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Thanks to some help from professors at the university in Canberra，the Australian authorities are letting me to bring my biological samples into the country without the usual three-week quarantine.

I’m sorry I have to cancel lunch on Tuesday. My secretary informs me that I'll be in meetings all day long to put the final touches on our budget for next year. How does your schedule look next week?

The Daodejing is almost certainly the most admired ancient Chinese philosophical text among modem Westerners. Since the mid-19th century it has been translated into English dozens of times.

Several of Asian professors who spoke at the conference expressed their support for the idea of holding a special meeting in Perth to facilitate multinational research on the economic A problems facing the countries around the Indian Ocean.

In his lecture, Prof Mendez reviewed the evidences for the altered view of the plate boundary between the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau that is now gaining ground among European geologist

I hope that we can agree to take an unified approach to dealing with the opposition to our project proposal. We need to coordinate our efforts.

Don’t get the idea that I’ve bought a new car. Since the motor of my old Volkswagen started to make an odd noise last week, I’m having it repaired. I drive this substitute for a few days.

Three days ago I received an e-mail from the conference organizers apologizing the last-minute changes in the schedule; they sounded genuinely embarrassed at the disorder in their planning.

With traffic constantly on the increase in the streets of Beijing, the metro is the best way to get around the city during rush hours，however the crowds in the metro trains are now also a problem.

A: Are you going to tell your boss today that you're quitting your（1） ?B: I can’t make up my mind（2） to tell him today or not.A: I’d tell him today if I （3）you. Why delay?B: But what if I （4）my mind?A: I （5）that you’d made a firm decision.B: Well, yesterday I had a conversation with someone who（6） to work for the company that wants to hire me.（7） to him, there’s alot of dissatisfaction among the employees.A: Did he say what the （8）of the dissatisfaction was?B: He mentioned a number of things. I’ll stay with my current firm if the alternative is a company with major management problems. They’re offering me a higher，but is the additional pay enough to make up for a bunch of new（9）headaches?A: It sounds to me as if you'd（10）talk to some（11） current or past employees before you accept the new firm’soffer.大意:A. 你会今天告诉老板，你要离职的事吗？B. 我不确定是否今天告诉他。A. 如果我是你，我会今天告诉他。为什么推迟呢？B. 但是，要是我改变主意了呢？A. 我觉得你己经决定了。B. 昨天，我和一个之前在想雇我的那个公司中工作过的人谈话。据他所说，员工间有很多不满。A. 他有说不满的原因是什么吗？B. 他说了很多事。如果这个公司主要是管理问题的话，我会呆在现在的公司。他们会给我提供更高的薪水，但是，这额外的工资足以弥补一连串新的麻烦吗？A. 这听起来，在接受新工作之前，好像，你最好和现在或者之前的雇员多谈谈。

My grandfather’s heavy Fujian accent（1） his Chinese hard to understand（2）times. I love to talk to him, but I often（3） to understand things he says, so I have to ask him to（4）. This doesn’t（5）him,, but it does me. When my mother is around, she helps when she（6）that I’m having trouble. The problem is that I’ve never（7 ） any time in the small town（8）the Fujian oast where my grandfather （9）up. My mother, who also lived there till shewas eight, says its a beautiful place. She and I have discussed the possibility of（10 ）the town while my grandfather is still healthy（11） to make the trip. He is in（12） late seventies now but he leads a very active life and his mind is as sharp as ever.大意:有时，我祖父明显的福建口音使他的中文很难让人理解。我喜欢和他说话，但是，我经常不理解他说的，所以我会要他再重复一遍。这并不困扰他，但是困扰我。当我妈妈在旁边时，当她发现我陷入麻烦时，她会帮我。问题是我从未在祖父长大的福建海岸附近的小镇上度过多少时光。我的妈妈也在那住到8岁，她说那个地方很美。我和妈妈己经讨论拜访这个小镇的可能性了，在我祖父的身体仍然很健康，能出去旅游的时候。但是，在他快80岁的时候，他的生活过得非常积极，他的思维和以前一样敏锐。

Who（1） you how to prepare specimens for analysis? You do it so well! I（2）that I could do it as skillfully as you. Unfortunately I wasn’t given very good training（3） lab techniques when I was a student. Although I know you*re too（4） to be my teacher, I would appreciate it if you’d （5）out any mistakes I make. I’m always （6）to improve.大意: 是谁教你如何去准备这个分析样本的？你做得这么好！我希望我能和你一样做得精巧。不幸的是，当我是个学生的时候，我在实验技术方面没有受过很好的培训。尽管，我知道你太忙而不能成为我的老师，但是如果你能指出我犯的错误，我会很感激。我总渴望进步。

A new graduate student （1）our research group yesterday. （2）enough, he has the same name （3）our professor. （4）of them arenamed Michael Wilson. Professor Wilson is only 39, and we’re always called him “Mike”. To （5）confusion, we’ve decided to call the new member of our research group “Michael”，（6） though it does sound a bit formal especially when we use a nickname to address the professor who （7）our group.大意: 昨天，一个新毕业生加入了我们的研究团队。奇怪的是，他和我们的教授同名，他们两个都叫迈克•威尔逊。威尔逊教授只有39岁，所以我们经常叫他“Mike”。为了避免混乱，我们还是决定叫新成员为“Michael”一一尽管这听起来有些正式，尤其是当我们用昵称称呼领导我们团队的教授时候。

Is （1）a car really such a good idea? Think of how much fuel it would need, and of the cost of maintenance and insurance. In this neighborhood you’d probably have to pay a fee to （2）it at night. On your salary I really （3）that you can（4） it. As a friend, I would（5） you to wait until your financial situation improves.大意: 买车真的是个好想法吗？想想它需要多少油耗，维修和保养要多少花费。在这附近，晚上，你可能需要付费停车。以你的工资，我真怀疑你能买得起。作为朋友，我建议，等你经济状况有所提高后再买。

People are often （1）when they see that I have five umbrellas in the room.The truth is that they aren’t all mine. Several visitors have （2）umbrellas in the office. I don't know why this（3） happening. Maybe I should put up a （4）by the door reminding them to take their umbrellas when they go.大意: 当他们看见房间里有5把伞的时候，通常会感到困惑。真相是，不是所有的雨伞都是我的。很多来访者遗留到办公室的。我不知道为什么一直会这样。也许，我应该在门口贴张便利贴，以提醒他们走的时候带上雨伞。

In my office （1）desk is by the window and there is（2）large bookshelf along the wall. Two years ago an air （3）was installed in the office, so now I can work there comfortably even on summer afternoons. I have a desktop （4）in the office, but lately it hasn’t been very reliable; as a （5）, I usually bring my laptop with me.大意: 在我办公室，靠窗边有把椅子，沿墙靠着一个大书架。两年前，办公室装了一台空调，所以，现在即使是夏天的午后，我也可以舒服地工作。办公室有台台式电脑，但是，后来它并不可靠。结果，我经常带手提电脑来办公室。

The Earth's atmosphere recorded the huge decline in the population of the Western Hemisphere in the 150 years following the arrival of Columbus from Spain in 1492. Soldiers, officials, settlers and merchants from Eurasia and slaves from Africa unwittingly introduced common diseases such as smallpox (天花)，measles (麻疹)and influenza to which the inhabitants of the Americas possessed no immunity. Scholarly estimates of the total number of deaths from disease vary widely, but the number may have exceeded 50 million and certainly wiped out 75% or more of native Americans. This rapid depopulation of the hemisphere allowed forests to grow in former farmlands. By 1610 the growth of all those trees had sucked enough carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the sky to cause a drop of at least seven parts per million in atmospheric concentrations of the most prominent greenhouse gas and start a little ice age.Based on that dramatic shift, Simon Lewis and Mark Maslin, British ecologists working at University College London, believe 1610 should be considered the starting date of a new geologic epoch currently under discussion among earth scientists: the Anthropocene, or recent age of humanity. Lewis and Maslin dub the decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide the ’’Orbis Spike" from the Latin for world, because since 1492 human civilization has progressively globalized. In a paper published this month in Nature, they argue that human impacts on the planet have been dramatic enough to warrant formal recognition of the Anthropocene epoch and that the Orbis Spike should serve as the marker of its opening.The Anthropocene is not a new idea. As far back as the 18th century the first scientific attempt to lay out a chronology of Earth’s geologic history ended with a human epoch. By the 19th century the idea was commonplace, appearing as the Anthropozoic ("human life rocks") or the 'Era of Man" in geology textbooks. But by the middle of the 20th century, the idea of the Holocene (the term means "entirely recent" in Greek designates the most recent period, dating from 11,700 years ago, when the glaciers (冰河)of the last ice age receded) had come to dominate, recognizing humans as an important element of the current epoch, but not the defining one.That idea is no longer adequate, according to scientists ranging from geologists to climatologists. Human impacts have simply grown too large: some scientists point to the flood of nitrogen (N) released into the world by the invention of the Haber-Bosch processfor wresting the vital nutrient from the air to support agriculture, others emphasize the fact that modem people now move more earth and stone than all the world’s rivers put together.Researchers have advanced an array of proposals for when this putative new epoch might have begun. Some link it to the start of the mass extinction of large mammals （卩甫孚L 动物）such as woolly mammoths and giant kangaroos some 50,000 years ago or the advent of agriculture around 10,000 years ago. Others say the Anthropocene is much more recent and to the beginning of the uptick in atmospheric CO2 concentrations after the invention of an effective coal-burning steam engine.The most prominent current proposal connects the dawn of the Anthropocene to that of the nuclear age: long-lobed radionuclide （放射性同位素）leave a long-lived record in the rock. The boom in human population and consumption of everything from copper to maize （玉米）after 1950 or so, known as the "Great Acceleration", roughly coincides with this nuclear marker. So does the advent of plastics and other remnants of industrial society, dubbed ”technofossils" by Jan Zalasiewicz of the University of Leicester, the geologist who heads the group that is pushing for addition of the Anthropocene to the standard geologic time scale. The radionuclides can then serve as what geologists call a Global Stratotype Section and Point, more commonly known as a “golden spike.” Perhaps the most famous such golden spike is the thin layer of iridium（Ir） a found in pock exposed near El Kef, Tunisia; it pinpoints the asteroid impact that terminated the age of the dinosaurs and ended the Cretaceous about 65 million years ago.Lewis and Maslin reject this radionuclide spike because it is not tied to a 'world- changing event"--at least not yet—although it is a clear signal in the rock. On the other hand, their Orbis Spike in 1610 reflects both the most recent CO2 low point and the redistribution of plants and animals around the world associated with the Age of Discovery and the rise of world empires, a true changing of the world. Much like the golden spike that marks the end of the dinosaurs, the proposed Orbis Spike itself would be tied to the low point of atmospheric CO? concentrations around 1610, as recorded in ice cores, where tiny trapped bubbles betray past atmospheres. Further geologic evidence will come from the appearance of maize pollen in sediment cores taken in Europe and Asia at that time, among other indicators that will complement the CO2 record. Therefore, scientists looking at ice cores, mud or even rock will find this epochal shift in the future.The CO2 drop coincides with what climatologists call the Little Ice Age. That cooling event may have been tied to regenerated forests and other plants growing on some 50 million hectares of land abandoned by humans after the mass death brought on by disease and warfare, Lewis and Maslin suggest. And it wasn't just the death of millions of aboriginal Americans. The enslavement （or death） of many millions of Africans for labor in the new lands may also have added to the climate impact. The population of the regions of western Africa most affected by the New World slave trade did not begin to recover until the end of the 19th century. In other words, from 1600 to 1900 areas of that region may have been regrowing forest, enough to reduce atmospheric CO?, just like the regrowth of the Amazon and the great North American woods, although this hypothesis remains in some dispute.However delimited, the new designation would mean we are living in a newAnthropocene epoch, part of the Quaternary period, which started more 2.5 million years ago with the advent of the cyclical growth and retreat of massive glaciers. The Quaternary is part of the Cenozoic ("recent life”)era that began 66 million years ago and is, in turn, part of the Phanerozoic ("revealed life") eon, which started 541 million years ago and encompasses all of complex life that has ever lived on this planet. In the end, the Anthropocene might supplant the Holocene. "It is designated an epoch, unlike other interglacial, because back in the 18th century geologists thought humans were a very recent species, arriving via divine intervention or evolving on Earth in the Holocene,' Lewis argues, but scientists now know Homo sapiens arose more than200,000 years ago in the Pleistocene epoch. "Humans are a Pleistocene species, so... calling the Holocene an epoch is a relic of the past." Maslin suggests downgrading the Holocene to a stag within the Pleistocene, like other interglacial spans in the geologic record. But Zalasiewicz disagrees with this bid to get rid of the Holocene. 'I don’t see the need," he says, "systematic tracing of a Holocene-Anthropocene boundary globally would be illuminating in all sorts of ways."1.The scientists cited in this article agree that humans have become a major factor in the history of Earth. As the article highlights, what they disagree on is（）2.European penetration of the New World in the century and a half after 1492 led to（）3.The decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide that reached its low point in or around 1610 was（）4.The scientific hypothesis that humanity can alter the history of Earth in highly significant ways（）5.The Orbis Spike proposed by Lewis and Maslin would be most reliably located in（）6.Radionuclides can be likened to iridium（）7.Some scientists think that radionuclides are the key to defining the Anthropocene because（）8.Professor Zalasiewicz probably favors retaining the distinction between the Holocene and the Anthropocene because tracing its boundary（）

1. In recent months many aggrieved parties in France have taken to the barricades to protest reforms intended to make the country’s economy more competitive; perhaps most unlikely of these were the “notaries”. This special class of lawyers, who oversee most commercial transactions and maintain official registers of property, were objecting to some modest pruning of the thicket of regulation surrounding their job. In Italy too the government has provoked outrage by attempting to trim the rules of the profession. The row about even minor changes to a highly protected business shows why structural reform is so slow in some of Europe's biggest economies.2. In America the main job of notaries is to certify documents, mundane work that requires few qualifications. In France and Italy, however, as in much of continental Europe, valuable assets (houses, companies, shares and so on) cannot change hands without a notary’s approval. Entry to the profession is by a rigorous exam- The number of notaries is restricted, as is the region in which they can work; some of their fees are fixed too.3. In France there are also rules about who can own notary firms (notaries, of course) andwho else can work in them (not lawyers, accountants or other professionals). Aptly, a firm of notaries can only change hands with the approval of the professional association that all notaries belong to. In Germany, notaries must read all documents aloud in front of the parties concerned before signing them, tying them up with string and sealing them with red wax. (Once home, they apply leeches and read by candlelight.)4. All these regulations add to costs and shelter notaries from competition, making the profession very lucrative. In 2010 the average self-employed French notary earned € 190,812 ($265,309). In Italy, the figure in 2013 was € 210,400. The average profit margin of French notaries in 2010 was 35%. These costs are bome, naturally, by those buying and selling assets, particularly housing. The OECD, a club mostly of rich countries found in 2009 that legal fees added 1% to the bill for buying a home in France and 2% in Italy, compared to just 0.25% in Britain. Between 1981 and 2011, as French property prices surged, fees paid on housing transactions, which account for half of notaries’ revenues, rose by 68%. That was despite the increased use of technology, which has helped to drive down notaries' costs.5. The French reform paves the way for an increase in the number of notaries in certain parts of France. It also makes their fees more transparent. Better yet, notaries will be allowed to open practices with accountants and lawyers in a bid to provide a one-stop- shop for clients, which should help to lower transaction costs. But the law that included these measures was so controversial that the government did not risk putting it to a vote in the National Assembly; instead, it pushed it through by decree.6. In Italy, successive governments have chipped away at notaries’ privileges. Since 2006, for example, it has been possible to buy a used car without recourse to one. In 2012 the government of the day abolished fixed minimum fees. This, plus a slump in transactions, has cut their earnings: in 2008 their average income was € 440,800. The current government wants to go further, allowing notaries to practice anywhere in Italy rather than in a designated region. It also hopes to abolish the arrangement whereby notaries pool their income to ensure a minimum for everyone---a system that dampens the incentive to compete. More dramatically, it would permit mere lawyers to sign off on certain transactions that are currently the exclusive preserve of notaries, such as the sale of non-residential properties worth less than€ 1000,000 and the registration of particular types of companies.7. Notaries argue that allowing transactions to take place without their oversight will increase the risk of fraud. The World Bank, after all, considers Italy's system of property registration superior to Britain's or Germany’s. It is a terrible place to enforce contracts in court, however, as would be necessary if lawyers took over from notaries. "In a country in which there are so many things to change," says Eliana Marandi, an Italian notary who has also worked in American /‘it is irrational to start with the one thing that works.”8. But there are good reasons to fret about high transaction costs. An OECD study published in 2011 found that high legal fees on home purchases acted as a significant disincentive to moving. The report suggested that even small reductions in such costs would encourage greater mobility, which might help the jobless to find work. With unemployment at 10.2% in France and 12.6% in Italy, that sounds like a reform everyone should support.1.The author of this article, commenting on the recent political activity of Fench notaries,（）2.If we accept the information in the article, then we must conclude that（）3.The author's attitude towards the traditional rules governing the work of European notaries（）4.The data in the article（）5.The "one-stop shop” mentioned in paragraph 5（）6.The article mentions unemployment figures in France and Italy（）7.A British reader of this article would be likely to（）

When he came out to the lobby to help us find a taxi as we were about to head for the airport, we thanked him for all the helps he had given us during our stay and invited him to look us up in Shanghai if he ever found himself there.

This European geologist turned out to be good company and knew a lot about the country we were in, so we benefited talking with him. He gave us several very useful tips.

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