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Time for another global-competitiveness alert. In the Third International Mathematics and Science study-which last year tested a half-million students in 41 countries—American eighth graders （1） below the world average in math. And that's not even （2） part. Consider this as you try to （3） which countries will dominate the technology markets of the 21st century: top 10 percent of America's math students scored about the same as the average kid in the global （4） , Singapore.It isn't exactly a news flash these days （5） Americans score behind the curve on international tests. But educators say this study （6） because it monitored Variables both inside and outside the classroom. Laziness—the factor often （7）for Americans poor performance—is not the culprit here. American students （8） spend more time in class than pupils in Japan and Germany. （9） , they get more homework and watch the same amount of TV. The problem, educators say is not the kids but the curriculum that is too （10） . The study found that lessons for U.S. eighth graders contained topics mastered by seventh graders in other countries.Teachers actually agree the Americans need to （11） their kids to more sophisticated math earlier. Unfortunately, experts say, the teachers don't recognize that （12） these concepts are taught is as important as the concepts themselves. Most educators rely （13） on textbooks and rote learning. While many textbooks cover （14） ideas, most do so superficially, （15） students with the, techniques but not the mastery, of the broader principles.

Prior to 1905, space and time were comfortable absolutes. Over 250 years of practical experience and experimentation had firmly established the supremacy of the physics of Sir Isaac Newton. The picture of the universe painted by Newton was one of amazing clarity and practical value. The motions of projectiles, Pendulums, steam engines, and even distant planets could be readily explained using the brilliant 17th century physicist's theories. However, certain phenomena, including how light was able to travel in a vacuum and the exact nature of gravity continued to elude satisfactory scientific explanation.While searching for a solution to the failure of the now famous Michelson-Morely experiment, Albert Einstein (who left Germany when, the Nazis took power, and became an American citizen in 1940) discovered his Special, Theory of Relativity. A few years later, he explained his theory into an all-encompassing grand view of the universe. His General Theory of Relativity was the first to describe the nature of gravity. The General Theory of Relativity describes four dimensional universe in which the three spatial dimensions are coupled with a fourth, time. Any object in the universe with mass is described as causing a warp, or curve into the very structure of space-time itself. Gravity is shown to be a result not of some unforeseen, mysterious force, but as a function of the curvature of space itself. All matter, from the tiniest sub-atomic particle, to the most massive of galaxies, will induce this curvature.This idea is frequently explained by describing space as a rubber sheet, and a body such as the sun as a bowling ball. If, the ball is placed on the rubber sheet, the sheet will bend under the weight of the ball, forming a gravity well. Thus, the orbits of the planets can be seen to result from them "rolling" around the mouth of the sun's gravity well. Of course, this analogy is but a shadow of the true nature of space. In reality, this gravity well is a four dimensional structure. Shortly after publication of the General Theory, physicists began to explore this strange new world.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.According to the passage, which of the following phenomena did Einstein describe in his General Theory of Relativity, which was not explained by Newton's theory?3.It can be inferred from the simplicity of the example of bowling ball and rubber sheet to describe Einstein's theory that（）.4.The word “analogy" in line 21 is closest in meaning to（）.5.The author gives a synonym for which of the following words?

The human criterion for perfect vision is 20/20 for reading the standard lines on a Snellen eye chart without a hitch. The score is determined by how well you read lines of letters of different sizes from 20 feet away. But being able to read the bottom line on the eye chart does not approximate perfection as far as other species are concerned. Most birds would consider us very visually handicapped. The hawk, for instance, has such sharp eyes that it can spot a dime ea the side walk while perched on the top of the Empire State Building. It can make fine visual distinctions because it is blessed with one million cones per square millimeter in its retina. And in water, humans are far-sighted, while the kingfisher, swooping down to spear fish, can see well in both air and water because it is endowed with two foveae -areas of the eye, consisting mostly of cones, that provide visual distinctions. One foveae permits the bird, while in the air to scan the water below with one eye at a time. This is called monocular vision. Once it hits the water, the other fovea joins in, allowing the kingfisher to focus bath eye, like binoculars, on it prey at the same time. A frogs vision is distinguished by its ability to perceive things as a constant motion picture. Known as "bug detectors", a highly developed set of cells in a frog's eyes responds mainly to moving objects. So, it is said that a frog sitting in a field of dead bugs wouldn’t see them as food and would starve.The bee has a “compound ’’eye, which is used for navigation. It has 15,000 facet, that divide what it seen into a pattern of dots, or mosaic. With this kind of vision, the bee sees the sun only as constantly measures the angle of its line of fight in relation to the sun. A bee's' eye also gauges flight speed. And if that is not enough to leave our 20/20 “perfect vision, paling into insignificance, the bee is capable of seeing something we can't-ultraviolet light. Thus, what humans consider to be "perfect vision" is in fact rather limited when we look at other species. However, there is still much to be said for the human eye. Of all the mammals, only humans and some primates can enjoy the pleasure of color vision.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.According to the passage, why might birds and animals consider humans very visually handicapped?3.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?4.The word "that” in line 10 refer to （）.5.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Patent medicine used in America dates back to the early days of the Republic, when drugs imported from Europe were sold by postmasters, goldsmiths, grocers, and tailors. Their use expanded during the Jackson an era as Americans rebelled against traditional doctors and enthusiastically endorsed: quackery. Increasing urbanization and industrialization also fed the market for patent medicines, as new drugs were needed to combat epidemics. But these: sales, by mid-century, were due to two non- medical events.Patent legislation in 1793 made it possible for manufactures, to protect their product against counterfeiters. But most manufacturers did not seek patents on the formulas for their medicines, since these were often combinations of common products like alcohol and vegetable extracts which they preferred not to reveal. Instead, they sought patents on the shape of the bottle, promotional materials, and label information.The number of newspapers-published in the country grew from 200 during Jefferson’s administration to over 4000 at the time of Lincoln's presidency. The penny press, begun by Benjamin Day in 1833 was marketed at a mass audience and cost just one cent per issue. To recover revenue lost from subscription prices, Day and others sought profits through advertising. Patent medicine was perfect product to advertise in penny papers since its sensational claims buttressed the sensational bent of the news and stories in them.“Lydia Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound” was the most, successful patent medicine of the century, and Mrs. Pinkham’s face was known across the country. Like most Americans, she was convinced that Divine Providence had stocked the promised land with vegetables and herbs unknown elsewhere, which could cure disease. Mrs. Pinkham received the basic formula for her nostrum as payment for a debt owed by her husband. As a result of severe economic hardships for her family, she began heavy promotion of the medicine in Boston newspapers in 1876, and her son attached his mother's picture to the product. Thus was born modem advertising. Mrs. Pinkham was popular with her female followers for her feminist bent, and for the fact that she encouraged them to write her for advice. An analysis of the compound by the AMA in 1914 revealed that it was 20 percent alcohol, with the rest made of vegetable extracts.1.What aspect of patent medicine does the passage mainly discuss?2.The author implies that which of the following was the reason why most manufacturers preferred not to seek patents on their medicines?3.According to paragraph 3, the result of marketing the penny press at a mass audience was（）.4.Which of the following did patent medicine and the penny press have in common, according to the passage?5.Why does the author mention Mrs. Pinkharn's photo?

The development of toothpaste began as long ago as 3000/5000BC in the ancient counties of China and 304. According to Chinese history, Huang-Ti claimed different types of pair felt in the mouth could be cured by sticking gold and silver needles into different parts of the jaw and gum. It was theories such as these that led to the development of dental cream. During the years 3000/5000BC, Egyptians made toothpaste using a recipe of powdered ashes of hooves of oxen, myrrh, powdered and burned egg shells and pumice. It is assumed that the ancient Egyptians used their fingers to rub the mixture onto teeth.The too shtick, the forerunner of the toothbrush had not, as far as is known, been discovered at this time. From the records of the ancient countries of India China and Egypt, it was the Greeks and Romans who developed and improved toothpaste and developed a leaden instrument for the extraction of teeth. They were also the first to bind loose teeth together and to support artificial teeth by means of gold wire. During 1000AD, the Persians, gave advice on the dangers of using hard toothpowder and recommendations were made to make toothpowder from burnt hart-shorn, the burnt shells of snails and oysters and burned gypsum.Other Persian recipes included dried animal parts, herbs, honey and minerals. One formula for strengthening teeth included green lead, verdigris, incense, honey and powdered flint-stone.Toothpowder or dentifrice, was first available in Britain in the late 18th century. It came in a ceramic pot and was available either as a powder or paste. The rich applied it with brushes and the poor with their fingers. The powders were developed by doctors, dentists and chemists and often contained ingredients that were highly abrasive and harmful to the teeth, such as brick dust, china, earthenware or cuttlefish, and to make them more palatable, they contained glycerin. By the early nineteenth century, the ingredient strontium was introduced, to strengthen teeth and reduce sensitivity, but it only really concentrated on the gums. In the late 18 century, borax was introduced in the U.S. and in, 1896, Dental Cream was first packaged in powder was used to get the foaming effect. In 1873, an aromatic toothpaste in a jar: collapsible tubes. Before the Second World War, the majority of toothpaste on the market used soap as an emulsifying agent, even though it was known that soap had certain inherent defects.1.What is the main subject of the passage?2.The word "extraction" in line 11 refers to （）.3.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the Greeks and Romans （）.4.The author mentions that the Persians used toothpowders for which purpose other than cleaning teeth?5.According to the passage, strontium was most useful for （）.

Isadora Duncan has been one of the most enduring influences on 20th century culture. Virtually, alone, she restored dance to a high place among the art. Braking with convention, she developed free and natural movements inspired by the classical Greek arts, folk dances, social dances, nature and natural forces. As well as approach to the new American athleticism, which included skipping, running, jumping, leaping and tossing. With free flowing costumes, bare feet and loose hair, Duncan restored dance to a new vitality using the solar plexus and the torso as the generating fore for all movements to follow. She is credited with inventing what late came to be known as Modern Dance.Born in 1878 in San Francisco, Duncan grew up in a childhood filled with imagination and art. Her mother introduced her 4 children to classical music, Shakespeare, poetry, literature, and art. Isadora, the youngest, spent many hours playing and dancing on the beach, and even taught dance classes to younger children as a way to earn money to help her struggling family. In her teenage years she travelled to Chicago and New York with some of her family members, working and performing in various productions or vaudeville shows, with limited success. It was not until she reached London that Duncan began to find acceptance for her dancing. She performed in private salons for ladies of social Standing and their guests, in both London and Paris. Gradually her popularity grew, and she began performing on great stages throughout Europe.Throughout her career, Duncan had a driving vision for the education of young children. She began her first school in Germany in 1904 selecting children from the poorer classes and providing completely for all their physical and material needs from her own pocket. The financial drain of her schools (also established in Russia and Paris, at various times) forced Duncan to tour and performs considerably, leaving her Sister Elizabeth in charge of the schools. Although believing in what she saw as the chains of marriage. Duncan had two children, who were tragically drowned in 1913. The following years were difficult, and she stopped dancing for a time, but then returned to dance and particularly to developing her pupils. She even adopted six of these children, the "Isafortables" as they were billed by the press later when they began to perform with her. Tragically, Duncan's own life was cut short in 1921 in a car accident in France.1.According to the passage, Duncan's great contribution to modem dance was through（）.2.The author suggests that Duncan’s first real success as-a performer occurred （）.3.The phrase "driving vision" in line 18 is closest in meaning to（）.4.What does the author mean when stating in lines 15-16 that "The financial drain of her schools (also established in Russia and Paris, at various times), forced Duncan to tour and perform considerably...”?5.The common feature of the two tragedies mentioned in the 3 paragraph is （）.

Choose one of the two topics to develop an essay of about 300 words.I. In the report of government work of year 2012, it is said that the government will increase its financial input in education. How do you think of the use of the government financial input in education before? How do you think of the increase of the financial input? Give reasons and examples to clarify your ideas.2. Some people believe that Lei Feng has erected an ideological and moral monument while others think he is out of date. What's your opinion?

Translate the following sentences into English.他曾在许多著名的美术家门下学习。这些美术家中的一些渴望描述社会下层居民的生活。只有通过这些科目考试的人才能担任政府官员。有证据证明黑猩猩(chimpanzee)过着一种复杂的社会生活，但具体的细节尚不清楚。人们抱着一夜暴富的心理借钱赌牌。肥沃的土地和丰富的植物提供了丰富的粮食，维护了社会的稳定。

Read the following passage and then translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.By charting out the typical cognitive development of children, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget has heavily influenced how psychologists delineate the progress of juvenile psychological growth. Beginning in the 1920s and up until his death in 1980, he studied the errors school children made on various tests and realized that children of the same age made the same kinds of reasoning errors. Based on these recurring patterns, he identified stages in a child’s cognitive development, beginning from infancy and extending through adulthood. Essentially, he proposed that there was a common timetable by which children initially develop simple cognitive skills and gradually refine them into more abstract ways of thinking. While more recent theories on the matter suggest that there is more overlap among these stages and that different environments affect children's progress. Piauet’ s theory was nonetheless extremely important to initial studies of cognitive development. According to Piaget, the first stage that children go through is the sensorimotor stage, an eventful and complex period that Piaget further divided into six sub-stages. The sensorimotor stage begins at birth and lasts roughly until the child is two years old. During this time, the child experiences the world through his senses and motor skills, and he will initially develop and master the basic reflexes of infants, such as grasping, sucking, looking, and listening. Moreover, the infants begin to develop the fundamentals of basic cognitive functions. He develops awareness of himself and of subjects as separate entities and begins to manipulate his external environment, usually by kicking, moving objects, and chewing on toys. The child also learns that certain actions will have certain effects, and he may perform an action to recreate these effects. For instance, he may accidentally suck his thumb and find it pleasurable, so he repeatedly sucks his thumb to experience the pleasure again. Finally, the child also shows the basic capacity for understanding symbols, and he develops a rudimentary use of language toward the end of this stage, most notably by identifying parents with words like “Mama” and “Dada”. In the next stage, the preoperational stage (ages 2-7) the child expands his capacity for symbolic thinking, and he can envision the environment and manipulate it with his imagination. Imagination thus develops more fully, as seen in the child's tendency to role-play other people (like his parents, firefighters, ect.), and to pretend that objects are other things, like pretending that a broom is a horse. This Stage is marked by two other distinctive characteristics. The first is egocentrism. While Child’s language develops more fully for the purpose of social interaction, his thought process is still limited by individual experiences, and these cognitive limitations exclude any alternative viewpoints. The other characteristic is that thought occurs in an illogical and irreversible manner. A child can easily believe that things can magically increase, decrease, or vanish, as perceptions often dictate their reality. In the concrete operational stage (ages 7-11), the child shows evidence for logical thought and becomes less egocentric in his thinking. He begins to grasp concepts such as mass, length, volume, time, and other abstract measurements, and he becomes capable of solving basic logical problems and understanding reversible logic. He can perform simple arithmetic like addition, subtraction and multiplication and his understanding of how these concepts relate to each other increased. In the fourth and final stage, the formal, operational stage, (from puberty to adulthood), the child is finally able to think in completely abstract terms. He is able to perform algebra, calculus, and other mathematics that utilize symbols, formulas and logic, and he is capable of other complex critical and some may never fully or adequately grasp these skills, even as adults.

In some countries customers don’t pay （） for the services in restaurants or barber shops.

A person who is found guilty of embezzlement may be required to（）his property as penalty.

To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence （） to specific principles of reasoning.

Many countries are facing the question of how to （） the best of modem technology without losing the benefits of their traditional way of life.

Motivation levels can（） from person to person, so it is important to treat each patient’s psychological problem separately with solutions for each of them respectively.

To（）people’s hunger for adventures, they came up with many high-tech video games.

（） the corporate ladder is not simple task.

Unlike photographers on Earth, astronauts in the space have the opportunity to take photographs from （）perspectives.

Jonathan is （）in his research field; no other contemporary researchers can command the same respect.

Over-working of the land in some countries has led to soil（）of nutrients, which, in turn, will lead to barren land.

（） three basic issues of financial bonds: corporations, states, and municipalities.

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