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The sun today is a yellow dwarf star. It is fueled by thermonuclear reactions near its center that convert hydrogen to helium. The sun has existed in its present state for about 4 billion, 600 million years and is thousands of times larger than the Earth.By studying other stars, astronomers can predict what the rest of the Sun’s will be like. About 5 billion years from now, the core of the sun will shrink and become hotter. The surface temperature will fall. The higher temperature of the center will increase the rate of thermonuclear reactions. The outer regions of the sun will expand approximately 35 million miles, about the distance to mercury, which is the closest planet to the sun. The sun will then be a red giant star. Temperatures on the earth will become too hot for life to exist.Once the sun has used up its thermonuclear energy as a red giant, it will begin to shrink. After it shrinks to the size of the earth, it will become a white dwarf star. The sun may throw off huge amounts of gases in violent eruptions called nova explosions as it changes from a red giant to a white dwarf.After billions of years as a white dwarf, the Sun will have used up all its fuel and will have lost its heat. Such a star is called a black dwarf. After the Sun has become a black dwarf, the earth will be dark and cold. If any atmosphere remains there, it will have frozen onto the earth’s surface.1.What is the primary purpose of this passage?2.It can be inferred from the passage that the sun（）.3.When the sun becomes a red giant, what will conditions be like on Earth?4.According to the passage, which of the following best describes the sequence of stages that the sun will probably pass through?5.Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?

Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist; there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward groups as undeveloped. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are by our most severe standards, extremely complex. They differ from Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this aspect, two things are to be noted. First, all languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. Second, the objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward” languages, while different from the West, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this” and “that”). But some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.1.Every group of human beings has（）.2.“Backward” languages fall behind Western languages in （）. 3.All languages, whether civilized or not, have their own （）. 4.Which of the following statements is implied in the passage?5.The author’s attitude shown in this passage toward “backward” languages is（）.

In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are slated to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals (the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions. Intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand and central Asia.1.What is the passage mainly about?2.In lines 13-17, why does the author compare tree roots with growing salt crystals?3.The word “shattered” in line 20 is closest in meaning to（）.4.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the effects of salts on rocks?5.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is common?

Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A. D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, “to carve”). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.The author’s purposes in paragraph 2 are to describe（）.3.The word “incised” in line 15 is closest in meaning to （）. 4.According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?5.According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they（）.

Many of the most flexible examples of tool use in animals come from primates (the order that includes humans, apes, and monkeys). For example, many wild primates use objects to threaten outsiders. But there are many examples of tool use by other mammals, as well as by birds and other types of animals.Tools are used by many species in the capture or preparation of food. Chimpanzees use sticks and poles to bring out ants and termites from their hiding places. Among the most complex tool use observed in the wild is the use of stones by Ivory Coast chimpanzees to crack nuts open. They select a large flat stone as an anvil (a heavy block on which to place the nuts) and a smaller stone as a hammer, sometimes carry a haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil. The use of tools in chimpanzees is especially interesting because these animals sometimes modify tools to make them better suited for their intended purpose. To make a twig more effective for digging out termites, for example, a chimp may first strip it of its leaves.Surprisingly, there is also a species of bird that uses sticks to probe holes in the search for insects. One of the species of Galapagos finch, the woodpecker finch, picks up or breaks off a twig, cactus spine, or leaf stein. This primitive tool is then held in the beak and used to probe for insects in holes in trees that the bird cannot probe directly with its beak. Birds have been seen to carry twigs from tree to tree searching for prey.Tools may also be used for defense. Hermit crabs grab sea anemones with their claws and use them as weapons to repel their enemies. Studies have demonstrated that these crabs significantly improve their chances against predators such as octopus by means of this tactic. Also, many species of forest-dwelling primates defend themselves by throwing objects, including stones, at intruders.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.According to the passage, Ivory Coast chimpanzees are among the most remarkable of animal tool users because they（）.3.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the behavior of the woodpecker finch?4.According to the passage, studies have shown that hermit crabs manage to turn octopus away by （）. 5.Forest primates and certain sea animals are mentioned in the passage as examples of animals that use tools EXCEPT for（）.

Solving a problem can be broken into several steps. First, the problem must be identified correctly. Psychologists refer（1）this step as problem representation. For many problems, figuring （2） which information is relevant and which is extraneous can be difficult and can interfere （3） arriving at a good solution. Clearly, before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious （4） the problem is, however, this is not as easy （5） it might seem. One obstacle to efficient problem representation is functional fixedness, which is, allowing preconceived notions and even prejudices to color the facts. Most people tend （6） see objects and events in certain fixed ways, and by being inflexible in viewing the problem, they may be unable to notice the tools （7） the solution. Once the problem is identified accurately, （8） , the second step consists （9） considering the alternatives for a solution. A common way to evaluate alternatives is to write them （10） and then make a list （11） advantages and disadvantages for each solution. Here again, people may be limited by prior experiences. Often people adopt mental sets （12） lead them to the same problem-solving strategies that were successful for problems （13） the past. Although that can be helpful most （14）the time, sometimes a new situation requires a different strategy. （15） that case, the mental set must be abandoned, and new alternatives must be explored.

Directions: Write a passage about 150 words on the following topicInterview is frequently used by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees.As a result, there have been many arguments for or against the interview as a selection procedure. What is your opinion? Write an essay to state your view.

好的教师知道他们的职责不单是向学生灌输知识，他们深切体会到教学工作不只是授课。好的教师运用对所教导的科目的热情和爱好，来激发学生的学习兴趣，并不断构想新方法和吸取新观点，来为每一堂课注入新的生命。最重要的是：好的教师能使每一名学生深信自己事事都能胜任。他们绝对信任学生的能力，深信每一名孩子都有发挥潜能成为心目中要成为的人物。好的教师使学生自我肯定本身的能力，鼓励他们勇于追求梦想，并从旁引导他们如何实现这些梦想。

Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are not inevitably the province of the rich unless we abdicate society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera, and other expensive forms of culture, accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defense, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat. drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire; they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another.

The（）of the word is unknown, but it is certainly not from Greek.

As the manager was away on a business trip, I was asked to（）the weekly staff meeting.

Now the cheers and applause（）in a single sustained roar.

Excellent films are those which（）national and cultural barriers.

In spite of the（）economic forecast, manufacturing output has risen slightly.

They had to eat a(n)（）meal, or they would be too late for the concert.

Don't trust the speaker any more, since the remarks he made in his lectures are never（）with the facts.

Although we tried to concentrate on the lecture, we were（）by the noise from the next room.

The woman was worried about the side effects of taking aspirins, but her doctor（）her that it is absolutely harmless.

The most important（）for assessment in this contest is originality of design.

They used to quarrel a lot, but now they are completely（）with each other.

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