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I put mv ear to the object and listened carefully as I first tapped it lightly with a chopstick and then striked it with a hammer; I wanted to find out if it was hollow, preferably without breaking it.

There was one thing that shocked me about the Queen when he walked into the room with Mrs. Obama, namely her height; the British monarch is only 163 cm tall, much shorter than I had imagined.

Should I receive any messages while I am in the meeting, kindly hold them for me till after the oil company representatives have left.

The scientists were very frustrating as they tried again and again to use the mechanical arm to pick up the smooth, slippery object from the bottom of the sea and bring it into the vessel.

Excuse me, but don’t you think that it’s rather odd to give such an elaborate welcome speech and then turn around and treat a delegate with a good question as if he were a nuisance?

Ordinarily the surface of the planet is nearly at the boHing point of water on Earth, 100.2-101 °C according to the data from the orbiting satellite.

The panel of distinguished scientists gathered in Cambridge to discuss the evidences in support of Dr. Thistlethwaite’s revolutionary hypothesis.

Toronto is some 475 km in the northwest of New York, while Vancouver, only 200 km from Seattle, is even closer to a major American city.

How do you account（1）The graph in the upper part of the screen（2） Why are quick-frozen vegetables almost（3）As you can see, most of（4）Playful people who enjoy talking,（5）A dam is a wall（6）As Wang Jianguo became better at spoken English,（7）I was walking down this street one day（8 ）If I had known he wasn’t feeling well,（9）According to this timetable, we are（10）

While I was a student, I （1）many stories about the value of English for one’s career,but I thought they were irrelevant（2） the life that I had planned for myself. In that（3）I was similar to many of today's students. After graduating, I （4）how accurate those stories were. I（5） many opportunities because my English was so poor, （6）I finally decided to "correct*' my earlier mistake. One day I （7）a tutor and began to studyEnglish seriously - as a tool of real communication, not a mere test subject ― for the first（8）in my life. This turned（9） to be one of the best decisions that I’ve （10）made. After I（11） my attitude toward the language, I really started to enjoy using it, andas a （12）I made rapid（13） in it. Since then my career has benefited greatly （14）my new ability to use English actively.

John used to drink heavily at business gatherings. His friends and （1）warned him not to drive when he had been drinking, but he always（2） their warnings and drove anyway. The （3）never stopped him while he was on the road, so he concluded that he was an excellent driver（4） when he was drunk. This,（5） , was false, as he proved one evening on his （6）back from a dinner with clients. Very drunk, he drove through a red light and crashed into an oncoming car with five passengers. Two were （7）instantly, two were injured and one, the driver, escaped unharmed. John survived, but he spent two and a half months in the hospital（8） from his many injuries. After his trial he was sent to（9） for three years. He was released last month. Now he is（10） to rebuild his life.

When I was young I always（1） to become a scientist, but at the age of 18 I（2） my parents' advice and decided to study law instead. Nowadays I think this was a mistake. When I look back on my life, I （3）my decision.（4） , these is nothing that I can do about it now.

In general, I’m glad that I don’t own a car. （1）I do wish that I （2 ）a motorcycle, though. It （3）be nice to be able to get（4） of the city on weekends. I enjoy wandering in the mountains（5） the north and west of our campus, but transportation（6） make it hard for me to do that more than three or four times（7） year. A motorbike is just what I need.

A: I’m quite（1） that you’ve accepted that new job in Shanghai. I（2） that you hated Shanghai!B: Not at all! I love the city. I worked there（3） three months about five years （4）and I really enjoyed the place back then.A: Well, I’ll be（5） to see you go. We'll miss you!B: Thanks. That’s very（6） of you to say. I'll miss the people in this office too.

This afternoon we’re meeting with（1） E.U. environmental official and some Australian specialists to talk about how to（2） groundwater pollution in the Tianjin area.

A: I have a ballet ticket for this evening.B:（1） do we! Why （2）we all go together?A: That’s a good（3） . That way we can share a （4）and save a bit of money.B: When（5） we meet?A: Let’s say at 6:30 in（6） of Building 5.B: Fine. I’ll see you there at 6:30.

Don't try to use that printer. It's been out of （）for ages. I don’t know why they still haven’t repaired it.

9. If there is any endeavour whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavour is surely publicly financed science. Morally, taxpayers who wish to should be able to read about it without further expense. And science advances through cross-fertilization between projects. Barriers to that exchange slow it down.10. There is a widespread feeling that the journal publishers who have mediated this exchange for the past century or more are becoming an impediment to it. One of the latest converts is the British government. On July 16 it announced that, from 2013, the results of taxpayer-financed research would be available, free and online, for anyone to read and redistribute.11. Britain’s government is not alone. On July 17 the European Union followed suit. It proposes making research paid for by its next scientific-spending round - which runs from 2014 to 2020, and will hand out about € 80 billion, or $100 billion, in grants - similarly easy to get hold of. In America, the National Institutes of Health (NIH, the single biggest source of civilian research funds in the world) has required open-access publishing since 2008. And the Wellcome Trust, a British foundation that is the world's second-biggest charitable source of scientific money, after the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, also insists that those who receive its support make their work available free.12. Criticism of journal publishers usually boils down to two things, One is that their processes take months, when the internet could allow them to take days, The other is that because each paper is like a mini-monopoly, which workers in the field have to read if they are to advance their own research, there is no incentive to keep the price down. The publishers thus have scientists • or, more accurately, their universities, which pay the subscriptions -in an armlock. That, combined with the fact that the raw material (manuscripts of papers) is free, leads to generous returns. In 2011 Elsevier, a large Dutch publisher, made a profit of £768m on revenues of £2.06 billion - a margin of 37%. Indeed, Elsevier's profits are thought so egregious by many people that 12,000 researchers have signed up to boycott the company’s journals.13. Publishers do provide a service. They organize peer review, in which papers are criticized anonymously by experts (though those experts, like the authors of papers, are seldom paid for what they do). They also sort the scientific sheep from the goats, by deciding what gets published, and where. That gives the publishers huge power. Since researchers, administrators and grant-awarding bodies all take note of which work has got through this filtering mechanism, the competition to publish in the best journals is intense, and the system becomes self-reinforcing, increasing the value of those journals still further.14. But not, perhaps, for much longer. Support has been swelling for open-access scientific publishing: doing it on line, in a way that allows anyone to read papers free of charge. The movement started among scientists themselves, but governments are now, as Britain's announcement makes clear, paying attention and asking whether they too might benefit from the change.15. The British announcement followed the publication of a report by Dame Janet Finch, a sociologist at the University of Manchester, which recommends encouraging a business model adopted by one of the pioneers of open-access publishing, the Public Library of Science. This organization, a charity based in San Francisco, charges authors a fee (between $1,350 and $2,900, though it is waived in cases of hardship) and then makes their papers available over the internet for nothing. For PLoS, as the charity is widely known, this works well. It has launched seven widely respected electronic journals since its foundation in 2000. For reasons lost in history, this is known as the gold model.16. The NIH’s approach is different. It lets researchers publish in traditional journals, but on condition that, within a year, they post their papers on a free "repository" website called PubMed. Journals have to agree to this, or be excluded from the process. This is known as the green model.17. Both gold and green models involve pre-publication peer review. But a third does away with even that. Many scientists, physicists in particular, now upload drafts of their papers into public archives paid for by networks of universities for the general good. (The most popular is known as "arXivn, the middle letter being a Greek chi.) Here, manuscripts are subject to a ruthless process of open peer review, rather than the secret sort traditional publishers employ. An arXived paper may end up in a traditional journal, but that is merely to provide a public mark of approval for the research team who wrote it. Its actual publication and its value to other scientists date from its original arrival online.18. The success of PLoS, and the political shift towards open access, is encouraging other new ventures too. Seeing the writing on the wall, several commercial publishers are experimenting with gold-model publishing. Meanwhile, later this year a coalition of the Wellcome Trust, the Max Planck Institute (which runs many of Germany's leading laboratories) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute will publish the first edition of eLife, an open-access journal with ambitions to rival the most famous journal of the lot, Nature. The deep pockets of these organizations mean that, for the first few years at least, this journal will not even require a publication fee.19. Much remains to be worked out. Some fear the loss of the traditional journals* curation and verification of research. Even Sir Mark Walport, the director of the Wellcome Trust and a fierce advocate of open-access publication, worries that a system based on the green model could become fragmented. That might happen if the newly liberated papers ended up in different places rather than being consolidated in the way the NIH insists on. But research just published in BMC Medicine (an open-access journal from Springer) suggests papers in open-access journals are as widely cited as those in traditional publications.20. A revolution, then, has begun. Technology permits it; researchers and politicians want it.If scientific publishers are not trembling in their boots, they should be .1.The opening paragraphs of text B seem to indicate that（）2.According to text B, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation（） .3.Text B states that people who are unhappy with publishers of scientific journals （）.4.When scientific papers pass through peer review,（） .5.The word egregious in paragraph 12 means（） .6.In the publication models described in text B, peer review occurs （）.7.Paragraph 18（） .8.Towards the end of text B, the author mentions the concerns of Sir Mark Walport,who（） .9.If one compares text A and text B, one can see that（） .

1. Getting too little sleep for several nights in a row disrupts hundreds of genes that are essential for good health, including those linked to stress and fighting disease. Tests on people who slept less than six hours a night for a week revealed substantial changes in the activity of genes that govern the immune system, metabolism, sleep and wake cycles, and the body’s response to stress, suggesting that poor sleep could have a broad impact on long¬term wellbeing.2. The changes, which affected more than 700 genes, may shed light on the biological mechanisms that raise the risk of a host of ailments, including heart disease, diabetes, obesity, stress and depression, in people who get too little sleep. ’’The surprise for us was that a relatively modest difference in sleep duration leads to these kinds of changes," said Professor Dijk, director of the Surrey Sleep Research Centre at Surrey University, who led the study. “It’s an indication that sleep disruption or sleep restriction is doing more than just making people tired.”3. Previous studies have suggested that people who sleep less than five hours a night have a 15% greater risk of death from all causes than people of the same age who get a good night’s sleep. In one survey of workers in Britain more than 5% claimed to sleep no more than five hours a night. Another survey published in the US in 2010 found that nearly 30% of people claimed to sleep no more than six hours a night.4. Professor Dijk’s team asked 14 men and 12 women, all healthy and aged between 23 and 31 years, to live under laboratory conditions at the sleep centre for 12 days. Each volunteer visited the centre on two separate occasions. During one visit, they spent 10 hours a night in bed for a week. In the other, they were allowed only six hours in bed a night. At the end of each week, they were kept awake for a day and night, or around 39 to 41 hours. Using EEG (electroencephalography) sensors, the scientists found that those on the 10 hours-per-night week slept around 8.5 hours a night, while those limited to six hours in bed each night got on average 5 hours and 42 minutes of sleep.5. The time spent asleep had a huge effect on the activity of genes, picked up from blood tests on the volunteers, according to a report in the US journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Among the sleep-deprived, the activity of 444 genes was suppressed, while 267 genes were more active than in those who slept for a longer time.6. Changes in genes that control metabolism might trigger or exacerbate conditions such as diabetes or obesity, while disruption of other genes, such as those that govern the body’s inflammatory response, might have an impact on heart disease. Additional genes that were affected have been linked to stress and aging. Sleep loss also had a dramatic effect on genes that govern the body's biological clock, suggesting that poor sleep might trigger a vicious cycle of worsening sleep disruption. The tests showed that people who slept for 8.5 hours a night had around 1, 855 genes whose activity rose and fell over a 24-hour cycle. But in the sleep-deprived, nearly 400 of these stopped cycling completely. The remainder rose and fell in keeping with the biological clock, but over a much smaller range. "There is a feedback link between what you do to your sleep and how that affects your circadian clock. That will be very important in future investigations,” said Dijk.7. The researchers did not check how long it took for genes to return to their normal levels of activity in the sleep-deprived volunteers, but they hope to do so in later studies. Though scores of genes were disrupted in the sleep-deprived, the scientists cannot say whether those changes are a harmless short term response to poor sleep, a sign of the body adapting to sleep-deprivation, or are potentially harmful to health.8. James Home, professor of psychophysiology at Loughborough University’s Sleep Research Centre, said: "The potential perils of ’sleep debt’ in today's society and the need for eight hours of sleep a night are often overplayed and can cause undue worry. Although this important study seems to support this concern, the participants had their sleep suddenly restricted to an unusually low level, which must have been somewhat stressful We must be careful not to generalize such findings to, say, habitual six-hour sleepers who are happy with their sleep. Besides, sleep can adapt to some change, and should also be judged on its quality, not simply on its total amount.”1.Based on what is reported in text A, Prof. Dijk seems to have chosen the volunteers for his sleep experiments （）.2.The research described in text A（） .3.The use of the verb to claim in paragraph 3 indicates that the researchers （）.4.When the sleep researchers whose work is the focus of text A needed to find out how much sleep their human experimental subjects were getting, they（） .5.According to text A, Dr Dijk's research indicates that obesity（） .6.Prof. Home’s remarks (paragraph 8)（） .

Yesterday Wang Weiguo was in a bar fight in which he hit a patrolman attempting to break it up; afterwards he was quite upset with the police, who let him stay in iail overnight

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