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This experienced author was able to（）the fact that he was not qualified for admission to college.

Their success in increasing the market share resulted from their break-through in（）of the product configuration.

The storm sweeping over this are now is sure to cause（）of vegetables in the coming days.

The journey usually takes five weeks but you should（）delays caused by bad weather.

Being critical and dictatorial, the boss would（）discussions and ignore comments not in agreements with his.

In the worst times of life, you have to take full advantage of the beautiful things that（）.

It was by no means easy to work for a president who demanded security beyond what was really（）.

The technique provides more detailed information about subtle differences in gene activity（）with cancer-causing pathways.

The concept of personal choice（）health behaviors is an important one.

Since teacher behavior is（）for public display, teachers must be cautious in their personal lives.

These（）salespersons of insurance will be introduced to relevant regulations and business strategies.

Universities are institutions that teach a wide variety of subjects at advanced levels. They also carry out research work aimed（1）extending man’s knowledge of these subjects. The emphasis given to each of these functions（2）from university to university, according to the views of the people in（3）and according to the resources available. Smaller and newer universities do not（4）the staff or equipment to carry out the（5）research projects possible in larger institutions.（6）most experts agree that some research activity is（7）to keep the staff and their students in（8）with the latest developments in their subjects.Most students attend a university mainly to（9）the knowledge needed for their chosen（10）. Educationists believe that this aim should not be the（11）one. Universities have always aimed to produce men and women（12）judgment and wisdom as well as knowledge. For this reason, they（13）students to meet others with differing（14）and to read widely to（15）their understanding in many fields of study.（16）a secondary school course, a student should be interested enough in a subject to enjoy gaining knowledge for its own（17）. He should be prepared to（18）sacrifices to study his chosen（19）in depth. He should have an ambition to make some（20）contribution to man’s knowledge.

Last year, when President George W. Bush announced that federal funds could be used to support research on human embryonic stem cells, he mandated that only those cell lines that existed at the time would qualify for such support. More than a year later, it’s becoming increasingly clear that these existing cell lines are inadequate. Unless more are created, the research slowdown may exact a staggering cost in terms of human suffering.Since this announcement, the US National Institutes of Health has tried to stimulate research on the existing cell lines with new funding and efforts to streamline the initially cumbersome process of obtaining approved cells. However, whether there are 60 cell lines, as originally stated, or nine, as now appear to be available to NIH-funded investigators, the number is not adequate. Given the genetic diversity within the population, scientists need access to new cell lines if they are to come up with the most effective cell therapies.The issue is partly one of safety. In conducting research with human participants, we must minimize risks. The most effective cell line might not be the safest. When developing a new medicine, a large number of molecules must be screened to find a balance between effectiveness and safety. The same is true with cells. In the context of cell therapy, it will be important to minimize unwanted immune reactions and inflammation this requires selection from a large number of cell lines to obtain the best match.It’s clear from experiments with animals that stem-cell therapies can reduce human suffering as Parkinsonian mice have been cured with embryonic stem cells that were programmed to become dopamine-secreting, replacement nerve cells. Soon, cells induced to make insulin in tissue cultures will be used in attempts to treat diabetic mice. Similar successes have been achieved in animal models of spinal-cord injury, heart failure and other degenerative disorders. We are at a frontier in medicine where tissues will be restored in ways that were not imaginable just a few years ago. The ethical issues raised by human-embryo research are profound. The human costs of restricting this research must be taken into account as well. The cost in dollars of delaying new stem-cell research is difficult to estimate. It might measure in the hundreds of billions of dollars, especially if one adds the lost productivity of individuals who must leave work to care for victims of degenerative disorders.A less obvious, but real, cost is the damage to the fabric of America’s extraordinary culture of inquiry and technical development in biomedical science. Our universities and teaching hospitals are unparalleled. We attract the very best students, scientists and physicians from around the world. But these institutions are fragile. Research and education play key roles in attracting the best physicians. A crippled research enterprise might add an unbearable stress with long-lasting effects on the entire system. If revolutionary new therapies are delayed or outlawed, we could be set back for years, if not decades. To steer clear of controversy, some investigators will redirect their research. Others will emigrate to countries where such research is allowed and encouraged. Some will drop out entirely. The pall cast over the science community could extend far beyond stem-cell research. Many therapies have emerged from collaboration between government-sponsored researchers and private enterprise. Few of these discoveries would have emerged if, for instance, recombinant DNA research had been outlawed 30 years ago. We face the same type of decision today with limits placed on human embryonic stem cells. Safeguards will be necessary. But if we do not proceed embracing the values of objective, open, inquiry with complete sharing of methods and results, the field will be left to less rigorous fringe groups here and abroad. Patients and society will suffer.1.It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that the author（）.2.The word “streamline” in Paragraph 2 probably means（）.3.All of the following are the consequences of the research slowdown EXCEPT（）.4.Which of the following statements about the research is TRUE?5.The most suitable title for the passage would be（）.

It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.1.In the first paragraph, the author discusses（）.2.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?3.According to the text, online publication is significant in that（）.4.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to（）.5.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?

Naturally, in a group of animals as diverse as the snakes, and with so many varied enemies, there are numerous defensive reactions and devices. There is, however, one general pattern of behavior, in the presence of a suspected enemy the first reaction is to try to escape observation; if this fails, the next resort is flight to some inaccessible retreat, but if this is not possible, or is circumvented, various kinds of intimidatory gestures and warning devices are brought into play; in the last resort the snake attacks. This pattern varies with the circumstances; some stages may be omitted or combined unpredictably whilst; some notoriously irascible species may dispense with all the preliminaries and attack almost at once, though seldom or never without some provocation. Amongst the factors that increase aggressiveness are hunger, the mating season and surprise, with the last mentioned the commonest; when hunting for food or for mates, activity and the aggressive instinct are both at their peak, but it is when it is caught unawares that the normal chain of re-actions tends to become telescoped. Owing to their poor sense of hearing, snakes are very liable to be, quite literally, caught napping and a similar situation arises during their periods of temporary blindness just before sloughing begins. By far the greatest number of snake-bite accidents result from the unwitting disturbance of resting snakes, and this hazard is much increased with species that are well camouflaged and whose natural instinct is to trust to this concealment as their principal defense. As well as differences in aggressiveness between individuals of the same species according to the circumstances and conditions, there are also notable differences between species, even closely allied species; and the reports of those who have been attacked may understandably be lacking in objectivity. So it is impossible to forecast, even in outline, how any encounter will develop.The Hamadryad, for example, is usually credited with being amongst the most aggressive of snakes, and there are many accounts of unprovoked attacks, yet on one occasion fourteen men and seven dogs passed and returned within two yards from a nest and no snake was seen although the female, which guards the nest, could not have been far away.1.When a snake meets a potential enemy, its primary device is（）.2.By “dispense with all the preliminaries” (the last sentence, Para. l.), the author most probably means that（）.3.A snake is most aggressive when（）.4.It is difficult to predict what would happen when a snake meets a man because（）.5.The author uses the example in the last paragraph to support his idea that（）.

The success of a speech is often attributed to the skill of the speaker, with merit being given to speakers who are confident, articulate, knowledgeable and able to deliver a speech with conviction.But often it is not the speakers who write these moving speeches, it is a speechwriter. And one industry in which this practise is common is that of politics. So what does it take to be a political speechwriter?Well according to a recent job advertisement from the US Embassy in Britain, a political speechwriter needs to have exceptional interpersonal skills, be detail oriented and able to demonstrate a deep knowledge of their subject. They must also work closely with speakers and be able to relate to their style.Some believe that the best speechwriters have an inherent talent, a natural creative instinct, and that speechwriting is an art form. So what about those of us who do not possess such genius? Can we still produce successful speeches?In an interview with the BBC, Dr Max Atkinson (a communications specialist) outlined a number of speechwriting techniques. He also illustrated how these techniques have been used in historic speeches.One such technique is introducing contrast. This is extremely useful when presenting a positive spin on a negative issue. One of the most famous examples of this can be seen in a speech given by former American President John F. Kennedy: “Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country.”Another technique is the use of three-part lists. Dr Atkinson explains that this can be an excellent way of adding finality or confirming a statement. Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair was a fan of this technique. One of his most famous campaign slogans was “education, education, education”.These techniques can be used like tools - they can be chosen from a toolbox and applied as necessary. A few other techniques you might find in a speechwriter’s toolbox might be the use of imagery, anecdotes and alliteration.So next time you have to prepare a speech or presentation, try applying one or more of these techniques and see if you have what it takes to be a winning speechwriter. 1.According to the passage, a successful speaker should（）.2.Which of the following is INCORRECT about the genius the best political speechwriters should possess.3.In the speech given by former American president John F. Kennedy, the technique of（）is used.4.To be a winning speechwriter, one should use（）.5.What does the passage mainly discuss?

Directions: Choose one of the two topics to develop an essay of about 300 words.1.“All you need in this life is ignorance and confidence; then success is sure.” How do you understand this statement? You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explain how to cultivate confidence and achieve success.2.It is generally believed that reading is crucial to thinking independently. Do you agree or disagree? Illustrate your points of view on the relationship between reading and thinking.

Directions: Translate the following into English. 1.脍炙人口的传统京剧《白蛇传》讲的是传自明朝的故事。在《白》剧中，蛇被赋予了崇高的人性。2.我可以一个人长时间地独处而感到愉快。独享欢乐是一种愉快，独享忧伤也是一种愉快。3.他们发现很难接受这个事实：由于父亲的失业，他们必须省掉很多奢侈品。4.明亮的色彩和大胆的笔触成为他早期绘画的特征。这吸引了很多年轻人。5.为了接待每年数以万计的外国游客，我国旅游部门正在想方设法改善旅游住宿设施和餐饮服务。

Directions: Read the following passage and then translate the underlined parts into Chinese. Psychologists have long said that connecting with others is central to well-being, but just how much conversation we require is under investigation. 1.In one study, researchers eavesdropped on undergraduates for four days, then cataloged each overheard conversation as either “small talk” or “substantive”. They found that the second type correlated with happiness—the happiest students had roughly twice as many substantive talks as the unhappiest ones. Small talk, meanwhile, makes up only 10 percent of their conversation, versus 30 percent of conversation among the least content students.2.But don’t write off chitchat just yet. Scientists believe that small talk could promote bonding; and maintain closeness with loved ones, and couldn’t be merely the stuff of awkward exchanges with strangers.Still, bantering with strangers could brighten your morning. 3.In a series of experiments, psychologists gave Chicago commuters varying directions about whether to talk with fellow train passengers. Those told to chat with others reported a more pleasant journey than those told to “enjoy your solitude” or to do whatever they normally would. None of the chatters reported being rebuffed. And the results held for introverts and extroverts alike—which makes sense, since acting extroverted has a positive effect on introverted.4.Small talk can also help us feel connected to our surroundings. People who smiled at, made eye contact with and briefly spoke with their Starbucks baristas reported a greater sense of belonging than those who rushed through the transaction.Of course, some of us are better than others at turning small talk into something bigger. In one study, people who were rated “less curious”, by researchers had trouble getting a conversation rolling on their own, and had greater luck building closeness with others when they are supplied with questions that encouraged personal disclosure. 5.But people who are deemed “curious” needed no help transforming about mundane things like favorite holidays into intimate exchanges. A “curious mind-set”、the authors concluded, can lead to “positive social interaction”. So go ahead, pry. Chitchat needn’t be idle. And noisiness isn’t all bad.

While I could not（）the words outside the thick glass windows, their middle fingers spoke loudly.

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