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They had to ________ their failure to a lack of preparation.

Bill was sitting and daydreaming so his mother told him to ________ down to earth and to do his homework.

He doesn’t need to ________ himself as his managerial track record speaks for itself.

Never reveal ________ company information, like products in the works or financial performance.

Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use the space provided on your Answer Sheet II.TOPICMany people judge the value of things by their practicality or usefulness. What is your opinion on this topic? Support your argument with reasons or examples.

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet.A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or as a member of a crowd. (1) Groups are capable of being as moral and intelligent as the individuals who form them; a crowd is chaotic, has no purpose of its own and is capable of anything except intelligent action and realistic thinking. Assembled in a crowd, people lose their powers of reasoning and their capacity for moral choice. Their suggestibility is increased to the point where they cease to have any judgment or will of their own. They become very excitable, they lose all sense of individual or collective responsibility, and they are subject to sudden accesses of rage, enthusiasm and panic. In a word, a man in a crowd behaves as though he had swallowed a large dose of some powerful intoxicant. (2) The crowd-intoxicated individual escapes from responsibility, intelligence and morality into a kind of frantic, animal mindlessness.Unlike the masses, intellectuals have a taste for rationality and an interest in facts. Their critical habit of mind makes them resistant to the kind of propaganda that works so well on the majority. Intellectuals are the kind of people who demand evidence and are shocked by logical inconsistencies and fallacies. (3) They regard over-simplification as the original sin of the mind and have no use for the slogans, the unqualified assertions and sweeping generalizations which are the propagandist’s stock in trade. Philosophy teaches us to feel uncertain about the things that seem to us self-evident. (4) Propaganda, on the other hand, teaches us to accept as self-evident matters about which it would be reasonable to suspend our judgment or to feel doubt. The propagandist must therefore be consistently dogmatic. All his statements are made without qualification. (5) There are no grays in his picture of the world; everything is either diabolically black or celestially white. He must never admit that he might be wrong or that people with a different point of view might be even partially right. Opponents should not be argued with; they should be attacked, shouted down, or, if they become too much of a nuisance, liquidated. The morally squeamish intellectual may be shocked by this kind of thing. But the masses are always convinced that right is on the side of the active aggressor.”

A debate has erupted within medicine over how to ensure that physicians maintain their clinical skills throughout their careers. The American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) has long required internists to pass Maintenance of Certification exams every 10 years to keep their board-certified status. (71) In response, the ABIM announced it would offer a new assessment option starting in January 2018, allowing doctors to be recertified through shorter, but more frequent, assessments. (72) In fact, it raises a couple of important questions: Are assessments even the most effective way to incentivize doctors to keep up with the latest medical knowledge and new technologies? Why don’t we directly measure physicians’ quality of care and patient outcomes as they grow older?While there is some evidence that physicians’ clinical knowledge, adherence with up-to-date standards of care, and performance on process measures may wane as they get older, little is known about whether and how age impacts physicians’ practice and their patient outcomes. (73) On the other hand, scientific knowledge, technology, and clinical guidelines change so regularly that keeping up with them and incorporating them into clinical practice can be overwhelming.As the physician workforce in the U. S. ages (approximately one-fifth of U.S. physicians are over 65 years old, and the size of the group has increased 27% since 2005), it becomes even more important to understand how physician age might relate to patient outcomes. (74)The relationship between physician age and patient outcomes has not been empirically studied at a large scale. (75) In our study, which was recently published in The BMJ, we found that U.S. Medicare patients treated by older physicians were more likely to die within 30 days of hospitalization, compared with patients treated by younger physicians—unless the older physicians were used to treating large numbers of patients each year.A. We found that patients treated by older physicians experienced statistically significantly higher mortality rates than patients cared for by younger physicians.B. This would help inform new efforts to educate older physicians and improve clinical outcomes.C. However, this policy has recently come under scrutiny due to its high burden to doctors and the lack of sound evidence that recertification processes improve doctors’ quality of care.D. On one hand, skills and knowledge are accumulated through experience and can improve quality of care.E. But it’s not clear that this will make much difference.F. Therefore, we decided to investigate this issue by analyzing the outcomes of hospitalized Medicare patients and the age of their treating physicians.

Europe’s social services face a challenging time. Angela Merkel is fond of saying that Europe has 7% of the world’s population, 25% of its wealth and 50% of its welfare spending. (66)The first challenge is to tap our collective intelligence. There are many tools available to involve more people in the design and implementation of social care policies, through platforms such as challenges.org. At their best, these draw on the experiences and expertise of service users and frontline workers to help solve problems. They put people at the centre of designing social services.The second challenge is to commit to experimentation. (67) Some governments, with Finland and Canada at the vanguard, are exploring alternatives to top-down national policies. They—along with Scotland and the Netherlands—are trialing innovative schemes such as universal basic income, in the hope that they will find a simpler, fairer way of supporting citizens without discouraging them from paid employment or voluntary work.Third, governments need to make the most of digital technology. (68)Fourth, governments need to be smarter about data. (69) Some local authorities are showing what can be done. Hackney council, for example, is working with Xanthura to develop an artificial intelligence model that can identify children at increased risk of ending up in statutory children’s social care, so they can get better support—improving lives and saving money.(70) India’s biometric identity card Aadhaar has transformed access to financial services for poorer communities, but it has also made it possible for the government to offer loans direct to citizens that can be repaid through the tax system.A. We’re used to the integration of technology with everyday activities such as shopping, travel and transport, but similar platforms can also be used for public services.B. No one knows what social care models will work best in 10 or 20 years’ time—the only way to find out is by experimenting.C. Around the world there are many examples of even more radical change that prove the public sector can innovate where there’s the will.D. If the continent is to avoid a continued period of stagnation and austerity, it will need to explore more radical options.E. Data is at the heart of private sector business models, but governments and NGOs have been much slower to realise how data can help them.F. These innovations all have a shared ethos: a spirit of learning by doing, testing ideas out on a small scale and then improving them.

Remember the concept of “sisterhood”? That quaint relic of an idea that women owed it to other women to crash through ceilings and navigate a male world? It just might be taking new root in a most unexpected place—among women with money. There are more women controlling more wealth in the U.S. than ever before. And unlike the women who preceded them—old-school patrons who gave to the museum and the symphony and their dead husbands’ alma maters—these givers are more likely to use their wealth deliberately and systematically to aid women in need.To appreciate the magnitude of this change, go back 150 years or so to the women’s struggle for the right to vote, or the suffrage movement. Back to the time when one of its leaders, Matilda Joslyn Gage, lamented: “We have yet to hear of a woman of wealth who has left anything for helping her sex get the vote. Almost every daily paper heralds the fact of some large bequest to colleges, churches and charities by rich women, but it is well-known that they never remember the woman suffrage movement that underlies in importance all others.”Today, globally, more than 145 funds, with assets of nearly half a billion dollars, exist to improve the lives of women and girls. Many focus their efforts domestically; about a third work internationally. Not one existed in 1972 when the Ms. Foundation, the first national fund for and by women, was established. Collectively they now form the Women’s Funding Network and have plans to increase their joint coffers by another billion dollars by 2018, in concert with a drive called Women Moving Millions, which aims to encourage individuals, mostly women, to donate $ 1 million or more.Women Moving Millions began with the literal sisterhood of Helen LaKelly Hunt and Swanee Hunt. Daughters of the legendary oilman H. L. Hunt, they were raised “like Southern belles,” Helen says—taught that money was something a woman “shouldn’t worry her pretty little head about.” As adults they discovered the power of philanthropy, and about three years ago Swanee called Helen with an offer. “She said she was going to leave me a lot of money in her will,” Helen says, “but I might die first and ruin the surprise, so why doesn’t she give it to me now?” Swanee’s $ 6 million, and $ 4 million more from Helen, became the initial pledges to the campaign.1. In the past, women needed “sisterhood” to .2. The big change in the US mentioned in the passage is that .3. According to Matilda Joslyn Gage, the rich women failed to .4. Paragraph 3 mainly tells about .5. Women Moving Millions is .6. What can we learn about Helen and Swanee?

The country in which I live has laws forbidding discrimination on the grounds of ethnicity, religion, sexuality or sex. We’ve come a long way since the days when the reverse was true—when homosexuality was illegal, for instance, or when women were barred from voting. But this doesn’t mean that prejudice is over, of course. Nowadays we need to be as concerned about subtler strains of prejudice as the kind of loud-mouthed racism and sexism that makes us ashamed of the past.Subtle prejudice is the domain of unjustified assumptions, dog-whistles, and plain failure to make the effort to include people who are different from ourselves, or who don’t fit our expectations. One word for the expressions of subtle prejudice is ‘‘microaggression”. These are things such as repeating a thoughtless stereotype, or too readily dismissing someone’s viewpoint—actions that may seem unworthy of comment, but can nevertheless marginalise an individual.The people perpetrating these microaggressions may be completely unaware that they hold a prejudiced view. Psychologists distinguish between our explicit attitudes—which are the beliefs and feelings we’ll admit to—and our implicit attitudes—which are our beliefs and feelings which are revealed by our actions. So, for example, you might say that you are not a sexist, you might even say that you are anti-sexist, but if you interrupt women more than men in meetings you would be displaying a sexist implicit attitude—one which is very different from that non-sexist explicit attitude you profess.The thing about subtle prejudice is that it is by definition subtle—lots of small differences in how people are treated, small asides, little jibes, ambiguous differences in how we treat one person compared to another. This makes it hard to measure, and hard to address, and—for some people—hard to take seriously.This is the skeptical line of thought: when people complain about being treated differently in small ways they are being overly sensitive, trying to lay claim to a culture of victimhood. Small differences are just that—small.Now you will have your own intuitions about that view, but my interest is in how you could test the idea that a thousand small cuts do add up. A classic experiment on the way race affects our interactions shows not only the myriad ways in which race can affect how we treat people, but shows in a clever way that even the most privileged of us would suffer if we were all subjected to subtle discrimination.1. The first paragraph implied that prejudices .2. “marginalise an individual” in Paragraph 2 probably means .3. Someone would deny his true feelings and beliefs but .4. In Paragraph 4, the author implies that subtle prejudice .5. According to Paragraph 5, sufferers of subtle discrimination .6. In the last paragraph, the author stresses that .

There are few habits as infuriating as someone making us wait. But, despite what may be running through your mind as you’re kept waiting again, it’s unlikely your friends and colleagues are just being selfish. A look into the psychology of lateness offers a glimpse into a mind that may be malfunctioning. But there’s also more than one fix.Perceptions of unpunctual people are almost always negative—even if misguided.“It is easy to perceive them as disorganised, chaotic, rude and lacking in consideration for others,” says Harriet Mellotte, a cognitive behavioural therapist and a clinical psychologist in training in London. “Outside of my clinical practice, others being late is something that can particularly get under my skin!”But, many late people are at least somewhat organised and want to keep friends, family and bosses happy. The punctually-challenged are often excruciatingly aware and ashamed of the damage their lateness could do to their relationships, reputations, careers and finances.“While there are those who get a charge out of keeping others waiting, if you’re typical, you dislike being late,” Diana DeLonzor writes in her book Never Be Late Again. “Yet tardiness remains your nemesis.”Some excuses, particularly for acute lateness, are fairly universally accepted—an accident or illness, for example. But others aren’t so easy to swallow. Some late people will pass it off as a symptom of being big-thinking and concerned with loftier matters than time-keeping, as an endearing quirk, a mark of doing one’s best work under pressure, or having the body clock of a night owl rather than a lark.Joanna, a teacher in London who didn’t want her surname used, says her reputation for being unpunctual can sometimes be attributed to a difference in opinion. “A friend will ask me to come over, and they’ll say ‘come any time from seven,’” she says. “But if I do turn up at eight or later, they’re annoyed.”Being consistently late might not be your fault. It could be your type. The punctually-challenged often share personality characteristics such as optimism, low levels of self-control, anxiety, or a penchant for thrill-seeking, experts say. Personality differences could also dictate how we experience the passing of time.48. The word “infuriating” in Paragraph 1 most probably means .49. Which one of the following is NOT true about unpunctual people?50. According to Harriet Mellotte, unpunctual people who are not his patients .51. According to Diana DeLonzor, unpunctual people .52. Which of the following excuses for being late is LESS acceptable?53. What does the author think of consistent unpunctuality?

Collapses this spring at a couple of ancient sites here caused weary archaeologists to warn, yet again, about other imminent calamities threatening Rome’s precarious architectural birthright.Meanwhile, the smart set went crazy when a splendid national museum for contemporary art, Maxxi, opened recently, along with an expansion to the city-run new-art museum, Macro. That was just after Rome’s mayor, Gianni Alemanno, convened a conference for planners and architects to sketch a bid for the 2020 Olympics as an incentive to update Italy’s capital. Contemporary architecture now promises to be the engine and symbol of a new creative identity for Rome that, if development is done right for a change, would complement the city’s glorious past.“What does Rome want to be when it grows up?” is how Richard Burdett, a planner from London with Italian roots, put the situation the other day. He meant the situation of Rome at a crossroads, struggling ahead, falling behind.Change is never easy here. When a museum designed by Richard Meier, a glass and marble building to house the Ara Pacis, opened a few years ago, Romans howled. Maxxi, whose style presents a whole other set of problems, has fared much better in terms of public approval, attracting some 74,000 visitors in its first month and accelerating talk by leaders like Mr. Alemanno about Rome in the 21st century.But it’s one thing for politicians to support a new headline-grabbing museum. The art crowd rolls into town, bestows its blessing, then rolls out. It’s another to take on greater challenges like immigration, transportation and sprawl. Even culture: a nation whose identity and fiscal survival rests on it now devotes 0.21 percent of its state budget, which is about one-fifth of the percentage that France devotes, to theater, film, exhibitions, music and museums, not to mention the upkeep of all those thousands of historical sites for which there is still no master conservation plan.And there’s nothing close to a thought-out approach to shaping this city’s new identity, either, just a burst of mixed architecture creating facts on the ground and a fresh hunger for something better. The problems facing Rome are not going to be solved by a few big stars designing buildings but by a larger effort to rethink a city that has swiftly grown to 3.7 million inhabitants, almost all of them outside the historic center, where its past is crumbling.42. Paragraph 1 implies that .43. According to the context, “the smart set” (boldfaced in Paragraph 2) refers to .44. What is Richard Burdett’s attitude towards a new creative identity for Rome?45. According to the passage, the Roman politicians .46. The last paragraph suggests that .47. What might be the best title of the passage?

You may be reading this while on a conference call, pushing your child on a swing—or both. But is multitasking really a good idea, or does it make us do everything more slowly and less well than if we were concentrating on one task at a time?Psychologists cite robust research that paying more attention to a task improves performance. Humans, they argue, are good at doing rapidly sequential tasks, rather than simultaneous ones. My teenagers insist it is fine to revise while texting and watching YouTube—but they are wrong. In 2009, a research team from Stanford, led by Clifford Nass, compared heavy versus light media multitaskers in a series of tests. Nass thought the heavier multitaskers would be better at organising and storing information and have superior memories, but it turned out that the opposite was true. When the groups were shown configurations of coloured shapes and asked to remember their positions and ignore others, the multitaskers couldn’t do it. They were constantly distracted and their ability to switch between tasks, filter irrelevant information and remember what they had seen was worse than the lighter multitaskers.A team led by David Strayer at the University of Utah looked at people who drive while using the phone and found that they were more than twice as likely to miss stop signs. In a later study, Strayer found that people who are most likely to multitask are those who think they are great at it. Seventy percent of the 310 students in his study thought they were above average at multitasking. People who multitasked the most had high levels of impulsive behaviour and were generally the most ill-suited to attempt more than one job at a time.Nass’s research led him to suggest that we should spend 20 minutes on one task and then switch to another, rather than flitting any faster between the two. Tests that measure the ability to remember shapes are less compelling than real-life multitasking research, but the evidence suggests that we delude ourselves if we think we can do more than one thing well at the same time. Limited research suggests that women may be a teeny bit better at it, but few of us are naturals. Strayer’s research suggests that around 3% of the population are “supertaskers” who do better the more they do. The rest of us, however, should stick to one thing at a time.36. The author may be suggesting in Paragraph 1 that .37. According to Paragraph 2, research suggests that humans perform well when .38. Which of the following is true about heavy multitaskers?39. Strayer’s studies show that .40. What is the author’s attitude towards women’s multitasking ability?41. A possible suggestion from the author is to .

Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Decades of research have shown that knowledge and understanding cannot be rigorously evaluated through a series of 90-minute exams. The _1_ exam paradigm is stressful, unpleasant, can turn students away from education. And _2_ we persist globally to rely on these blunt instruments, sending students off to universities and the workplace ill-equipped for their futures. Perhaps one reason for the long-lasting _3_ of “stop and test” forms of assessment is that the _4_ available so far have been unattractive and equally, or even more unreliable than current examination systems. _5_, the situation is now different and a realistic and economically attractive alternative _6_ at our fingertips. We have the technology to build a (an) _7_ assessment system—one based on artificial intelligence (AI)—but we now need to see if we have the social and moral appetite to disrupt tradition. AI can be _8_ as the ability of computer systems to behave in ways that we would think of as essentially human. AI systems are designed to interact with the world _9_ capabilities, such as speech recognition, and intelligent behaviours, such as assessing a situation and taking sensible actions _10_ a goal. The use of AI in our day-to-day life has increased exponentially. Clever AI has penetrated general use to become so useful that it is not _11_ as AI anymore. We trust it with our personal, medical and financial data without a _12_, so why not _13_ it with the assessment of our children’s knowledge and understanding? The application of AI to education has been the subject of academic research for more than 30 years, with the aim of making “_14_ precise and explicit forms of educational, psychological and social knowledge which are often left _15_.” The evidence from existing AI systems that assess learning as well as provide tutoring is positive with respect to their assessment accuracy.

Love does not ________ gazing at each other, but in looking together in the same direction.

Packages are so widespread that they slip ________ conscious notice.

The train is ________ at the destination station at 11 o’clock this evening.

We do need help from others, but we’ll never ________ others for support.

Just like last year’s smartphone, the Mate 10 models will ________ performance over time by learning which apps you use regularly.

Their work will ________, but they ought to try to improve it.

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