试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

题库

首页 > 题库 > 中国社会科学院

一些女权问题研究人员提出，现在该让中国妇女自己来决定她们在社会中应起什么样的作用了，她们应该争取建立一个有选择自由的社会，可以外出工作或留在家里，以便有更多的时间发展个人兴趣或为改善社区状况作贡献。

互联网在促进全球经济、社会和文化发展中起着重要积极的作用，促进和参与和平、安全和开放的网络信息空间十分重要，通过全球认可的规范、标准和实践实现信息通信技术的安全使用至关重要。

我们坚持稳中求进的工作总基调，统筹稳增长、调结构、促改革，坚持宏观政策要稳、微观政策要活、社会政策要托底，创新宏观调控思路和方式，采取一系列既利当前、更惠长远的举措，稳中有为，稳中提质，稳中有进，各项工作实现了良好开局。

Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese. The new dictionary Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) extends these values, but with a painstakingly revised sense of what inclusiveness means where it concerns women, minorities and celebrities. (1) In spite of this advance, however, it is nonetheless striking that none of the DNB editors since 1882 felt the need to declare unambiguously why we should care about biography in the first place. The obvious answer is that we do, and that the dictionary exists to reflect rather than to interpret society. Public appetite for biography has soared in the past 20 years and obituary writing has become a fine art. We are curious about others, including their private lives. The current dictionary doesn’t entirely reject the contemporary results of this curiosity. The current editor, Brian Harrison, says: “Celebrity—even notoriety—will sometimes get you into the dictionary. It inevitably reflects the values of the society in which the individual exists.”This isn’t wholly new: it may simply be more honest. In a lecture delivered in 1896, Lee insisted that subjects’ achievements must be “permanent, public and perspicacious”. But even by the standards of his day this was an optimistic pronouncement, for how could such permanence ever be ascertained? (2) Awareness of our temporal fallibility is built in to the new edition, which generates a deliberate snapshot in time, capturing the late 20th century’s perception of past generations.(3) But the biographical enthusiasm has not been constant: indeed, we are just emerging from something like a half-century decline of the national addiction. For, although Oxford University Press had begun to think of reworking the dictionary as early as the 1940s, the environment was never conducive—in large part because of successive shifts in the intellectual climate.Historians of the future may note that the original DNB came of age at the height of Victorian self-confidence; that the single rupture in the dictionary’s entire history coincided with the First World War, when George Smith’s estate was handed over to a curiously apathetic OUP; that the leisurely and slightly eviscerated mid-20th-century volumes coincided with a less enthusiastic view of biography; and that the upsurge of enthusiasm for a new project intersected with the closure of the cold war and a renewed belief that individuals can change history. The new dictionary, which “enshrines the role of the individual” even more than its Victorian predecessor, came of age among the Thatchers, Reagans, Gorbachevs and Mandelas of the late 20th century.(4) Underlying the rise, fall and rise of biographical confidence in Britain since the 19th century, there is another explanation of the public appetite for biography—that it reflects a deep-seated need for inspiration and practical guidance at a time when traditional models have collapsed. Morality rooted in Christianity no longer carries conviction, except loosely and conventionally. Biography is all we have left.This “collapse” was well advanced by the time the first DNB appeared in print. The intellectual historian J.T. Merz spent 30 years compiling a massive History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century published in four volumes, between 1904-1912. Straddling Victorian confidence and 20th-century decimation, his objective was a unified theory of knowledge. And yet he arrived at the terrible question: “Is life worth living?” (5) His ultimate “answer” was to observe order and unity in nature and intellect, expressed as individuality—a polite way of saying that biography is the mainstay of civilization.

Directions: Write a 100-120-word summary of the article in this part.

Directions: Some sentences have been removed in the following text. Choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.Nothing astonishes a European more in the Chinese than their patience. The educated Chinese are well aware of the foreign menace. They realize acutely what the Japanese have done in Manchuria and Shantung. They are aware that the English in Hong-Kong are doing their utmost to bring to naught the Canton attempt to introduce good government in the South. They know that all the Great Powers, without exception, look with greedy eyes upon the undeveloped resources of their country, especially its coal and iron. They have before them the example of Japan, which, by developing a brutal militarism, a cast-iron discipline, and a new reactionary religion, has succeeded in holding at bay the fierce lusts of “civilized” industrialists. Yet they neither copy Japan nor submit tamely to foreign domination. They think not in decades, but in centuries. They have been conquered before, first by the Tartars and then by the Manchus; but in both cases they absorbed their conquerors. 1. _________2. _ There have been foreign influences—first Buddhism, and now Western science. But Buddhism did not turn the Chinese into Indians, and Western science will not turn them into Europeans. 3. _ What is bad in the West—its brutality, its restlessness, its readiness to oppress the weak, its preoccupation with purely material aims—they see to be bad, and do not wish to adopt. What is good, especially its science, they do wish to adopt.The old indigenous culture of China has become rather dead; its art and literature are not what they were, and Confucius does not satisfy the spiritual needs of a modern man, even if he is Chinese. 4. _ But they do not wish to construct a civilization just like ours; and it is precisely in this that the best hope lies. If they are not goaded into militarism, they may produce a genuinely new civilization, better than any that we in the West have been able to create.The obvious charm which the tourist finds in China cannot be preserved; it must perish at the touch of industrialism. But perhaps something may be preserved, something of the ethical qualities in which China is supreme, and which the modern world most desperately needs. 5. ___________A. I have met men in China who knew as much of Western learning as any professor among ourselves; yet they had not been thrown off their balance, or lost touch with their own people.B. Most of the Chinese who have had a European education are quite incapable of seeing any beauty in native painting, and merely observe contemptuously that it does not obey the laws of perspective.C. Among these qualities I place first the pacific temper, which seeks to settle disputes on grounds of justice rather than by force.D. Chinese civilization persisted, unchanged; and after a few generations the invaders became more Chinese than their subjects.E. China is much less a political entity than a civilization—the only one that has survived from ancient times. Since the days of Confucius, the Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian, Macedonian, and Roman Empires have perished; but China has persisted through a continuous evolution.F. The Chinese remind one of the English in their love of compromise and in their habit of bowing to public opinion. Seldom is a conflict pushed to its ultimate brutal issue.G. The Chinese who have had a European or American education realize that a new element is needed to vitalize native traditions, and they look to our civilization to supply it.

The genius of America in the early nineteenth century, Tocqueville thought, was that it pursued “productive industry” without a descent into lethal materialism. Behind America’s balancing act, the pioneering French social thinker noted, lay a common set of civic virtues that celebrated not merely hard work but also thrift, integrity, self-reliance, and modesty—virtues that grew out of the pervasiveness of religion, which Tocqueville called “the first of [America’s] political institutions,… imparting morality” to American democracy and free markets. Some 75 years later, sociologist Max Weber dubbed the qualities that Tocqueville observed the “Protestant ethic” and considered them the cornerstone of successful capitalism. Like Tocqueville, Weber saw that ethic most fully realized in America, where it pervaded the society. Preached by luminaries like Benjamin Franklin, and taught in public schools, that ethic undergirded and promoted America’s economic success.What would Tocqueville or Weber think of America today? In place of thrift, they would find a nation of debtors, staggering beneath loans obtained under false pretenses. They would find what Tocqueville described as the “fatal circle” of materialism—the cycle of acquisition and gratification that drives people back to ever more frenetic acquisition and that ultimately undermines prosperous democracies.And they would understand why. After flourishing for three centuries in America, the Protestant ethic began to disintegrate, with key elements slowly disappearing from modern American society, vanishing from schools, from business, from popular culture, and leaving us with an economic system unmoved from the restraints of civic virtue. Not even Adam Smith—who was a moral philosopher, after all—imagined capitalism operating in such an ethical vacuum. Bailout plans, new regulatory schemes, and monetary policy moves won’t be enough to spur a robust, long-term revival of American economic opportunity without some renewal of what was once understood as the work ethic—not just hard work but also a set of accompanying virtues, whose crucial role in the development and sustaining of free markets too few now recall.“The impulse to acquisition, pursuit of gain, of money, of the greatest possible amount of money, has in itself nothing to do with capitalism,” Weber wrote in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. “Unlimited greed for gain is not in the least identical with capitalism, and still less its spirit.” Instead, the essence of capitalism is “a rational tempering” of the impulse to accumulate wealth so as to keep a business (and ultimately the whole economy) sustainable and self-renewing, Weber wrote. It is “the pursuit of profit, and forever renewed profit, by means of continuous, rational… enterprise.”Weber famously argued that the Protestant Reformation—with John Calvin’s and Martin Luther’s emphasis on individual responsibility, hard work, thrift, providence, honesty, and deferred gratification at its center—shaped the spirit of capitalism and helped it succeed.The breakup of this 300-year-old consensus on the work ethic began with the cultural protests of the 1960s, which questioned and discarded many traditional American virtues. The roots of this breakup lay in what Daniel Bell described in The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism as the rejection of traditional bourgeois qualities by late-nineteenth-century European artists and intellectuals who sought “to substitute for religion or morality an aesthetic justification of life.” By the 1960s, that modernist tendency had evolved into a credo of self-fulfillment in which “nothing is forbidden, all is to be explored,” Bell wrote. Out went the Protestant ethic’s prudence, thrift, temperance, self-discipline, and deferral of gratification. When the schools and the wider society demoted them, the effects were predictable. In schools, for instance, the new “every child is special” curriculum prompted a sharp uptick in students’ self-absorption, according to psychologists Jean M. Twenge and W. Keith Campbell in The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement. What resulted was a series of increasingly self-centered generations of young people displaying progressively more narcissistic personality traits, including a growing obsession with “material wealth and physical appearance,” the authors observe. Thus did the sixties generation spawn the Me Generation of the seventies. By the mid-1980s, a poll of teens found that more than nine in ten listed shopping as their favorite pastime.1. According to Max Weber, the true spirit of capitalism is .2. In the early Twentieth Century, America’s economic success was essentially based on .3. According to the author, the roots of incremental self-centeredness can be traced to .4. The fact that by the mid-1980s, a poll among teenagers showed that 90% of them say that shopping is their favorite pastime, should be considered .5. From the text, it may be inferred that the most likely key to the revival of America’s economic success will be .

When the topic is illegal immigration, some of our political leaders reliably produce more heat than light. In fact those numbers are surprising: they are sharply down, according to the Border Patrol—by more than sixty per cent since 2000, to five hundred and fifty thousand apprehensions last year, the lowest figure in thirty-five years. Illegal immigration, although hard to measure, has clearly been declining. The southern border, far from being “unsecured”, is in better shape than it has been for years—better managed and less porous. It has been the beneficiary of security-budget increases since September 11th, which have helped slow the pace of illegal entries, if not as dramatically as the economic crash did. Violent crime, though rising in Mexico, has fallen this side of the border: in Southwestern border counties it has dropped more than thirty per cent in the past two decades.The problem of illegal immigration isn’t a matter of violent criminals storming the walls of our peaceful towns and cities. It’s a matter of what to do about the estimated eleven million unauthorized residents who are already here. The mass-deportation fantasies of some restrictionists notwithstanding, the great majority of “illegals” are here to stay. That is a good thing, since they are, for a start, essential to large sectors of the economy, beginning with the food supply—the Department of Labor calculates that more than half the crop pickers in the United States are undocumented. National business leaders have no illusions about these basic facts of economic life.There are reasons to be uneasy about illegal immigration. In some industries, dirt-poor newcomers lower wages. State and local budgets suffer when workers are paid under the table. The fact that people lack legal status is itself disturbing. The huge immigration surge of the late twentieth century is the first in our history in which many, if not most, immigrants have come here illegally. Yet anti-immigrant backlashes don’t always track closely with actual immigration. They track with unemployment, popular anxiety, and a fear of displacement by strangers. They depend on woeful narratives of national decline, of which there is lately no shortage. Scaremongering works. Even as illegal immigration is falling, recent CBS/Times polls show that the number of respondents who consider immigration a “very serious problem” is rising—from fifty-four per cent in 2006 to sixty-five per cent this May.Some of the more vociferous opponents of illegal immigrants denounce their presence as a national-security threat. If that view has merit—which is debatable—then the need to draw the undocumented out of the shadows and into the sunlight of official registration and legal status is all the more urgent. An impressive roster of police chiefs have been arguing against measures like the new Arizona law because they amount, in essence, to racial profiling, poisoning community relations and making crime-fighting more difficult. Anti-immigrant groups, which have proliferated in recent years, are not racist by nature, but they certainly attract racists and give them a platform.Still, politicians are quick to jump on the nativist bandwagon. This campaign season, candidates are running hard against the immigrant enemy in Massachusetts and Georgia, just as they are in California and Arizona. Small towns in Pennsylvania, Texas, and Nebraska have passed constitutionally dubious anti-immigrant laws. Not to be outdone, Arizona’s legislature is contemplating a law that would defy the Fourteenth Amendment, which grants citizenship to any child born on these shores. Jan Brewer, the governor, has suggested that Mexican parents of American citizens take their children to Mexico. She has also claimed that most illegal border crossers serve as “drug mules,” and that beheadings have occurred in border areas—claims flatly contradicted by the evidence. Given the emotions that the topic arouses, the battle to pass immigration reform may end up making the struggle over health care look mild. It is time, nonetheless, to try to finally bring millions of men, women, and children in from the dark.1. The writer believes that, in addressing the problem of illegal immigration, political leaders .2.According to the writer, what is the real dilemma with illegal immigration in the U.S.?3. The anti-immigration sentiment in the U.S. is closely related to .4. According to the writer, one legal solution to illegal immigration is .5. According to the writer, the key solution to the problem of illegal immigrants is .

The popular notion about marriage and love is that they are synonymous, that they spring from the same motives, and cover the same human needs. Like most popular notions this also rests not on actual facts, but on superstition. Marriage and love have nothing in common; they are as far apart as the poles; are, in fact, antagonistic to each other. No doubt some marriages have been the result of love. Not, however, because love could assert itself only in marriage; much rather is it because few people can completely outgrow a convention. There are today large numbers of men and women to whom marriage is naught but a farce, but who submit to it for the sake of public opinion. At any rate, while it is true that some marriages are based on love, and while it is equally true that in some cases love continues in married life, I maintain that it does so regardless of marriage, and not because of it.On the other hand, it is utterly false that love results from marriage. On rare occasions one does hear of a miraculous case of a married couple falling in love after marriage, but on close examination it will be found that it is a mere adjustment to the inevitable. Certainly the growing-used to each other is far away from the spontaneity, the intensity, and beauty of love, without which the intimacy of marriage must prove degrading to both the woman and the man.Marriage is primarily an economic arrangement, an insurance pact. It differs from the ordinary life insurance agreement only in that it is more binding, more exacting. Its returns are insignificantly small compared with the investments. In taking out an insurance policy one pays for it in dollars and cents, always at liberty to discontinue payments. If, however, woman’s premium is a husband, she pays for it with her name, her privacy, her self-respect, her very life, “until death doth part.” Moreover, the marriage insurance condemns her to life-long dependency, to parasitism, to complete uselessness, individual as well as social. Man, too, pays his toll, but as his sphere is wider, marriage does not limit him as much as woman. He feels his chains more in an economic sense.From infancy, almost, the average girl is told that marriage is her ultimate goal; therefore her training and education must be directed towards that end. Like the mute beast fattened for slaughter, she is prepared for that. Yet, strange to say, she is allowed to know much less about her function as wife and mother than the ordinary artisan of his trade. It is indecent and filthy for a respectable girl to know anything of the marital relation. She enters into life-long relations with a man only to find herself shocked, repelled, outraged beyond measure by the most natural and healthy instinct, sex. It is safe to say that a large percentage of the unhappiness, misery, distress, and physical suffering of matrimony is due to the criminal ignorance in sex matters that is being extolled as a great virtue. Nor is it at all an exaggeration when I say that more than one home has been broken up because of this deplorable fact.But the child, how is it to be protected, if not for marriage? After all, is not that the most important consideration? The sham, the hypocrisy of it is marriage protecting the child, yet thousands of children destitute and homeless. Love needs no protection; it is its own protection. So long as love begets life no child is deserted, or hungry, or famished for the want of affection. I know this to be true. I know women who became mothers in freedom by the men they loved. Few children in wedlock enjoy the care, the protection, the devotion free motherhood is capable of bestowing.1. The author of the essay believes that a man and woman who are in love .2. The author’s attitude towards marriage is best described as one of .3. The author argues that marriage is naturally superseded by .4. The passage argues that .5.In general, the rhetoric of the essay might best be described as .

Dreaming and Storytelling provides a fair to middling overview of the characteristics of dreams and how they fit in with the nature of fiction. Bert States discusses the contributions of many who have written in the field of dream analysis and he tries to meld this with aspects of fiction writing.Many psychologists beginning with Freud set great store by the meaning of dreams. Others view dreams as “simply odd things that happen to us at night, sometimes pleasant, sometimes terrifying, not to be taken too seriously.” Similar things can be said about our reading of fiction. We read for plot, suspense, significance of this or that aspect, or for what we can learn about human nature, science, history, etc. Interestingly, States points out that the Biblical Joseph “used the dream to foretell the future; Freud used it to retell the past.” Thankfully, most fiction is not in the foretelling business at all.The most prominent characteristic of dreams is their bizarreness, while only a limited segment of fiction fits into that category and not all of it is dreamlike. Surrealist fiction comes to mind, and magic realism, although most of that is not so much bizarre as merely a gentle challenge to one’s willingness to suspend disbelief.Another point about dreams is that they don’t have a beginning, middle and ending except in the telling. They are typically fragmentary and seem to be centered in the middle. There is no lead-up to what transpires and no graceful denouement. Here is where actual dreams are quite different from fictional depictions. As Francine Prose said, reading Bruno Schulz is less like reading about a dream than being in one. But Schulz’s dream scenarios all have beginnings, middles and endings. It is the endings that most feature the bizarreness of a dream state.Schulz’s stories demonstrate elements of Chaos Theory, which according to Dreams and Storytelling, has much to say about the bizarreness of dreams: the dream, like the weather, is a chaotic and complex system: it is unpredictable in the sense that one cannot tell where it is going.”Another idea put forth concerns the role of “characters” in dreams. He cites the study done by Vladimir Propp on the Morphology of the Folktale, which analyzes the common components of a hundred fairytales and then goes into the analytical literature concerning figures in dreams. He acknowledges that applying a study of folktales to dream work is not conventional, but it is interesting nonetheless.Somewhat related to this, he spends a whole chapter discussing archetypes and how they function both in stories and in dreams. Somewhat related are the “scripts” that are followed in everyday living that are sometimes violated in dreams, thus causing conflict. The discussion shows how conventional scripts are at the basis of conflict in a great deal of literature, particularly when two or more scripts clash, thereby putting a character in an untenable situation. For example, Hamlet is trapped between at least two behavioral scripts. “Dreams and fictions tend to be about the wages of getting out of step with the scripted world, of differing interpretations of the same script, or of a collision of personal goals with established scripts.”Meaning does not exist in dreams but is brought to them from some external system of meanings. One of the interesting points dividing dreams from fiction is that in dreams no creativity is involved. Dreams seem to be a function of environment, while fiction uses that environment to create stories. Dreams are not created, they just are.In the conclusion, the notion of “intentional, encoded or symbolic messages” in dreams is discounted. I am somewhat surprised at this. Since dreams are completely visual experiences, in my own dreams I have noticed that certain types of images seem to stand for certain other types, sort of like rebuses. For example, you have seen puzzles where a picture of an eye plus a heart plus a ewe sheep are translated to mean “I love you.” To just dismiss that aspect of dreams does not ring true for this reader at least. Of course, fiction is full of “intentional, encoded or symbolic messages.”One notion that is not discussed at all in this book is the idea of “great dreams” as opposed to the everyday static that makes up one’s dreaming. Many people have had the experience of an extraordinary dream that may carry with it an almost archetypal importance. And by the same token, certainly there are many examples of great and extraordinary novels and stories that can have a similar impact. The author seems rather dismissive of the whole notion of archetypes as anything special or out of the ordinary, so that may account for this omission.1. According to the author, the dream scenarios of Bruno Schulz are essentially .2. The occurrence of a dream is typified by the fact that the dreamer is .3. The author of the text misunderstands the conclusion in that .4.According to the text, dreams are most singular in their .5.A possible function of dreams may be found in the way they enable people to .

Mr. Perelman, the reclusive Russian, is the nearest to [A] claiming any of the prize money and [B] would have won $1 million for solving one of the oldest puzzles in mathematics, but the British Association Science Festival in Exeter was told that [C] from wanting to be a millionaire, Mr. Perelman has shown a [D] modesty more fitting to the 18th century than the 21st and shows no sign of publishing his proof in the literature.

As planes mosey 800 feet overhead, [A] on its way to touchdown at Denver International Airport, there is a [B] ghostly roar—caused by turbulence [C] left in the engine’s wakes mostly in the form of two horizontal tornadoes, [D] one near each wingtip.

Marie and Pierre Curie worked together and made discoveries in science that were so important [A] that Marie and her husband were given one of the highest honors that can [B] give to anyone who [C] works for [D] the good of all people—the Nobel prize.

Organicism depended upon the theory of internal relations, which [A] states that relations between entities are possible only within some whole that [B] embraces them, and that entities are altered by the relationships [C] into which [D] it enters.

We may say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions, [A] instinctive [B] to large extent, whereas [C] language proper does not consist of signs but of [D] these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional.

As one environmentalist put it to me: You had the ludicrous situation in which Luxembourg had more listed public bathing beaches than the whole of the United Kingdom. It was preposterous.

Blackpool recently spent about $14 million building new kiosks for vendors and improving seating around the Central Pier and planned to spend a further $15 million on various amenity projects.

At best, the money doctors who purported to offer cures provided a helpful bedside manner; at worst, they were like medieval physicians who prescribed bleeding as a remedy for all ills.

Unafraid to speak her mind to powerful whites, including the President, or to differing black factions, she combined faith in the ultimate willingness of whites to discard their prejudice and bigotry with a strong sense of racial pride and commitment to Negro self-help.

Whereas the special sciences are looking for the proximate causes of things, philosophy searches for the ultimate explanations and causes of being.

暂未登录

学员用户尊享特权

老师批改作业做题助教答疑学员专用题库高频考点梳理

上一页 1 2 3 4 5 6 下一页