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As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colors seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually (but not always) looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be in terms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately, bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously. As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an “afterimage” superimposed on the second. The effect not only is present over the mutual area causing the “local adaptation” but also spreads with decreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce “lateral adaptation”. Also, because of the persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightness or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to become uniform over the whole eye. 1.This selection is primarily concerned with（）.2.Whether a colored object would, on two viewings separated in time, appear to the viewer as similar or different in color would depend mostly on（）.3.If a person's eye has been looking at an object in bright sunlight for some time, and then shifts to an object not well lit, we can expect（）.4.The word "superimpose" (Line 12, Paragraph 2) has the closest meaning to（）.5.The present selection has apparently been preceded by some explanation of（）.

Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents a problem.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching. A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to be challenged, but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment in the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the tune needed to keep on with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college. Although scientists are usually “made” in the elementary schools, scientists can be “lost” by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not to separate teaching and research, but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess, and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professor unwilling to teach can be called “distinguished research investigators” or something else.The pace of modern science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities.1. What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?2.In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to research partly because（）.3.According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probably agree with?4. The title of professor should be given only to those who, first and foremost, do（）.5.The phrase “the problem” (Paragraph 5) refers to（）.

Love can’t conquer all. So, before couples tie the knot, they should know what they’re getting into. The taboo against couples living together before marriage is decreasing, and more and more people are saying “I do” after they’ve spent months, or even years, living together.As much as a person loves another, he or she never really knows what happens behind closed doors unless he or she is standing on the other side. While some people view living together before marriage as immoral, couples are actually expanding the boundaries of their relationship by moving in together. For example, the division of household responsibilities can be a major issue for newlyweds. By living together, couples can solve imbalances in the distribution of those responsibilities before someone realizes he or she has married a lazy bum.This may seem like a small point, but how many women — and men ---are out there who never thought they would be the only ones cooking, washing dishes, vacuuming, hopping, scrubbing, disinfecting, cleaning laundry, dusting, etc.?One of the largest problems in marriages is the “in” word: money. If couples live together before marriage, they learn one another’s saving and spending styles. By baring expenses, people learn not only how each person controls the purse strings but how to discuss finance matters with each other. It’s important for couples to figure out budget priorities before they are married, and this is difficult to do unless a person has been sharing expenses with his or her partner. If couples don’t have their financial issues in order, they are bound to surface, causing trouble in the marriage.It’s also difficult to know someone intimately without living with him or her. A special bond forms between people who share their living space, their personal longings, and their lives together. Some things you just don’t know until you’ve lived with someone.While some people believe living together before marriage is inappropriate, like most everything else in this country, it is a choice that everyone should respect. Living together can be a positive experience that will later reinforce a marriage, but it can also be something that ends a relationship. But if a relationship is going to end it’s better for people to discover the hard truth before they marry. Even though two people love each other and enjoy spending time together, the real question is, can you live together? People might want to find out before they make the serious decision to marry.1.“Tie the knot”in the first line of the first paragraph means（）.2.According to the author, through living together（）.3.To some people living together before marring is unacceptable because（）.4.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?5.An important point the author made in this passage is（）.

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1.由于生产这类产品需要大量的设备和高水平的技术，因此我们要寻求实力雄厚的大公司的合作，使样品尽快转化为商品。2.二十世纪向二十一世纪的过渡时期，恰好为美国的教育事业提供了一个重温历史，重新对科学承担义务的机会。3.人们必须十分重视良好的饮食习惯，虽说正确的饮食习惯不能根除世界上的癌症，但它有利于减少患癌症的风险。4.虽然主要是母亲决定了配偶中吸引我们的品质，但却是父亲影响我们如何与异性接触。5.我们现在必须摆脱头脑中的一个观念，即认为唯有在工作中“晋升”才是获得认可和更高收入的方向。

Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. What remains pertinent is the report's vision of the role of government in research, including his assertion that the federal government had both the authority and the obligation to support basic research.2. The criticism and budget cuts directed at universities have created unease and a corresponding search for solutions.3. We wouldn't have networks capable of handling massive amounts of data if physicists and astronomers hadn't continuously forged tools to look more deeply into the universe.4. Rather than evaluating programs in terms of how happy they make people, how satisfied those people become, programs must be evaluated in terms of the quality of the discontent they engender.5. When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed and overawed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven’t.

It was a type of urban story that continues to（）big city dwellers forward each day, a tale of hard work and self-starting initiative, of taking matters into one’s own hands to make dreams come true.

As ordinary people, scientists are by no means more honest or（）than other people, but as scientist, they attach special value to honest while they are in their working sphere.

Smuggling is a（）activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore, it must be banned.

Women have significant advantages over men in space because they need less food and less oxygen and they（）radiation better.

If you plant two apple trees in one square yard of land, and the trees' productivity（）decline.

It was obvious that she and her husband were（）and she wished she'd never married him.

The travel agency has a full program of（）, if tourists wish to visit local places of interest.

Your advice would be（）valuable to him, who is now at a loss as to what to do first.

The security guard（）two men who were yelling in the courtroom.

In Scotland, as in the rest of the United Kingdom, （）schooling begins at age 5 and ends at age 16.

The key words Francis wrote on the back of an old letter, “The Star Spangled Banner'' became the national （）of the United States.

The old buildings blend with the new ones in perfect（）, so a walk along Zhongshan Road is an enjoyable discovery.

This spacious room is（）furnished with just a few articles in it.

You must insist that students give a truthful answer（）with the reality of their world.

He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, （）that he paid me back the following week.

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