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It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down. Millionaires are now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not the boss’s job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies will be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about. His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of his company and the industry, so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase. At the very top—and on the way up—executives are exceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields. Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in shape” and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running. But his doctor’s admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf ears. He likes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search firms”, is a growing industry. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other’s managerial ranks.1.We can infer from the second paragraph that（）. 2.The term “aerobic exercise” (first line in second last paragraph) is a kind of（）. 3.From the last paragraph we can gather that （）.4.For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a place where （） .5.What is NOT true according to the article?

The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing results.Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Novato the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new (star)” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like “nova”, meaning “it doesn’t go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food company’s friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.When translated into German, Pepsi’s popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”. No wonder customers in Germany didn’t rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn’t stop with good translations—other aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called “back translation” to reduce the possibility of blunders.The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.1.The best title of this passage might be （）.2.What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage?3.Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?4.We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia” most probably means （）.5.One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to（）

Guthrie’s contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break habits.One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Guthrie’s theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements are awkward and they lack fine motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students’ letters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters within the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, give them a large stack of paper, and tell them to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask the students to find interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involve students and raise their interest in the course.1.The purpose of this passage is to （） .2.Guthrie identified three methods for （）.3.Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?4.To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time, watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snacking. What method is used in this example?5.We can draw the conclusion from the passage that （）.

Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, （1） into a hobby and lately has （2） into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph.D candidates（3） Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep（4） of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they （5） that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and （6） .Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo.During 1994, they （7）Yahoo into a customized database designed to （8） the needs of the thousands of users （9） began to use the service through the closely（10） Internet community. They developed customized software to help them （11） locate, identify and edit material （12） on the Internet. The name Yahoo is （13） to stand for “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Orale”, but Filo and Yang insist they selected the（14） because they considered themselves Yahoos. Yahoo itself first （15） on Yang’s workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was （16） on Filo’s computer, “ Konishiki ".In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files （17） to larger computers（18） at Netscape. As a result Stanford’s computer network returned to （19） , and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo （20） organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.

Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight.

The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for nocturnal raids in the forest.

Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.

Evidence, reference, and footnotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different theoretical and political positions.

Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.

The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our children’s college and our own retirement security is chilling.

British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would not be fired without an attempt to win a further U. N. sanction.

The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic industrial wastes.

They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.

He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.

During his two-month stay in China, Tom never （）a chance to practice his Chinese.

The （）emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools.

Melissa is a computer （）that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.

According to the latest report, consumer confidence（） a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.

Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife（） for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.

People innately（） for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.

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