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Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the 'Second Industrial Revolution'.Labor's concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.1.Though the labor worries about the effects of automation, it never doubts that （）.2.The idea of the "improvement factor' (Para. 3) implies roughly （）. 3.In order to get the full benefits of automation, labor will depend mostly on （）. 4.Which of the following can best sum up the passage?

The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photograph’s fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defense of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves—anything but making works of art. They are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art. It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.Photographers’ disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photography’s prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting during the 1960’s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist painting—that is, abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso, Kandinsky, and Matisse—presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art. Photography, like Pop painting, reassures viewers that art is not hard; photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art.Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activity—in short, an art.1.In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with （）.2.According to the author, the nineteenth-century defenders of photography stressed that photography was（）.3.According to the passage, some serious contemporary photographers make the claim that their photographs （）.4.It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably considers serious contemporary photography to be a（）.

Human relations have commanded people's attention from early times. The ways of people dealing with their relations have been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. "Intuitive" knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modern world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On the other hand if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still "know" how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still "know" when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the "whys" of much of the self’s behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that "people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology".Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive commonsense capacity to grasp human relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.1.According to the passage, it has been suggested that the science of human relations was slow to develop because（）.2.Which of the following claims supports the author's statement that "psychology holds a unique position among the sciences"?3.According to the passage, an understanding of the self can be （）. 4.It can be inferred that the author assumes that commonsense knowledge of human relations is（）.

The translator must have an excellent, up-to-date knowledge of his source languages, full facility in the handling of his target language, which will be his mother tongue or language of habitual（1）, and a knowledge and understanding of the latest subject-matter in his field of specialization. This is, as it were, his professional equipment.（2）this, it is desirable that he should have an inquiring mind, wide interests, a good memory and the ability to grasp quickly the basic principles of new developments. He should be willing to work（3）his own, often at high speeds, but should be humble enough to consult others （4）his own knowledge not always prove adequate to the task in hand. He should be able to type fairly quickly and accurately and, if he is working mainly for publication, he should have more than a nodding（5）with printing techniques and proof-reading. If he is working basically as an information translator, let us say, for an industrial firm, he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to （6） rapidly from one source language to another as well as from one subject-matter to another, since this ability is frequently （7）of him in such work. Bearing in mind the nature of the translator's work, i.e. the processing of the written word, it is, strictly speaking, （8）that he should be able to speak the language he is dealing with. If he does speak them, it is an advantage（9）a hindrance, but this skill is in many ways a luxury that he can（10）with. It is, （11） , desirable that he should have an approximate idea about the pronunciation of his source languages even if this is restricted to（12） how proper names and place names are pronounced. The same（13）to an ability to write his source languages. If he can, well and good; if he cannot, not（14）.There are many other skills and（15） that are desirable in a translator.

Directions: Write a passage of about 150 words on the following topic:Is it morally acceptable to experiment on non-human animals to develop products and medicines that benefit human beings?

由于对急剧上涨的油价和气候变化的日益担心，生物燃料变成了绿色技术革命的先锋，除了作为替代能源外，还希望它在此过程中减缓全球变暖趋势。但是，近期的几项研究表明，生物燃料不但没有实现其提倡者的良好愿望，相反却加剧了全球变暖，并还以拯救地球的名义危害着地球。的确，生物燃料在某种程度上减轻了人们对进口石油的依赖，使某些农民综合企业致富的同时，也给农民创造了就业机会。但是大多数生物燃料遇到的一个基本问题实际上很简单：将土地用于生产生物燃料所需的作物，导致储存了大量碳的森林、湿地和草地被毁，这是研究人员一直没注意到的问题。

If you look into a directory of successful people who are doctors, engineers and IT professionals, then you will notice that many of them dream to be employed by people like Bill Gates, who are prosperous despite not having college degrees. In other words, prosperity does not depend upon academic qualifications but upon opportunities provided by entrepreneurs who may not be necessarily be highly educated. Successful entrepreneurs even benefit from not having academic qualifications, because going to college and taking examinations forces people to learn and think like millions of other graduates. This actually makes it less likely that they will come up with the truly mould-breaking insights and “disruptive” ideas on which successful innovations and new business models are built.

The volcano laid（）now, but we felt sure it would erupt again within the year.

The mayor（）his speech to suit the crowd of homeless people gathered in his office.

A study shows that students living in non-smoking dorms are less likely to（）that habit of smoking.

After the storm caused raw sewage to seep into the ground water, the Water Department had to take measures to（）the city’s water supply.

The new shipping and receiving building is a(n)（） facility, large enough to meet our growing needs.

The awful truth about toxic waste dumping in their neighborhood（） many community members.

With the increasing unemployment rate, female workers who are 45 to 55 years old are usually the first to be（）.

The captain often（）responsibility to his subordinates, so as to have time to do the important tasks himself.

The psychologists were pleased that their theory had been（）by the new research.

The general public didn't care about the trial and so was（）about the verdict.

He based his conclusion on what he（）from the evidence, not on what he actually observed.

The suspect gave a（）explanation for his presence at the scene, so the police decided to look elsewhere for the perpetrator of the crime.

Other factors（） to the development of economic globalization are advanced scientific technologies and better transportation system.

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