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We do need help from others, but we’ll never（）others for support.

They had to（）their failure to a lack of preparation.

The new secretary will（）us of some of the paperwork.

Obviously, we demonstrate that this feed additive has had a（）effectiveness to increase the rate of egg production.

In my opinion, she left the letter there（）so that you’d see it.

2.虽然网络类型的划分标准各种各样，但是从地理范围划分是一种大家都认可的通用网络划分标准。按这种标准可以把各种网络类型划分为局域网、城域网、广域网和互联网四种。局域网（Local Area Network，LAN）通常我们常见的“LAN”就是指局域网，这是我们最常见、应用最广的一种网络。局域网随着整个计算机网络技术的发展和提高得到了充分的应用和普及，几乎每个单位都有自己的局域网，甚至有的家庭中都有自己的小型局域网。很明显，所谓局域网，就是在局部地区范围内的网络，它所覆盖的地区范围较小。局域网在计算机数量配置上没有太多的限制，少的可以只有两台，多的可达几百台。城域网（Metropolitan Area Network，MAN）这种网络一般来说是在一个城市，不在同一地理小区范围内的计算机互联。这种网络的连接距离可以在10~100公里，它采用的是IEEE 802.6标准。城域网多采用ATM技术做骨网。ATM是一种用于数据、语音、视频以及多媒体应用程序的高速网络传输方法。ATM包括一个接口和一个协议，该协议能够在一个常规的传输信道上，在比特率不变及变化的通信量之间进行切换。广域网（Wide Area Network，WAN）这种网络也称为远程网，所覆盖的范围比城域网（MAN）更广，它一般是在不同城市之间的LAN或者MAN网络互联，地理范围可从几百公里到几千公里。

2. Many recent models in software engineering introduced deep neural models based on the Transformer architecture or use transformer based Pre-trained Language Models (PLM) trained on code. Although these models achieve the state of the arts results in many downstream tasks such as code summarization and bug detection, they are based on Transformer and PLM, which are mainly studied in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) field. The current studies rely on the reasoning and practices from NLP for these models in code, despite the differences between natural languages and programming languages. There is also limited literature on explaining how code is modeled.Here, we investigate the attention behavior of PLM on code and compare it with natural language. We pre-trained BERT, a Transformer based PLM, on code and explored what kind of information it learns, both semantic and syntactic. We run several experiments to analyze the attention values of code constructs on each other and what BERT learns in each layer. Our analyses show that BERT pays more attention to syntactic entities, specifically identifiers and separators, in contrast to the most attended token [CLS] in NLP. This observation motivated us to leverage identifiers to represent the code sequence instead of the [CLS] token when used for code clone detection. Our results show that employing embeddings from identifiers increases the performance of BERT by 605% and 4% F1-score in its lower layers and the upper layers, respectively. When identifiers’ embeddings are used in CodeBERT, a code-based PLM, the performance is improved by 21%-24% in the Fl-score of clone detection. The findings can benefit the research community by using code-specific representations instead of applying the common embeddings used in NLP, and open new directions for developing smaller models with similar performance.

2.尽管最近抗病毒药物和抗生素的开发有所增加，但抗微生物药物耐药性和缺乏广谱病毒靶向药物仍然是重要问题，迫切需要其他替代方法来治疗传染性疾病。宿主导向疗法（HDT）是抗感染领域的一种新兴方法。HDT的策略是干扰病原体复制或持续感染所需的宿主细胞因子，增强对病原体的保护性免疫反应，减少炎症恶化，并维持病灶的免疫反应平衡。虽然包括干扰素在内的HDT在治疗慢性病毒性肝炎方面已经建立，但旨在治疗持续病毒感染的功能性药物和开发针对新病毒的广谱抗病毒的新战略依然至关重要。在慢性细菌感染（如结核病）中，HDT策略旨在增强吞细胞的抗菌活性，并利用可溶性分子（如花生四烯酸和细胞因子）或细胞因子（如共刺激性分子）来抑制炎症。

2. Influenza is an infectious respiratory disease that, in humans, is caused by influenza A and influenza B viruses. Typically characterized by annual seasonal epidemics, sporadic pandemic outbreaks involve influenza A virus strains of zoonotic origin. The WHO estimates that annual epidemics of influenza result in ~1 billion infections, 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 300,000-500,000 deaths. The severity of pandemic influenza depends on multiple factors, including the virulence of the pandemic virus strain and the level of pre-existing immunity. The most severe influenza pandemic, in 1918, resulted in >40 million deaths worldwide. Influenza vaccines are formulated every year to match the circulating strains, as they evolve antigenically owing to antigenic drift. Nevertheless, vaccine efficacy is not optimal and is dramatically low in the case of an antigenic mismatch between the vaccine and the circulating virus strain. Antiviral agents that target the influenza virus enzyme neuraminidase have been developed for prophylaxis and therapy. However, the use of these antivirals is still limited. Emerging approaches to combat influenza include the development of universal influenza virus vaccines that provide protection against antigenically distant influenza viruses, but these vaccines need to be tested in clinical trials to ascertain their effectiveness.

任选以下一题的中文完成汉译英1.随着合成生物技术日新月异的发展，如何保障其生物安全性成为一个极其重要的问题。合成生物学研究中大量涉及来自病毒、致病性细菌和真菌的强毒力基因元器件。如果缺乏有效管控或被恶意谬用，这些人工合成生物体可能会对生态环境和公共安全造成威胁。因此，在人工设计和改造生物体的过程中，必须建立系统的防范和监控体系，采取有效的方法和技术来阻止人工生命体在野外环境下的复制和增殖，并阻断其进化出新的环境适应性，做到完全的人工改造生物隔离，确保其生物安全性。

任选以下一题的英文完成英译汉1. Despite the surge of microbial genome data, experimental testing is important to confirm inferences about the cell biology, ecological roles and evolution of microorganisms. As the majority of archaeal and bacterial diversity remains uncultured and poorly characterized, culturing is a priority. The growing interest in and need for efficient cultivation strategies has led to many rapid methodological and technological advances. In this review, we discuss common barriers that can hamper the isolation and culturing of novel microorganisms and review emerging, innovative methods for targeted or high-throughput cultivation. We also highlight recent examples of successful cultivation of novel archaea and bacteria, and suggest key microorganisms for future cultivation attempts.

Translate the following passage into English. (20 points)每年两会上，关于“放假”的话题，总能够引起人们的注意。毕竟，假期关乎着每个人的利益。两会上关于放假的“好声音”，也代表着诸多普通民众的心声。如何放假，不仅关乎着老百姓的切实利益，也影响着经济发展。正如有媒体指出，假日经济已变成在我国强劲中国市场前景释放的一个关键窗口。以去年国内疫情防控稳定下的“五一”假期为例，民众旅游、探亲需求强劲，出行服务、旅游服务等行业迎来大幅增长。据文化和旅游部数据中心测算，全国国内旅游出游共2.3亿人次，可谓实现了多赢。

Translate the following passage into Chinese. (20 points)Popular culture is elusive to define, yet through a multitude of forms and expressions, its influences across cultural boundaries are often effective, efficient and far-reaching. The conference will bring together academics, researchers and practitioners to exchange views and ideas about Chinese popular culture in the context of global circulation. It aims to outline scenes and trajectories of Chinese popular culture in translation and transmission from the 1990s, focusing on paradigms, trends, shifts and issues in the processes of production, dissemination and consumption. The conference also seeks to understand contemporary China in the global cultural flow, exchange and mediation, particularly through digital technologies, transnational markets and new media industries.

A recurring criticism of the UK’s university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services.Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system.However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia, Canada, USA and UK shows that, from a relatively weak starting position, the UK now leads on many indicators of commercialisation activity.When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions of the past decade have helped transform the performance of UK universities. Evidence suggests the UK’s position is much stronger than in the recent past and is still showing improvement. But national data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence shows that a large number of universities have fallen off the back of the pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase the leaders.This type of uneven distribution is not peculiar to the UK and is mirrored across other economies. In the UK, research is concentrated: less than 25% of universities receive 75% of the research funding. These same universities are also the institutions producing the greatest share of PhD graduates, science citations, patents and licence income. The effect of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities which are research-led and commercially active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialisation work creates differences between universities.The core objective for universities which are research-led must be to maximise the impact of their research efforts. These universities should be generating the widest range of social, economic and environmental benefits. In return for the scale of investment, they should share their expertise in order to build greater confidence in the sector.Part of the economic recovery of the UK will be driven by the next generation of research commercialisation spilling out of our universities. There are three dozen universities in the UK which are actively engaged in advanced research training and commercialisation work.If there was a greater coordination of technology transfer offices within regions and a simultaneous investment in the scale and functions of our graduate schools, universities could, and should, play a key role in positioning the UK for the next growth cycle.1. What does the author think of UK universities in terms of commercialisation?2. What does the author say about the national data on UK universities’ performance in commercialisation?3. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that “policy interventions” (Line 1, Para. 4) refers to ____.4. What does the author suggest research-led universities do?5. How can the university sector play a key role in the UK’s economic growth?

Misplaced Modifiers: The Grammar Mistake You Didn’t Know You Were Making“A popular destination for cruise ships, tourists flock to Key West to eat key lime pie and visit Ernest Hemingway’s house.” Is this sentence grammatically correct? It might seem like it is, on first read. But take a look again. According to this sentence, Key West is not the popular destination—the tourists are! That’s because “tourists” is the subject of the sentence, even though the introductory phrase—the modifier—is clearly meant to be about Key West.To fix this sentence, you could keep the modifier, but “Key West” would need to become the subject of the sentence. So you could say: “A popular destination for cruise ships, Key West attracts tourists who want to eat key lime pie and visit Ernest Hemingway’s house.”This is a fairly obscure grammar rule that you probably touched on briefly in English class. But it’s very easy to write a sentence with a misplaced modifier, without even realizing it. It makes sense that it’s one of the grammatical errors even smart people make.When a modifier is misplaced, it’s unclear what the modifier is meant to modify. Sometimes, it may even have nothing to modify. Though introductory phrases and clauses can often be misplaced modifiers, as in the Key West example, modifiers can be misplaced anywhere in a sentence. There are also a couple of different types of misplaced modifiers. The Key West example is what’s called a dangling modifier.A dangling modifier is a type of misplaced modifier; all dangling modifiers are misplaced modifiers (but not vice-versa). When a modifier is dangling, it describes the wrong thing, as in the Key West example. Consider this sentence, too: “Upon arriving at the edge of the Grand Canyon, the natural beauty was astonishing.” What’s doing the “arriving” described in the intro clause? Not “the natural beauty,” as the current sentence would suggest. This sentence differs from the Key West one because, in the first Key West sentence, the correct subject is still in the sentence (“Key West”), while in the Grand Canyon version, the correct subject is not in the sentence (whoever was astonished by the natural beauty, presumably “I”).Unlike the sentence about Key West, where the modifier described the wrong thing, in this sentence, the modifier describes ... nothing. Nothing or no one in this sentence is doing the act of arriving that the modifier mentions. You might fix this sentence by saying, “Upon arriving at the edge of the Grand Canyon, I was astonished by the natural beauty.”Another type of misplaced modifier is an ambiguous, or squinting, modifier. The following sentence has one: “Eating fried clams slowly makes me feel sick.” Since “eating fried clams slowly” makes sense, and so does “slowly makes me feel sick,” it’s ambiguous whether the modifier, “slowly,” means the speed of the eating or the speed of the sick feeling. Many times, fixing a misplaced modifier requires rearranging the sentence to make sure it’s clear. In this case, you could say, “I slowly start to feel sick when I eat fried clams.”1. Which statement about the first sentence in the first paragraph is correct?2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?3. In which aspect is the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 different from the first sentence of Paragraph 1?4. When the subject the modifier refers to is unclear, what kind of modifier does it belong to?5. What is the passage mainly about?

Students who rely on loans to pay for college may give little thought to the financial burden they’ve taken on until after graduation. But borrowers will quickly need to devise a plan for how to pay back student loans as their grace period comes to a close and repayment begins.“They’re thinking about graduating and looking for a job, and have kind of put off the idea of what they’re going to owe until they leave,” says Chris George, dean of admissions and financial aid at St. Olaf College in Minnesota.Most students with federal loans will have about six months after graduation before repayment must begin. If a student graduated in the spring, his or her repayment would begin in the fall. Some student loans provide a grace period after students graduate, leave college or drop below half-time enrollment before they must begin repayment. The length of time of the grace period for most federal student loans is six months.This period allows graduates time to obtain employment and make a plan for repayment. But not all student loans provide a grace period. PLUS loans do not offer students a grace period; repayment must begin when the loan is fully disbursed. Loans that do provide a six-month grace period include direct subsidized loans, direct unsubsidized loans and all Stafford loans, according to the Department of Education.Borrowers who consolidate their loans forfeit their remaining grace period, and students who go back to school before the end of their grace period and enroll at least half-time will receive their six-month grace period when they stop attending or drop below half-time status. Borrowers who are called to active duty in the military for more than 30 days before the end of their grace period receive the full six-month grace period when they return from duty.“Some private lenders offer grace periods as well,” Abril Hunt, a training and outreach manager at ECMC Group, a student loan guarantor and financial literacy nonprofit, wrote in an email. “The length of the grace period will vary by lender and loan product, but it’s usually about six months. Be sure to check your loan agreement to see what (if any) grace period you have.”If they are able, borrowers can make payments on their student loans while still in the grace period. Experts advise doing so, given that interest will accrue during the grace period for most federal student loans.If a borrower’s loans have been building, a crucial first step is to know how much is owed. On the National Student Loan Data System, the Department of Education’s database, students can locate all their federal loans and find debt totals, including accumulated interest. “Before I looked online, I wasn’t even sure how much my loans were, including interest,” says Meghan Mitnick, a teacher in New York City who had six-figure loan debt from two New York University degrees. “Even though it’s really scary, know exactly what you’re dealing with.”Once borrowers have a good grasp of just how much is owed, they should then find out exactly who must be paid by contacting the correct student loan servicer. “That’s the question we get often: Who am I supposed to be paying?” George says.Whether a student took out federal or private loans, the loan servicer is the first point of contact for any questions and address updates, so don’t hesitate to reach out, recommends Erin Wolfe, associate director of financial aid at Bucknell University in Pennsylvania.“The best advice for any graduate is to remain proactive in loan repayment,” Wolfe wrote in an email. “If you have questions or concerns, contact the loan servicer without delay. Building a successful repayment strategy for student loan debt is essential for shaping the borrower’s financial future.”1. What might be Chris George’s attitude towards students who rely on loans to pay for college?2. Which of the following statements about the grace period is true?3. In which situation borrowers will loose their grace period?4. What may be the meaning of the word “accrue” in paragraph 7?5. What help can’t a loan servicer provide for students?

Direction: Decide which of the words given in the box below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blank. The words can be used ONCE ONLY.The Palace Lantern, as its name indicates, originated in the imperial palace. It was widely loved by the populace after relocation from the confines of the emperor’s residence and made accessible to the public.A perfect marriage between lighting and art, the Chinese lantern has both highly practical and aesthetic values. It is an emblematic decoration on traditional _1_ and an important element of Chinese decoration art as well a _2_ of the Chinese culture.According to historical records, the Palace Lantern first appeared in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). The lantern making craftsmanship reached its pinnacle in the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties. The lanterns for the use of the royal family were not only used for lighting, but also as _3_ decorations. They were therefore meticulously manufactured and lavishly adorned to showcase the magnificence and _4_ of the royal lifestyle.During the Qing Dynasty the Imperial Household Department, which served the personal needs of the monarch, ran a special section for making and repairing lanterns. Before the Imperial Household Department _5_ up the lantern section, lanterns used in the Forbidden City were _6_ on the market or from regional governments as tributes. Even after the establishment of the section, many imperial lanterns were still outsourced from private manufacturers. That’s why later they were also _7_ on the market, and thus _8_ influence on the design of civilian lamps.Palace Lanterns in the collections of the Palace Museum in Beijing are mostly wood- or metal- framed, covered in gauze or glass, and painted with various _9_. A lantern consists of two sections chained together, with the upper part called the “cap” and the lower part the “body”. The body is also of two layers, each dotted with several “windows” for _10_ out light.

She was ____ a lot of money at the women’s clothing shop.

They had only a ____ idea where the place was.

The experiments were carried out under ____ examination conditions.

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