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When the first of the two Viking landers touched down on Martian soil on July 20, 1976, and began to send camera images back to Earth, the scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory could not suppress a certain nervous anticipation, like people who hold a ticket to a lottery they have a one-in-a-million chance of winning. The first photographs that arrived, however, did not contain any evidence of life. What revealed itself to them was merely a barren landscape littered with rocks. The view resembled nothing so much as a flat section of desert —in fact, the winning entry in a contest at J. P. L. for the photograph most accurately predicting what Mars would look like as a snapshot taken in a particularly arid section of the Mojave Desert.The scientists were soon ready to turn their attention from visible life to microorganisms. The twin Viking landers carried three experiments designed to detect current biological activity and one to detect organic compounds, because researchers thought it possible that life had developed on early Mars just as it is thought to have developed on Earth, through the gradual chemical evolution of complex organic molecules（分子）.To detect biological activity, Martian soil samples were treated with various nutrients that would produce characteristic by-products if life forms were active in the soil. The results from all three experiments were inconclusive. The fourth experiment heated a soil sample to look for sign of organic material but found none, an unexpected result because at least organic compounds from the steady bombardment of the Martian surface by meteorites （限星）were thought to have been present.The absence of organic material, some scientists speculated, was the result of intense ultraviolet radiation penetrating the atmosphere which was at one time rich in carbon dioxide and thus thick enough to protect its surface from the harmful ray of the Sun, the carbon dioxide had gradually left the atmosphere and been converted into rocks. This means that even if life had gotten a start on early Mars, it could not have survived the exposure to ultraviolet radiation when the atmosphere thinned. Mars never developed a protective layer of ozone as Earth did.Despite the disappointed Viking results, there are those who still keep open the possibility of life on Mars. They point out that the Viking data cannot be considered the final word on Martian life because the two landers only sampled two limited and uninteresting sites. The Viking landing sites were not chosen for what they might tell of the planet’s biology. They were chosen primarily because they appeared to be safe of landing a spacecraft. The landing sites were on part of the Martian plains that appeared relatively featureless from orbital photography.The type of Martian terrain that these researchers suggest may be a possible hiding place for active life has an earthly parallel: the ice-free region of southern Victoria land. Antarctica, where the temperatures in some dry valley average below zero. Organisms known as endoliths, a form of blue-green algae (藻类)that has adopted to this harsh environment, were found living inside certain porous rocks in these Antarctic valleys. The argument based on this discovery is that if life did exist on early Mars, it is possible that it escaped worsening condition by similarly seeking too dry, even compared with Antarctic valleys, to sustain any life whatsoever.Should Mars eventually prove to be completely barren of life, as some suspect, then this would have a significant impact on the current view of the chemical origin of life. It could be much more difficult to get life started on a planet than scientists thought before the Viking landings.1. The major purpose of the passage is to（）.2. The author used the evidence from the four Viking experiments (paragraph 2) to establish that（）.3. The author suggests that important difference between Mars and Earth is that unlike Earth, Mars（）.4. In paragraph 5, the researchers' argument that life may exist in Martian rocks rests on the idea that（）.

Imagine you found out that ideas invented by a computer were rated higher by independent experts than ideas created by a group of humans asked to perform the same task. Would you praise the designer of the “creative computer” for a great achievement or would you question why human talent —usually so potent in coping with complex cognitive challenges ——created such poor ideas or maybe you would question your view of the notion of creativity. In fact, such a scenario was played out when we used a simple computerized routine to generate ideas and compared them with ideas invented by human subjects. Why did human judge perceive the computer’s outcomes as superior to human ideas when they performed the same task?Creativity is considered the ultimate human activity, a highly complex process, difficult to formalize and to control. Although there is a general agreement regarding the distinctive nature of the creative product （idea, painting, poem, and so on）, there is a controversy over the nature of the creative process. Some researchers hold that the creative thinking process is qualitatively different from “ordinary” day-to-day thinking and involves a leap that cannot be formulated, analyzed, or reconstructed ——the creative spark. Others adopt a reductionist view that creative products are the outcome of ordinary thinking, only quantitatively different from everyday thinking.Because creative ideas are different from those that normally arise, people often believe that such ideas require conditions dramatically different from the usual. The notion goes that, in order to overcome mental barriers and reach creative ideas, total freedom is necessary —no directional guidance, constraints, criticism from an infinite space during the creativity process. This view prompted the emergence of various idea-generating methods: brainstorming, synectics （共同研究法），lateral thinking （水平思考，横向思维），random stimulation, and so on, all of which consist of withholding judgment and relying on analogies from other numbers in the group of on randomly selected analogies. This family of methods relies on the assumption that enhancing randomness, breaking rules and paradigms, and generating anarchy of thought increase the probability of creative idea emergence.Do these methods work? A number of researchers indicate that they do not. Ideas suggested by individuals working alone are superior to ideas suggested in brainstorming sessions and the performance of problem solvers instructed to ''break the rules, get out of the square, and change paradigms” was not better than that of individuals who were not given any instructions at all.The failure of these methods to improve creative outcomes has been explained by the unstructured nature of the task. Reitman observed that many problems that lack a structuring framework are ill-defined in that the representation of one or more of the basic components ——the initial state, the operators and constraints and the goal-are seriously incomplete，and the search space is exceedingly large. Indeed, many ill—defined problems seem difficult，not because we are swamped by the enormous number of alternative possibilities, but because we have trouble thinking even of one idea worth pursuing.1. Ideas invented by a computer are（）.2. The author thinks that creative thinking is（）.3. According to this passage,（）the probability of creative ideas emergence.4. It is believed that（）tends to improve creative outcomes.

Fundamentally, income disparity describes two disparate groups: rich and poor. It is hardly news that the rich are getting richer. The underlying story is a familiar one: the wealthiest households own the most assets, namely stocks, and asset prices have risen at a ferocious pace in recent years. Beyond the standard explanation, it is also the case that the emergence of technology, rising productivity, and an expanding global market have brought forth a new upper class among corporations. These newly wealthy firms pay skilled employees well and in an ever-tighter labor market, they are forced to constantly sweeten their employees’ compensation.Then there are the poor, where conditions are a little murky. Falling unemployment, anecdotal evidence of rising starting wages for low-level service jobs, and the relative non-event of welfare reform so far suggest that conditions at the low end are improving. Yet at the same time, whole communities under siege by crime and hopelessness cannot be ignored.That said, income inequality as a blanket indictment on our economic system does not fly. Income disparity is the gas that runs our economic engine. The ability to someday earn more, to live at a higher standard, is what gets people out of bed in the morning, particularly in our consumer-oriented economy. Income disparity only becomes a problem if it widens to the extent that the labor force believes that greater wealth can only be achieved by the already wealthy.Indeed, it is unreasonable to state that income disparity is eroding the labor force’s will to improve productivity and move ahead. Increasing labor force participation, record homeownership, surging consumer confidence and spending, near-record levels of immigration, and urban renewal are all anecdotal evidence that hopes are high. All types of people are flourishing in the New Economy and there is sufficient evidence to suggest that most still want their shot at the brass ring.So why are there still very poor households in this country? There are many reasons. Our economy is shifting towards the production of higher value goods and services. Unskilled labor is not valued to the degree that it once was, and unskilled workers are paid accordingly. There has also been a recent surge of immigration into the U.S. Many migrants to this country, particularly those who are unskilled or language challenged, require time to be absorbed into our economy. If skills are lacking, it may take a generation or two to move ahead.It is also important to remember that it is not the ultimate goal of every person to be fabulously rich. One of the fundamentals of economics is that one decides how hard to work, where to work, and what risks to take. Monetary wealth is not the sole means of maximizing utility. Each person has a finite life span and finite abilities; it is up to the individual to apply those as they see fit. The wealthy getting wealthier is not always evidence to others that they themselves are falling behind.1. In the author’s country,（）may benefit from the development of its economy.2. Which of the following statements is TRUE?3. The author believes that income disparity will（）.4. The main idea presented in the last paragraph is that（）.

Some teenager harbor a generalized resentment against society, which（）them the right and privileges of adults, although physically they are mature.

It is said that the custom of shaking hands originated when primitive men held out empty hands to indicate that they had no（）weapons and were thus amicably disposed.

Japan's productivity has overtaken American in some manufacturing industries, but elsewhere the United States had（）its lead.

It was obvious that she and her husband were（）and she wished she’d never married him.

David（）his company’s success to the unity of all the staff and their persevering hard work.

It generally thought that as teachers work with students, psychology course work is（） to teacher-training.

Having weighed up all the factors the department finally agreed to receive all the（）to the committee.

The country's production dropped while prices and unemployed （）.

The problem should be discussed first, for it takes（）over all the other issues.

The room was full of people and smoke, she started to feel（）with the heat inside.

Directions: Write on the ASNWER SHEET a composition of about 200 words on the following topic.My View on English as a Requirement in Examinations in China.You are to write in three parts:In the first part of your article you should clearly present your view.In the second part you should M support your opinion with appropriate details.In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or summary.

Directions: you heard that the son of your close friend, Jim, was idling his time in the university and leading a luxurious. Write a letter to him presenting your opinion and suggestions.Write your letter with no less than 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Wu Hua” instead. You do not need to write the address.

Translate the following part into Chinese. Friendship is both a source of pleasure and component of good health. People who have close friends naturally enjoy their company. Of equal importance are the concrete emotional benefits they derive. When something sensational happens to us, sharing the happiness of the occasion with friends intensifies our joy. Conversely, in times of trouble and tension, when our spirits are low, unburdening our worries and fears to compassionate friend alleviates the stress. Moreover, we may even get some practical suggestions for solving a particular problem.

Translate the following part into English. 需要强调指出的是，国际金融危机没有改变中国经济发展的基本面和长期向好的趋势。回顾去年，我们坚定信心、迎难而上，保持了中国经济平稳较快发展。筹划今年，我们有能力处理复杂局面，继续保持中国经济平稳较快发展。展望未来，我们有条件实现中国经济长期平稳较快发展。

A person's home is as much a reflection of his personality as the clothes he wears, the food he eats and the friends with whom he spends his time. Depending on personality, most have in mind a(n)"（1）home". But in general, and especially for the student or new wage earners, there are practical（2）of cash and location on achieving that idea.Cash（3）, in fact, often means that the only way of（4）when you leave school is to stay at home for a while until things（5）financially. There are obvious（6）of living at home —personal laundry is usually（7）done along with the family wash; meals are provided and there will be a well-established circle of friends to（8）. And there is（9）the responsibility for paying bills, rates, etc.On the other hand,（10）depends on how a family gets on. Do your parents like your friends? You may love your family -（11）do you like them? Are you prepared to be（12）when your parents ask where you are going in the evening and what time you expect to be back? If you find that you cannot manage a(n)（13）. and that you finally have themoney to leave, how do you（14）finding somewhere else to live?If you plan to stay in your home area, the possibilities are（15）well-known to you already. Friends and the local paper are always（16）. If you are going to work in a（17）area, again there are the papers —and the accommodation agencies,（18）these should be approached with（19）. Agencies are allowed to charge a fee, usually the（20）of the first week's rent, if you lake accommodation they have found for you.

The European online fashion business is fierce. Just ask backers of one-time highfliers like boo.com, the urban sportswear retailer that tanked last year, and Dressmart.com, the struggling men’s wear specialist. Those once stellar online brands expanded too fast, spent much more than they earned, and then lost their investor support after Internet stocks began plummeting last April. The markets sent online fashion stores a tough message: Come up with business models that generate revenues.A few firms have shown that not all online fashion shops are Internet disasters. Copenhagen-based Haburi.com, the designer-label discount store, Sweden’s sportswear vendor Sportus and the Italian shirts store Marco Bracci are doing well in a very tough environment.Haburi's distinctive business model is an Internet version of the factory outlet where brand manufacturers sell directly to consumers at lower prices from huge out-of-town shopping malls. A concept used in the U.S. far more than in Europe, and Haburi wants to fill the gap. Michael Vad, Haburi's CEO, says that Europe's apparel factory outlet sector could yield $ 10 billion in sales annually.According to Vad, national regulations that limit malls outside city centers have hampered the development of this sector. “For the consumer, there’s the two-hour drive to the mall, and when you get there you don’t know whether you’ll get the size or color you want,” says Vad. By going online, Haburi aims to cut the retailer's costs, save consumers the long drive, and deliver orders within two to five days. Haburi splits net revenue 50-50 with the brand manufacturers.Haburi already has about 30,000 online customers. The additional $12 million invested in Haburi last June indicates investors will still back business-to-consumer Internet companies, but only if they have a solid strategic vision and not just a fashionable whim spurred by Internet hype. So where did Dressmart and boo.com go wrong? “They were supposed to run out of money. They were among the companies that only got investment money if they promised very rapid expansion,” observes Ola Ahlvarsson, Stockholm-based CEO of Result Venture Knowledge International, a venture capital firm that controls Sportus. But the rules have changed since Internet stocks dived last year.Apparel is difficult to sell online because people like to feel and touch the clothes they buy. For the online retailer, acquiring the items, inspecting them, cleaning and storing them before shipping orders, plus handling returns, can be expensive. “The cost of customer service in the apparel business is much higher than selling books or even furniture,” says Matthew Nordan, a retail analyst at Forrester Research's Amsterdam office. Unless linked to a major established operation, an online retailer needs a competitive edge. For example, Italian shirt maker Marco Bracci sells expensive goods for high profits and has cornered a niche market. Dressmart, on the other hand, tried to do too much too soon. Originally it planned to sell only shirts and to make the ordinal Swedish operation profitable before branching out. But within months it tried to go pan-European and sell everything including ties, shoes and sportswear, and to rent physical outlets at airports. Dressmart, on the verge of bankruptcy and searching for a backer, has now scaled back and operates only in Sweden.Ahlvarsson says one-year-old Sportus, currently trading in the Netherlands, Finland, Sweden and Norway, succeeds by keeping costs to a minimum, unlike boo.com which spent around $125 million in its brief existence. “Boo.com also bought its technology for about $10 million. That’s unrealistic. We spent $300,000 on ours and it works like clockwork,” Ahlvarsson claims. “In the Internet world, they think the guy with the most marketing money will win. It is, in fact, the guy with the best management team and supporting organization.”Despite its apparent success, CEO Vad admits that the recent shakeout in online clothes retailers has affected Haburi. “We’re going to postpone our Asian launch. We need to build our brands and get the right sales volume and be a lot smarter,” he says. In other words, the successful online fashion retailers are the ones that stick to their knitting.1. The author says that “Haburi wants to fill the gap”. What does it mean?2. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?3. According to the passage, Italian shirt maker Marco Bracci（）.4. Which of the following reasons contributes to the failure of many online fashion businesses?

The world may be becoming a more female-friendly place but corporate boardroom are not, with women holding under 3 percent of top management jobs in Western firms, according to a United Nations survey issued recently. The report entitled Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling: Women in Management, is published by the International Labor Organization (ILO). The report, subtitled as Progress and obstacles to women equal professional and managerial status, presents the most recent trends on the situation of women in professional and managerial jobs. It also highlights some of the institutional and attitudinal prejudices that continue to hamper (妨碍)women’s progress into top jobs, and it describes good practices in support of women managers. Women make up over 40 percent of the world’s workforce, but even when they make it through the “glass ceiling”—an invisible barrier of male-dominated prejudices and networks —they earn far less than men, the ILO report said.“Almost universally, women have failed to reach leading position in major corporations and private sector organizations, irrespective of their responsibilities,” said author Linda Mirth. “The higher the position, the more glaring the gender gap.” The ILO said men traditionally rely on “old boy” networks to climb up the ladder. Women are more “invisible” in the corporate world because they are less keen on informal gatherings. They are also fighting a losing battle against sexual harassment.A British study found that women in one company subjected to continuing sexual harassment and bullying failed to achieve promotion whatever strategy they used. “Protesting and complaining earned them the label of ‘feminist’ and whining（抱怨），while trying to be one of the men invited further harassment,” the ILO report said.A survey of 300 companies in Britain last year found that just 3 percent of board members were women. In the F1SE top 10 companies listed in Britain, Women held just 4 percent of directors’ posts, while female managers earned just 71 percent of the salary of their male counterparts, the ILO report said.British female managers as a whole earned 83 percent of the salaries of their male counterparts ——putting them ahead of their counterparts in most other countries.The situation in Germany was no better. A survey of 70,000 largest companies found that women there held just 1 to 3 percent of the top executive and boardroom positions. The ILO also reported that the comparatively high proportion of women executives in large French companies ----13 percent —was now falling again from the 80s levels.1. What does the report mean by the term “glass ceiling”？2. According to the ILO report,（）.3. The ILO report（）.4. Which of the following strategies did women not use in their fight against sexual harassment?

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