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Green-space facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present it is generally accepted, although more a self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of green-spaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right way, this does not mean, however, that sufficient details are known about the functions of green-space in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex subject, I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the recreative function of green space facilities.The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in town and country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attention for, forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighbourhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is used for activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect.The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed after you.1. The author suggests that the recreative possibilities of green space should be provided（）.2. According to the author, green-space facilities should be designed in such a way that（）.3. The main idea of the passage is that（）.4. According to the author, the importance of green-pace in the urban environment（）.

Colour blindness is inability to distinguish one or more of the three colours red, green, and blue. (Ability to see colour exists in only a few vertebrates, including, among others, man and the other primates, fish, amphibians, some reptiles, and some birds; and in bees and butterflies.) In the retina, the light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back and sides of the eyeball, there are, in human beings, three types of cones, the visual cells that function in the perception of colour. One type absorbs light best in wavelengths of blue-violet and another in the wavelengths of green. The third type is most sensitive to wavelengths of yellow but is also sensitive to red.Colour-blind persons may be blind to one, two, or all of the colours red. green, and blue. (Blindness to red is called protanopia; to green, deuteranopia; and to blue, tritanopia.) Red-blind persons are ordinarily unable to distinguish between red and green, while blue-blind persons cannot distinguish between blue and yellow. Green-blind persons are unable to see the green part of the spectrum.Colour blindness, which affects about 20 times as many males as females, is a sex-linked recessive characteristic. A woman must inherit the trait from both parents to be colour-blind. A colour-blind man and a woman of normal colour vision have daughters who have normal colour vision. But are carriers of the trait —that is, the daughters may have colour-blind sons and daughters who are carriers. The sons of a colour-blind man and a woman with normal vision themselves have normal vision and are unable to pass the colour-blind trait on to offspring. The son of a normal man and a carrier woman may be colour-blind, and the daughter of such a union may be a carrier. Thus, colour blindness tends to skip generations.1.（）person is unable to distinguish blue and yellow.2. The underlined word “skip” in the last sentence of this passage most probably means（）.3. According to this passage,（）.4. It can be know from this passage that（）has normal vision and is unable to pass the colour-blind trait on to offspring.

Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool. In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and, of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department, famous reputation and lot of good labs and research equipment. But that’s not what I did.I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university that doesn’t even offer a major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice; I came here for more noble reasons. I wanted abroad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who weren't studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults praised me for such a sensible choice. They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years, and I believed them.I headed off to college, feeling sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went to big engineering “factories” where they didn't care if you had values or were flexible. I was going to be a complete engineer: technical genius and sensitive humanist all in one.Now I’m not so sure. Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality, as all noble ideals eventually do. After three years of struggling to balance math, physics and engineering courses with liberal-arts courses, I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don’t mix as easily as I assumed in high school. Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. The struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult.1. According to the author, by interacting with people who study liberal arts, engineering students can（） .2. In the eyes of the author, a successful engineering student is expected（）.3. The author chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university because he（）.4. The author’s experience shows that he was（）.

The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get（）quickly.

The editor spent hours（）every single page of that thick novel, looking for the slightest error.

The depth of the novel and the value of its artistic and ideological feature do not depend on the theme — either（）or significant.

The storm sweeping over this part of the country is sure to cause（）of vegetables in the coming days.

The walkers in front crossed the ledge easily, seemingly（）of the fact that there was a 3000-foot drop on either side.

The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to（）it.

The famous inventor was awarded an（）doctorate by the university.

Though I had tried to explain it as clearly as possible, my expectation seemed not to（）.

To the great disappointment of the public, the wanted in the murder case so far remains（）.

The wealth of a country should be measured（）the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.

Directions: Write on the ANSWER SHEET a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Qualities of Top Research Workers.You are to write in three parts.In the first part of your article, you should clearly present your view.In the second part, you should supply your opinion with appropriate details.In the last part, you should bring what you have written to natural conclusion or summary.

Directions: Writing a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service. You should write with no less than 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming " instead. Do not write the address.

Translate the following part into English.经过改革开放30多年的努力，中国经济实力不断增强，国民生产总值大幅提升。中国人口多、底子薄，面临城乡区域发展不平衡、科技创新能力不强等问题。中国要实现现代化建设的目标还需要长期艰苦奋斗。中国面临的问题只有通过发展才能解决。我们将坚持把发展作为第一要务，努力推动经济社会又好又快发展。

Translate the following part into Chinese. Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

Inflation is an economic condition in（1）prices for consumer goods（2）and the（3）of money or purchasing power decreases.There are three important causes of inflation. The first and most important cause may be excessive government spending. For example, in order to（4）a war or carry （5）social programs, the government may spend more money than it has received through taxes and other revenue, thus creating a deficit. In order to（6）this deficit, the Treasury Department can simply（7） the money supply by issuing more paper money to（8） the debts of government. This increase in the money supply will cause the value of the dollar to（9）decrease. The second cause of inflation occurs when the money supply increases faster than the supply of goods.（10）people have more money, they will run out to buy popular goods(11television and computers, for example, and a shortage will result.Industry will then produce more, at higher prices, to（12）demand.（13）, if people think that the prices of popular goods are going up, they will buy and even borrow money at high —（14）rates to pay for them. Finally, if labor unions demand that works' wages（15）to（16）the high cost of living, industry will meet his demand and add other cost of production on to the（17）.（18）summary, all of these causes can（19）inflationary problems that can affect the welfare of a nation. However, of these three causes, （20）government spending may be the most important.

Sapphira and the Slave Girl was the last novel of Willa Cather’s distinguished literary career. Begun in the last summer of 1937 and finally completed in 1941, it is often regarded by critics as one of her most personal works. Although the story takes place in 1856, well before her own birth, she drew heavily on both vivid childhood memories and tales handed down by older relatives to describe life in rural northern Virginia in the middle of the 19th century. She even went on an extended journey to the area to give the story a further ring of authenticity.Of all of Cather’s many novels, Sapphira and the Slave Girl is the one most concerned with providing an overall picture of day to day life in a specific era. A number of the novel’s characters, it would seem, are included in the story only because they are representative of the type of people to be found in 19th-century rural Virginia; indeed, a few of them play no part whatsoever in unfolding of the plot. For instance, we are introduced to a poor white women, Mandy Ringer, who is portrayed as intelligent and content, despite the fact that she has no formal education and must toil constantly in the fields. And we meet Dr. Clevenger, a country doctor who, with his refined manners, evokes a strong image of the pre-Civil War South.The title, however, accurately suggests that the novel is mainly about slavery. Cather’s attitude toward this institution may best be summed up as somewhat ambiguous. On the one hand, she displays almost total indifference to the legal and political aspects of slavery when she misidentifies certain crucial dates in its growth and development. Nor does she ever really offer a direct condemnation of slavery. Yet on the other hand, the evil of slavery gets through to us.Although in typically subtle ways, those characters, like Mrs. Blake, who oppose institution are portrayed in a sympathetic light. Furthermore, the suffering of the slaves themselves and the petty, nasty, often cruel behavior of the slave owners are painted in harsh terms.Although Sapphira and the Slave Girl was certainly not meant to be a political tract, the novel is sometimes considered to be a denunciation of bygone days. Nothing could be further from the truth. In spite of her willingness to acknowledge that particular aspects of the past were far from ideal, Willa Cather was, if anything, a bit of a romantic. Especially in the final years of her life, an increasing note of anger about the emptiness of the present crept into her writing. Earlier generations, she concluded, had been the real heroes, the real creator of all that was good in American.1. In the discussion of Willa Cather’s Sapphira and the Slave Girl, the author refers to the book primarily as a（）.2. In paragraph 2, Mandy Ringer and Dr. Clevenger are mentioned in order to emphasize which point about Sapphira and the Slave Girl?3. According to the author, why is Willa Cather's attitude toward slavery “somewhat ambiguous” (paragraphs)?4. In context, “a bit of a romantic” (paragraph 4) suggests that Willa Cather（）.

There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences which they address. We will now briefly describe them.The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reported in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature (often referred to as “background”)，procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results (often referred to as discussion).The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (researchers or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect the data, the construction of the data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data. It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not.The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of the process of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form, of conclusions, implications, and recommendations. This detailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student’s ability to carry out research.The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences and seminars, and at such meeting research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting and whether they are researchers or practitioners.1. The best title for this passage could be（）.2. We can distinguish those research reports from each other mainly through（）.3. Which of the following statements is not mentioned in this passage?4. How can a professor evaluate a student’s capability of implementing the research?

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