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Mike just discovered that his passport had（）three months ago.

The presidential candidate（）his position by winning several primary elections.

Although there are occasional outbreaks of gunfire, we can report that the rebellion has in the main been（）.

When people are asked what kind of housing they need or want, the question（）a variety of answers.

Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipments and techniques as United States firms, but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Japanese employees and the Japanese culture. However, if this were true, then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United States companies. This is not the case. Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity when compared with factories owned by United States companies.Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higher levels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment per employee was comparable to that of United States firms. Furthermore, by the late seventies, the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States. Since capital investment was not higher in Japan, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity.A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese automobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively: they made critical changes in United States procedures. For instance, the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently. Japanese automakers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs. Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（）.2.According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of Japanese automobile workers?3.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph?4.What is the problem that is associated with the production of huge lots of cars is which of the following?5.Which of the following statements is supported by information stated in the passage?

How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our county have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate — that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1.Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?2.The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?3.The author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that（）.4.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?5.The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by（）.

Why bother cooking? You don't have time, of course (or you think you don’t). That is the big reason. But you also don’t do it as well as the professionals, so it’s tempting to let them handle it for you. Or at least let them give you a head start in the form of meal-assembly shops, cake mixes and canned, frozen and pre-chopped ingredients. Michael Pollan thinks you should bother. His latest book, Cooked, is a powerful argument for a return to home cooking.Scores of food writers and editors, myself included, have long lamented the increasing influence of corporations on the public’s diet. We have seen the slow retreat from the kitchen as a primary contribution to America’s obesity epidemic and other health and environmental ills. But perhaps only Pollan can so effectively pick up the threads of so many food movements, philosophies and research papers and knit them into a compelling narrative with a crystal-clear message. He writes “The best way to recover the reality of food, to return it to its proper place in our lives, is by attempting to master the physical processes by which it has traditionally been made.”Don't bet against him. Because of the power of his prose and his reasoning, Cooked may prove to be just as influential as Pollan’s other book. The Omnivore's Dilemma, possibly the single most-cited text by those who profess concern with how our eating choices affect planet.As in The Omnivore’s Dilemma, Pollan have known that his credibility depends on a willingness to practice what he preaches, so in Cooked he takes just as much of a hands-on approach as he suggests his readers do. He divides the book into four sections in this case, the classical elements of fire, water, air and earth. Each represents a type of cooking - barbecue, braising, bread baking and fermentation - and, as the book’s subtitle promises, explores cooking as no less than a transformation of nature into food and drink.The results are fascinating, but the magic of Cooked lies not in its ability to unlock the secrets of slow-roasting a whole hog or brewing beer. There are much more helpful, intensive instructional materials for that kind of thing. No, what Pollan pulls off is even more impressive. He manages to illuminate the wealth of connections that stem from our DIY time in the kitchen. “To cook for the pleasure of it,” he writes, “to devote a portion of our leisure to it, is to declare our independence from the corporations seeking to organize our every waking moment into yet another occasion for consumption.”1.“Corporations” (Paragraph 2) in the passage refer to those who（）.2.To encourage a return to home cooking. Pollan advises（）.3.What is true about The Omniore’s Dilemma?4.“Fermentation’’ (Paragraph 4) is likely to be talked about in the section of（）.5.The passage is most likely to be（）.

The government’s new cyber-security officials yesterday asked telecommunications companies for help in building a government computer network that would have no risk of outside penetration — a task some computer security consultants say is nearly impossible. Plans for the private network, called Govnet, hinge on whether a reliable network infrastructure can be built at an affordable price, officials said. Computer system consultants said they could not estimate how much the network would cost because of the government’s enormous size and security needs. Richard Clarke, who was appointed special adviser to the president for cyberspace security this week, said he believes a more reliable system can be built. Ninety percent of available fiber-optic space is unused and fairly inexpensive to obtain, he said.Govnet is part of a plan Clarke announced earlier this week to secure our cyberspace from a range of possible threats, from hackers to criminals to terrorist groups, to foreign nations, which might use cyber-war against us in the future. Govnet would be completely independent from the Internet to help keep out hackers and viruses, according to the government’s plan. The request from the General Services Administration asks that telecommunications companies submit proposals about how the network could be built, how much it would cost, and how long it would take to construct.This year, the current network has been breached by hackers, computer worms and viruses. The system was also roughed up by the Code Red computer worm and an attack program called “I Love You'. The viruses affected thousands of government computers. Last year a report by the General Accounting Office, an internal government watchdog, found weaknesses in the computer network that could allow terrorists or hackers to severely damage or disrupt national defense or vital public operations or steal sensitive data. Clarke said the government’s current virtual private network is vulnerable to viruses and denial-of-service attacks that would make it more difficult to execute Govnet.An internal network, such as the Govnet proposal, is worth investigating but will probably fall to sophisticated hackers, said Am it Yoran. chief executive of the security-services company Riptech Inc. and a former information-security program director at the Defense Department. "It is probably more feasible to implement and strongly enforce global security postures and practices rather than go out and purchase new assets.” Yoran said. “Once someone is able to get in, they will find a weak link. When you have a network the size of the government’s there will be weak links. Someone will get in.”1.According to the passage, what is Govnet?2.It is implied that some computer consultants consider Govnet to be almost impossible because（）.3.By what means will Govnet realize the enhancement of the government’s cyber-security?4.What Amit Yoran said amounts to denying（）.5.The initiative for constructing an internal network stems from（）.

It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. You might tolerate the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign, otherwise, it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behaviors. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, improper politeness can also be dangerous. A typical example is the driver who waves a child across a crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learn to filter correctly into traffic streams without causing the total blockages (堵塞)that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone be well-mannered on the road. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.1.According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by （）.2.The sentence “You might tolerate the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule” implies that（）.3.By “good sense” (Paragraph 2), the writer means（）.4.Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion,（）.5.In the writer’s opinion,（）.

In the early 20th century, few things were more appealing than the promise of scientific knowledge. In a world struggling with rapid industrialization, science and technology seemed to offer solutions to almost every problem. Newly created state colleges and universities devoted themselves almost entirely to scientific, technological, and engineering fields. Many Americans came to believe that scientific certainty could not only solve scientific problems, but also reform politics, government, and business. Two world wars and a Great Depression rocked the confidence of many people that scientific expertise alone could create a prosperous and ordered world. After World War II, the academic world turned with new enthusiasm to humanistic studies, which seemed to many scholars the best way to ensure the survival of democracy. American scholars fanned out across much of the world ~ with support from the Ford Foundation, the Fulbright program, etc. ― to promote the teaching of literature and the arts in an effort to make the case for democratic freedoms.In the America of our own lime, the great educational challenge has become an effort to strengthen the teaching of what is now known as the STEM disciplines （science, technology, engineering, and math）. There is considerable and justified concern that the United States is falling behind much of the rest of the developed world in these essential disciplines. India, China. Japan and other regions seem to be seizing technological leadership.At the same time, perhaps inevitably, the humanities — while still popular in elite colleges and universities — have experienced a significant decline. Humanistic disciplines are seriously underfunded, not just by the government and the foundations but by academic institutions themselves. Humanists are usually among the lowest-paid faculty members at most institutions and are often lightly regarded because they do not generate grant income and because they provide no obvious credentials （资质）for most nonacademic careers.Undoubtedly American education should train more scientists and engineers. Much of the concern among politicians about the state of American universities today is focused on the absence of “real world” education — which means preparation for professional and scientific careers. But the idea that institutions or their students must decide between humanities and science is false. Our society could not survive without scientific and technological knowledge. But we would be equally impoverished （贫困的）without humanistic knowledge as well. Science and technology teach us what we can do. Humanistic thinking helps us understand what we should do.It is almost impossible to imagine our society without thinking of the extraordinary achievements of scientists and engineers in building our complicated world. But try to imagine our world as well without the remarkable works that have defined our culture and values. We have always needed, and we still need, both.1.In the early 20th century Americans believed science and technology could（）.2.Why did many American scholars become enthusiastic about humanistic studies after World War II?3.Why are American scholars worried about education today?4.What accounts for the significant decline in humanistic studies today?5.Why does the author attach so much importance to humanistic studies?

Standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon, gazing across this giant wound in the Earth’s surface, a visitor might assume that the canyon had been caused by some ancient convulsion. In fact the events that produced the canyon, far from being sudden and cataclysmic, simply add up to the slow and orderly process of erosion.Many millions of years ago the Colorado Plateau in the Grand Canyon area contained 10,000 more feet of rock than it does today and was relatively level. The additional material consisted of some 14-layered formations of rock. In the Grand Canyon region these layers were largely worn away over the course of millions of years.Approximately 65 million years ago the plateau’s flat surface in the Grand Canyon area bulged upward from internal pressure; geologists refer to this bulging action as upwarping; it was followed by a general elevation of the whole Colorado Plateau, a process that is still going on. As the plateau gradually rose, shallow rivers that meandered across it began to run more swiftly and cut more definite courses. One of these rivers, located east of the upwarp, was the ancestor of the Colorado. Another river system called the Hualapai, flowing west of the upwarp, extended itself eastward by cutting back into the upwarp; it eventually connected with the ancient Colorado and captured its waters. The new river then began to carve out the 277-miIe-long trench that eventually became the Grand Canyon. Geologists estimate that this initial cutting action began no earlier than 10 million years ago.Since then, the canyon forming has been cumulative. To the corrosive force of the river itself have been added other factors. Heat and cold, rain and snow, along with the varying resistance of the rocks, increase the opportunities for erosion. The canyon walls crumble; the river acquires a cutting tool, tons of debris, rainfall running off the high plateau creates feeder streams that carve side canyons. Pushing slowly backward into the plateau, the side canyons expose new rocks, and the pattern of erosion continues.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.In the first sentence, the author refers to the Grand Canyon as a “wound” to indicate that（）.3.According to the passage, the first phenomenon to contribute to the formation of the Grand Canyon was（）.4. What was the geographic position of the upwarp approximately 65 million years ago?5.Which of the following conclusions about the Grand Canyon can be drawn from the passage?

Our multimillion nerve-cell central nervous system has its roots in the scattered nerve cells of tiny, lowly organisms that lived in water half a billion years ago. Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates — “hollow-gutted” organisms like the hydra and the sea anemone. A coelenterate’s nerve network lacks any kind of centralized control. This probably began with flatworms -- the first creature to possess a head.Specialized sense cells help flatworms respond more flexibly than sea anemones to outside stimuli. But like most animals without a backbone, flatworms act almost by instinct and reflex.Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big, complex types of brain — the types we find among the backboned animas or vertebrates. The tiniest fish has a larger brain than the largest insect. But the development of a fish's three-part brain reflects that beast’s unintellectual priorities. Much of the forebrain deals only with smell. The midbrain handles vision and the hindbrain balance.With early mammals the brain grew larger and more complex. Sense coordination shifted from the midbrain to the forebrain, a developing structure capped by folded cerebrum to handle memory and learning. Meanwhile the hindbrain gained a large cerebellum to coordinate complicated movements.Advanced mammals such as monkeys, apes and human (the primates) have brains derived from ancestors that took to living in the trees, where vision mattered more than smell. Accordingly the once big “smell’’ part of the forebrain grew smaller, while the part that handles vision grew much larger.1.With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?2.The hydra is a kind of（）.3.In the last paragraph, the phrase “took to” could best be replaced by which of the following?4.It can be inferred from the passage that insects do not have（）.5.According to the passage, what helps to coordinate the complex physical activity of a mammal?

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1.虽然我们几乎没有注意到人工智能设备的存在，但是它们的普遍出现已经使人们摆脱了许多的劳动。2.没有情感的因素，我们的智慧很难开创新道路；没有智慧，情感也无法达到完美的状态。3.我们必须意识到：寻求赞许与其说是生活之必需，不如说是一种欲望。我们都愿意博得掌声，听到赞扬。4.考试能证明学习者在一种语言中是否熟练。通过语言考试远不只是激励了自己在语言方面的自尊。5.在决定什么风险水平对社会和经济方面的影响是可以接受的之前，他们需要了解人们日常所面对的整个风险的水平和通过努力所能达到的安全水平。

Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. It is expected that members will accept the sanitary measures of others as equivalent if the exporting country demonstrates to the importing country that its measures achieve the importing country's appropriate level of health protection.2. Being anonymous on the web also makes it possible for people to discuss sensitive subjects, such as medical conditions and physical abuse, without these actions affecting their everyday lives in a negative or potentially harmful way.3. Like ties of kinship, ties of friendship are meant to be absolutely binding. But Americans view friendship more tentatively, subject to changes in intensity as people move or change their jobs.4. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered.5. Management of the company prides itself on its history of experimenting with new technologies and its success in regularly introducing innovative products. Managers or employees who have a good idea are encouraged to “run with it".

The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became（1）in a variety of aerobic activities, and（2）thousands of health spas （3） around the country to capitalize on this（4）interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed （5）to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their（6）was not on aerobics, （7）on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, （8）, and endurance in their primarily male（9）. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit（10）from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs（11）few, if （12）, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly （13）for males and for females. Many（14）programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.（15）, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily（16）such fitness components have been related to（17）in athletics.（18）, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health（19）as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now （20）that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans.

If profit and money are your first（）, and commitment to people your least concern, you have failed education.

The laser represents a true marriage between science and technology in that the men who devised it were （）engineers and physicists.

The puritan army executed the king, abolished the House of Lords, and got the House ofCommons to（）England a "commonwealth", or republic.

In Britain people（）four million tons of potatoes every year.

Although the end of the term was close（）, Jim had not completed all of the projects he had hoped to finish.

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