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But as the winter went on, I found it harder and harder to withdraw—either from the events we read and heard about, or from the zeal that seized the students in the seminar.

He first read this book by borrowing it from his Chinese classmate at Oxford. And he was so enchanted. In order to translate it, he even resigned from his chair at Oxford.

If we all end up trying to be savers, the global economy will tilt more heavily towards protectionism and recession.

Vince Cable’s decision not to come to Oxford because of a peaceful protest is one of the most cowardly acts by a British politician in living memory.

In all her actions, her reverence for her husband was the one thing that stood out.

At the height of the war, more than a million people were displaced and confined to squalid camps.

He has admitted to making a blunder by loading up on this stock during the 2008 oil boom, and just before the stock-market crash.

Angry engineers challenged the statistical significance of the study’s small sample and labeled it sloppy science.

Part of the motivation for exploring the Kuiper Belt was the recognition of just how little we know about this cold, dark region at the fringe of our solar system.

Real estate developers, small businesses and other borrowers have complained strenuously in recent weeks of weakening sales and scarce credit.

This third pattern can be used by moderately autonomous departments in an enterprise that wants to share its services with other departments.

Facing-port industry has become the basic pillar of economic strength in developed countries and promoted the formation of international production.

Maybe the saddest defect of autumn in America is the fact the country is so large that some regions do not get to experience it—Southern California, for one.

To the extent that democracy has spread, it is because it is an effective method of holding rulers accountable to their people, and not simply because of its cultural prestige.

As we passed over the dark bridge her wan face fell lazily against my coat’s shoulder.

Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?

They denounce deficit spending, declaring that you can’t solve debt problems with more debt.

If you reinstate old-fashioned values about money and work, you can give your children a precious gift: the key to self-sufficiency.

In the gloriously hot summer of nineteen fourteen, the murder of Austria-Hungarian Archduke (奥匈帝国大公) in an obscure part of the Balkans provided the spark which set Europe ablaze.

Investigators of monkey’s social behavior have always been struck by monkey’s aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkey’s social behavior.Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, at time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction of space or the withholding, of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intergroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets ever more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced to a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities perse.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with .2. Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the passage about the effects of food deprivation on monkey’s behavior?3. The passage suggests that investigators of monkey’s social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because .4. It can be inferred from the passage that the establishment and preservation of social order among a group of monkeys is essential in order to .

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