carried a swordstick, wore a gold-rimmed monocle and possessed a “chin like the cut-water of a battleship”. He had an “eye for the ladies” and took children for rides in his personal tank. He enjoyed gadgets, codes, practical jokes and tall tales. Cumming was so pleased to discover that semen made a good invisible ink that his agents adopted the motto: “Every man his own stylo.” When his Rolls-Royce crashed in France in 1914 and his leg was nearly severed, he allegedly completed the amputation with a pocket-knife so that he could crawl over to aid his dying son. Afterwards, Cumming propelled himself round Whitehall on a child’s scooter. And he tested potential recruits by stabbing his wooden leg through his trousers with a paper- knife. If the applicant winced, C said: “Well, I’m afraid you won’t do.” Cumming attracted myths as a statue attracts bird-droppings (another useful source of invisible ink). So Alan Judd—the pseudonym of an ex-spook—has set out to detach fact from fantasy. He has delved into Cumming’s early years as a sailor, discovering little except a passion for petrol engines. He has also had access to classified documents, notably Cumming’s Secret Service diary. But this turns out to be maddeningly reticent, full of trivia and initials. The latter Judd seldom spells out, though he could surely have revealed, for example, that when Cumming met “GW” at Hendon aerodrome, it was the pioneer aviator Claude Graham-White. The diary does little more than confirm Christopher Andrew’s definitive 1985 account of the Secret Service. What emerges most starkly is the sheer bumbling amateurishness of the organisation, something that time has evidently done little to amend. Conceived in the atmosphere of Germanophobic spy mania, it never really lost its fancy-bred character. One of C’s prime early objectives was to locate the secret arsenals which Hun agents had established in Britain. They did not exist. So the Secret Service, as Judd acknowledges, did more to reinforce prejudice than to gather intelligence. Even when it did acquire accurate information, the authorities had no means of assessing its worth. They were impressed by C’s secret pre-war report on Zeppelins, even though everything in it was openly available. Abroad, Cumming lost his weapons expert, who got out of a hotel lift on the wrong floor and couldn’t find anyone to give him directions in English. At home, he chose transparent code-names for spies: Trench became “Counterscarp”, Strange became “Queer”. He was frustrated by faulty equipment, deceived by forged documents, thwarted by agents whose venality matched their ineptitude. In 1911, he wrote: “All my staff are blackguards.” Matters improved during the war, when C did score some successes. He discovered how much damage the German fleet had sustained at Jutland and used trainspotters to forecast enemy troop movements on the western front. He also won a degree of independence from his competing masters, the Admiralty, the Army and the Foreign Office. But he still employed charlatans such as Sidney Reilly, who proposed to discredit Lenin and Trotsky by debagging them and parading them around Moscow. The fundamental problem for C’s organisation was that it could not get good recruits because it was not supposed to exist. While recognising this, Judd maintains that the old-boy network “functioned very well most of the time”. But his book militates against this conclusion. It demonstrates that the main secret which human (as opposed to signals) intelligence agencies have to keep is the secret of their own incompetence. Britain’s Secret Service could hardly have had a more suitable creator than Cumming, who seems to have taken seriously the report that one German spy could be identified by his four rows of teeth. Perhaps C really stood for Clouseau.1.According to the text, Mr. Cumming was .2. The statements “Every man his own stylo” refers to a spy’s .3. Sir Mansfield Cumming’s diary is characterized by its .4. Sidney Reilly most clearly showed himself to be a phrenologist by his suggestion to discredit Lenin and Trotsky by having them .5. Despite its turbulent history, according to the text, the reputation of MI6 now is one of .

The bamboo ceiling in the United States is a subtle and complex form of discrimination, and the umbrella term “Asian American” extends to include a number of diverse groups, including South Asians, East Asians, and Southeast Asians. These groups are often subject to “model minority” stereotypes, and viewed as quiet, hardworking, family-oriented, high achieving in math and science, passive, non-confrontational, submissive, and antisocial. In the workforce, some of these perceptions may seem positive in the short-term, but in the long-term they impede progression up the corporate and academic ladders. While Asian Americans are often viewed as a “model minority”, many feel that they are an invisible or “forgotten minority”, despite being one of the fastest growing groups in the country. Some analysts attribute the racial disparity in administrative capacities to negative extensions of the aforementioned stereotypes of Asian Americans, such as common assumptions that they are “lacking in leadership skills” or that they have “poor communication abilities”. Asian Americans are also sometimes expected to have higher qualifications than their white counterparts, such as graduating from more prestigious universities, to achieve the same positions in American companies. Many of these stereotypes and expectations have a basis in cultural misunderstandings. Some Asian Americans claim that they are raised with culture-specific values that affect perceptions of their workplace behavior. For example, some report being taught from an early age to be self-effacing, reticent, respectful, and deferential towards authority. These values do not translate well into the American workplace, where Asian Americans are sometimes perceived as aloof, arrogant, and inattentive. As a result, Asian Americans are less likely to be seen as having qualities that appeal to American employers, such as leadership, charisma and risk-taking, and are often passed over for promotions in spite of satisfactory job performance. Asian Americans are also less likely to aggressively network, self-promote, and speak up at work meetings with concerns and ideas when compared to their coworkers. Others indicate that physical characteristics are a factor. Studies have shown that taller individuals tend to be promoted and earn more money than shorter individuals, and the average Asian American height is shorter than the national average. Some also report that Asian facial characteristics are unconsciously perceived as less expressive, less engaged, uninterested, and untrustworthy. These factors, combined with the common stereotypes and portrayals of Asian Americans as “nerds” and “geeks”, with high intelligence as well as high math and or science aptitude(s), creates an image of Asian males in particular as “short, not good-looking, socially inept, sexually null”. Furthermore, even Asian Americans born and or raised in the United States are sometimes assumed to be less English-proficient on the basis of their appearance as “perpetual foreigners”. Another factor may be an existing lack of connections and Asian American role models in upper management and in politics. Until relatively recently with the Civil Rights Movement, a large number of individuals of Asian descent had few political and social rights, or were denied rights of citizenship by naturalisation. While many Asian Americans are active in political life and government positions today, their representation is still disproportionately small, and there remain unofficial barriers to political access. Another commonly cited barrier, complementary to the bamboo ceiling, is the “sticky floor”. When applied to the Asian American experience, the sticky floor refers to the phenomenon by which young professionals of Asian descent are often trapped in low-level, low-mobility jobs. Asian Americans graduate from universities in high numbers, and firms tend to hire them in high numbers as well. However, within a few years, many claim to find themselves pigeonholed into dead-end careers with no path for advancement to upper-level corporate careers. This process is visible across a number of fields, including business, academia, and law. Even in areas where Asian Americans are believed to excel, such as software engineering, there is an overall tendency to see them assigned to low-ranking positions with fewer opportunities for advancement compared to other racial groups.1. According to the text, Asian Americans in the United States should be classified as a(n) .2. Discrimination of Asian Americans on linguistic grounds is in many cases based on .3. The phenomenon of being able to see managerial positions, but not reach them is referred to as .4. The impediment to Asian Americans to climb the corporate ladder from entry-level jobs is called .5. Referring to Asian Americans as a “model minority” is an example of .

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