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Even if few observers would classify China as a truly child-centered society, Chinese culture undoubtedly places a high value on their children.

In the past three decades great changes, especially the way younger adults view marriage, have taken place in society.

At the moment I’m reading an F.D.A. report that summarizes the debate on the responsibility of various agricultural and manufacturing corporations for the spread of mercury pollution in food products.

I am told that Professor Atkins has already visited this site for five times since the area was opened to geologists in 2007.

Is evolution predictable, or was it heavily shaped by random events? Biologists have argued over this question for decades. Some suggest that if we replayed the history of life on our planet, the resulting species would be different. Opponents counter that life is largely deterministic.Recently, researchers have begun to ask the same questions about rocks. Some 5, 000 minerals have been found on Earth. But minerals didn’t simply appear all at once when the Earth formed. They materialized over time, each crystal arising in response to the conditions of the particular epoch in which it formed. Minerals evolved — in some cases, in response to life. So are today’s minerals a predictable consequence of the planet’s chemical makeup, or the result of chance events? What if we were to spot another earth-like planet in the cosmos -- would we expect its gemstones to match ours, or would they shine in ways never seen before?Robert Hazen, a mineral physicist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and his colleagues are publishing a series of papers this year that reveal broad insights into whether geology is a matter of fate. Minerals on Earth may indeed have been guided by deterministic rules that could apply to other worlds as well, they found. But our planet is rife with extremely rare minerals, which suggests that chance occurrences also play a significant part. In addition, if we found an earth-like twin elsewhere in the universe, many common minerals would likely be the same ~ but that planet would probably also hold many minerals unlike any existing here.The findings aren’t just a matter of curiosity. Some minerals may have helped early organisms emerge. And understanding which minerals could have formed on earth-like planets may help scientists better predict which worlds are likeliest to harbor life. Conversely, some minerals arise only in the presence of organisms. So finding patterns in Earth’s mineral distribution could help scientists identify a mineralogical signature for life, and then search for it on other planetsTraditionally, mineralogy has been dominated by analysis of the structures and formation of individual minerals. But in a 2008 study Hazen and his colleagues took a more historical view. The researchers assessed earth’s known minerals and tried to establish when the conditions were right for their formation. The team concluded that about two-thirds of earth’s minerals would not have emerged until life was present. For example, early microorganisms seeded the atmosphere with oxygen, which interacted with existing minerals to yield new ones. Hazen points out that this so-called Great Oxygenation Event had a revolutionary impact, opening the door to thousands of new minerals.Hazen and collaborators then set out to investigate the role that chance played in mineral formation. First, they studied the relation between mineral diversity and the abundance of individual elements in earth’s crust. They found that the more abundant the element, the more minerals it formed. They then performed the same exercise with minerals from the moon. A similar relationship held, even though the number of known minerals there is much smaller. This common trend suggested an element of determinism: Given starting chemical conditions, one could predict, to a certain extent, which minerals would form.The team did find outliers, however, Hazen’s team believes there are chemical reasons for the discrepancies. Their results still support the idea of determinism, said co-author Edward Grew, a petrologist at the University of Maine, because “we can explain why they’re not obeying the rules.” Peter Heaney, a mineralogist at Pennsylvania State University, said that the reasons given for the outliers make sense. “What is important is that Hazen is making us think about mineral diversification in a new way,” said Heaney, who was not involved in the study.Haran’s team also found evidence for the role of chance. The researchers used a crowd-sourced database to retrieve more than 650,000 mineral ostentations at specific locations around the world: 22% of all minerals were reported in only one place, 12% in only two places. The presence of so many extreme rarities suggests that randomness does play a role, said NASA astrobiologist Chris McKay, who was not involved in the study. “That’s the hallmark of chance events.” These rare minerals might appear only under fortuitous circumstances, e.g. an unusual assembly of rocks that concentrates elements together.What would happen if earth’s history were replayed? There are about 15,300 plausible ways to combine naturally occurring element into unique minerals, the researchers estimate. In a rerun of earth, they say, at least one-quarter of the planet’s roughly 5,000 minerals would come out differently. In addition, the likelihood that another planet has exactly the same set of minerals as Earth is less than 1 in 10. In other words, our planet’s precise mineral composition is unlikely to be found anywhere else in the universe.1.Scientists use the philosophical term “deterministic” .（）2.According to Chris McKay, if something only occurs once or twice in a large and complex natural system .（）3.Based on this article, we may conclude that minerals .（）4.The opinion of Peter Heaney is cited in this article .（）

We’ve （1）in determining the nature of the soil pollution in this area. We （2 ）lab tests on soil samples and detected the presence of three heavy metals in harmful quantities. Now we need to find out what the（3） of the heavy metals is: Where are they coming from?

Earthquakes are natural shakings within the earth’s crust. They show that crustal movements are still taking （1）on our planet today, （2）on the Moon, which appears to have no such activity. Seismometers enable geologists to（3） the intensity of quakes. Much of China is seismically active, with the most （4）recent earthquake having occurred in 2008, in Sichuan（5） .

A: This wine is delicious. Would you like （1）?B: Not today, thanks. It’s rather chilly out. Do you have anything hot that I could drink?A: Sure. Would you like tea or coffee?B: .（2） I enjoy them equally, so give me whichever is more convenient.

Last year the director of our company was accused（1） corruption and arrested. At his （2）three senior government （3）testified that he had attempted to bribe them. In the end he was found guilty and sentenced to fifteen years in（4） .

Yesterday I went （1）a drink with three Canadian geologists who came to hear my presentation. It （2）out that we have a number of research interests in（3） , so we（4） the possibility of working together, using new material from sites in Canada and China.

A: Silvia has suggested（1） to the cinema this evening. How do you feel （2）that?B: To tell the（3） , I’m not really in the（4） to go out again. It's been a long day.Would you （5）spending a quiet evening at home （6）?A: No, not really. I’ll phone Silvia and tell her that we’ll go out with her other （7） night.

[At the airport]A: Uh-oh! Our flight to Frankfurt has been（1） till 16: 30. That’s three hours later than scheduled.B: Yes, and it （2）that we’ll miss our connecting flight to Madrid. This is so annoying!Let’s go talk to the airline representatives and see if there is（3） flight to Madrid that they can put us on.

A: How long have you and your team been（1） on that final report?B: （2）a week and a half now. The deadline for submission is tomorrow at 5 o’clock. If we don’t get it done （3）then, we’ll really be in hot water! I haven’t slept a wink （4）the day before yesterday.A: No（5） you look so tired then! Is there that I can do to help?B: I don’t think so, but thanks for offering.A: Well, I （6）you luck!

The （1）between Beijing and Tianjin is about 120 kilometers. On （2）, the intercity high-speed train（3） 30 minutes to transport passengers from one city to the other. Urban geographers predict that the two cities will （4）grow together to form one huge metropolis.

A: You’ re lateB:（1） I? I’m sorry I must have lost track of the time. Has Mike arrived （2）?A: Yes, he （3）here about 15 minutes ago. He’s in the lavatory now.B: Oh, look! （4）he is! Hi, Mike!C: Hi, Angela! It’s good to see you again.A: Well, now that everyone’s here, I guess we’d （5）find a cab and set out.

I’ll be（1） if Martin and Silvia get married. They seem to quarrel all the time. I have trouble believing that any union of theirs would（2） .

Small children need to be（） to look both ways before they cross the road.

Mike left （）saying goodbye. Do you think he was upset?

The radio isn’t loud（1 ） . Could you turn it （2）please?

1. In the past few years, even as the US has pulled out of the Great Recession of 2008, some economists and technologists have warned that the economy is near a tipping point. When they examine labor-market data, they see troubling signs, masked for now by a cyclical recovery. They see automation high and low — robots in the operating room and behind the fast-food counter. They imagine self-driving cars and Amazon delivery drones dotting the sky, replacing millions of drivers, warehouse Stockers and sales workers. They observe that the capabilities of machines continue to grow exponentially, while our own remain the same. And they wonder: Is any job truly safe?2. Science-fiction writers have at times looked forward to the takeover of the workplace by machines. They imagine the disappearance of drudgery and its replacement by greater leisure and almost limitless personal freedom. If the capabilities of computers continue to multiply while the price of computing continues to fall, that will mean a great many of life’s necessities and luxuries will become ever cheaper, and it will mean great wealth for some.3. But the widespread disappearance of work would open the way for a social transformation unlike any we’ve seen. Saving work may be more important than saving any particular job. Industriousness has served as America’s unofficial religion since its founding. The sanctity and preeminence of work lie at the heart of the country’s politics, economics and social interactions. What might happen if work goes away?4. The US labor force has been shaped by technological progress. Agricultural technology gave birth to the farming industry, the industrial revolution moved people into factories, and then globalization and automation moved them back out, giving rise to a service economy. But through all these changes, the total number of jobs always increased. What may be looming is an era of technological unemployment in which the inventions of computer scientists and software engineers shrink the total number of jobs permanently.5. The hope that machines might free us from toil has always been mixed with the fear that they will rob us of our agency. In the midst of the Great Depression, the British economist JM Keynes forecast that by 2030 technological progress would allow a 15-hour workweek, and abundant leisure. But around the same time, US President Hoover also received a letter warning that industrial technology was a “monster” that threatened to upend manufacturing, “devouring our civilization”. These hopes and fears were revisited with particular urgency during the 1960s, as the computer revolution took shape.6. According to Peter Frase, the author of Four Futures, a new book about how automation will change America, work is really three things the means by which the economy produces goods, the means by which people earn income, and an activity that lends meaning or purpose to many people’s lives. “We tend to confuse these things,” he told me, “because today we need to pay people to keep the lights on, so to speak. But in a future of abundance, you wouldn’t, and we ought to think about ways to make it easier not to be employed.”7. Frase belongs to a small group of writers, academics and economists who welcome the end of labor. US society has “an irrational belief in work for work’s sake,” says Benjamin Hunnicutt, another of this group and a historian at the University of Iowa, “even though most jobs aren’t very uplifting.” A 2014 Gallup report on worker satisfaction found that as many as 70 percent of Americans don’t feel engaged by their current job. Hunnicutt told me that if a cashier’s work were a video game, critics of video games might call it mindless. But when it’s a “job”，politicians praise its intrinsic dignity. “Purpose，meaning, creativity, autonomy - all these things that psychology has shown to be necessary for well-being are absent in the average job，” he said.8. These thinkers are certainly right about some important things. Paid labor does not always correlate neatly with social good. Raising children and caring for the sick are essential work, yet these jobs are compensated poorly or not at all. In a post-work society, Hunnicutt said, people might spend more time caring for their families and neighbors: our sense of personal worth could come from our relationships rather than from our careers. The post-work proponents agree that even in the best post-work scenarios, pride and jealousy will remain, even in an economy of abundance. But with the right government arrangements, they believe, the end of wage labor will allow for a golden age of well-being. Hunnicutt thinks colleges could reemerge as cultural centers rather than job-preparation institutions. The word school, he pointed out, comes from skhole the ancient Greek word for “leisure”. “We used to teach people how to be free,” he said. “Now we teach them how to work.”9. Hunnicutt’s vision doesn’t resemble the world currently experienced by most jobless people. Few of them spend their downtime socializing with friends or taking up new hobbies. Instead they watch TV or sleep. Time-use surveys show that jobless people in their thirties and forties dedicate some of the time once spent working to cleaning and childcare. But men in particular devote most of their free time to leisure: watching television, browsing the internet, and sleeping. Retired seniors watch about 50 hours of television a week. The unemployed theoretically have the most time to socialize, yet studies show that they feel the most social isolation.10. Most people want to work and are miserable when they cannot. People who lose their job are more likely to suffer from mental and physical ailments. “There is a loss of status, a general depressive feeling, which affects the body or the mind or both,” says Ralph Catalano, a public-health professor at UC Berkeley. Research shows that it is harder to recover from a long period of joblessness than from losing a loved one or suffering a life-altering injury. The very things that help many people recover from other emotional traumas ~ a routine, an absorbing distraction, a daily purpose - are not readily available to the unemployed.11. The transition from labor force to leisure force would likely be particularly hard on Americans, the worker bees of the rich world: Between 1950 and 2012, annual hours worked per worker fell significantly throughout Europe — by about 40 percent in Germany and the Netherlands - but by only 10 percent in the United States. Wealthier, university-educated Americans are working more than they did 30 years ago, particularly when one counts time working and answering e-mail at home.12. In 1989, psychologists conducted a famous study of Chicago workers that found people at work often wished they were somewhere else. But these same workers reported feeling better in the office or at the plant than they did elsewhere. The two psychologists called this “the paradox of work”： many people are happier complaining about jobs than they are with too much leisure. Other researchers describe people are who use media to relax but often feel worthless when they reflect on their unproductive downtime. The post-work thinkers argue that Americans work so hard because their culture conditions them to feel guilty when they are not being productive. They assert that this guilt will fade as work ceases to be the norm -- an untestable hypothesis. When asked what sort of modem community most resembles his ideal of a post-work society, Hunnicutt admitted, “I’m not sure that such a place exists.”1.In paragraph 1, the “operating room”（） .2.The writers mentioned in paragraph 2 .3.In paragraph 2, the author foresees a future .（）4.In Britain and America, liberation from work has long been regarded as .5.The word “agency” in paragraph5（） .6.The author of the article seems to believe that in the United States dedication to work function almost like what in Chinese society?7.（）.8.The author of this article（） .9.In order for humans to be truly happy as wage-paying jobs cease to be a part of their lives, people like Hunnicutt think that whose role will be especially significant?10.Men without jobs and pensioners are most similar in that they spend a great deal of time（）11.The author of this article would probably agree that who will adjust most comfortably to the disappearance of conventional jobs?

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