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Dogs are social animals and without proper training, they will behave like wild animals. They will spoil your house, destroy your belongings, bark excessively, fight other dogs and even bite you. Nearly all behavior problems are perfectly normal dog activities that occur at the wrong time or place or are directed at the wrong thing. The key to preventing or treating behavior problems is learning to teach the dog to redirect its normal behavior to outlets that are acceptable in the domestic setting.One of the best things you can do for your dog and yourself is to obedience train it. Obedience training doesn't solve all behavior problems, but it is the foundation for solving just about any problem. Training opens up a line of communication between you and your dog. Effective communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do.Training is also an easy way to establish the social rank order. When your dog obeys a simple request of “come here, sit”，it is showing obedience and respect for you. It is not necessary to establish yourself as top dog or leader of the dog pack by using extreme measures. You can teach your dog its subordinate role by teaching it to show submission to you. Most dogs love performing tricks for you to pleasantly accept that you are in charge.Training should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog. It can enrich your relationship and make living together more enjoyable. A well-trained dog is more confident and can more safely be allowed a greater amount of freedom than an untrained animal.1.Behavior problems of dogs are believed to（）.2.The primary purpose of obedience training is to（）.3.Effective communication between a dog and its owner is（）.4.Why do pet dogs love performing tricks for their masters?5.When a dog has received effective obedience training, its owner （）.

Sociologists and anthropologists who study prejudice emphasize socio-cultural factors, examining the impact of society on the individual’s prejudice. For instance, the socio-cultural approach suggests that such factors as the increasing urbanization and complexity of society, increasing population density, and the competition for scarce jobs between members of various ethnic groups operate in various ways to increase prejudice toward minority groups.Consider the specific example of increasing urbanization. Cities represent environments which are less than ideal in many respects; they are perceived by many as noisy, dirty, unsafe, and impersonal. According to some sociologists, people can blame the difficulties of urban life on the presence of a particular minority group, which is seen as symbolizing the problems of urbanization. In some cities today, for example, blacks and Puerto Ricans are blamed for the ills of the city; in the past it was the Jews; and before them, the Irish and members of earlier immigrant groups.Similar reasoning suggests that in times of high unemployment, in which there is competition for few available jobs, prejudice will be directed toward members of minority groups whom majority group members are taking jobs away from. This is particularly true in cases in which affirmative action goals require that certain minority groups be given extra consideration in hiring or admission to educational programs. It would not be unreasonable to assume that societal factors such as these would ultimately increase prejudice on the part of people who feel they are being denied a resource that is “rightfully” theirs.One difficulty with the historical and socio-cultural approaches to prejudice is that they do not explain why certain groups are more discriminated against than others, when almost all minority groups have suffered from exploitation at some point in the past. Moreover, prejudice exists when there are few historical, cultural, or economic reasons that can be identified. Still, it is clear that historical and socio-cultural considerations must be taken into account when studying prejudice, as they provide at least part or the explanation for prejudice.1.We may infer that the author most probably discusses（）in the previous paragraphs.2.Which of the following respects has NOT been mentioned in discussing prejudice?3.According to the second paragraph,（）.4.It is implied that if two people of equal ability, one is white, another is a member of a certain minority group, apply for a job, what most probably happen?5.Which of the following phenomena concerning prejudice does NOT belong to socio-cultural factor?

Someday a stranger will read your e-mail without your permission or scan the websites you’ve visited. Or perhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card purchases or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits.In fact, it’s likely some of these things have already happened to you. Who would watch you without your permission? It might be a spouse, a girlfriend, a marketing company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen ——the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked.Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it's important to reveal yourself to friends, family and lovers in stages, at appropriate times. But few boundaries remain. The digital bread crumbs you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like in some cases, a simple Google search can reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret. The key question is: Does that matter? For many Americans, the answer apparently is “no”.When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say they are concerned about losing it. A survey found an overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents saying they their privacy is “slipping away, and that bothers me."But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny part of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to protect their privacy. Few people turn down a discount at tollbooths to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can track automobile movements. And few turn down supermarket loyalty cards. Privacy economist Alessandro Acquits has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cent-off coupon.But privacy does matter ----at least sometimes, it’s like health; when you have it, you don't notice it. Only when it’s gone do you wish you'd done more to protect it.1.What does the author mean by saying “the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked” (Lines 3, Para.2)?2.What would psychologists advise on the relationships between friends?3.Why does author say “we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret” (Line 5, Para.3)?4.What do most Americans do with regard to privacy protection?5.According to the passage, privacy is like health in that （）.

The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choices. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individual who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.1.The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because （）.2.To "live a completely sedentary life-style"(Para. 1) most probably means （）.3.Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because （）.4.To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to （）.5.According to Fries and Crapo sound health choice should be based on（）.

During recent years we have heard much about “race”：how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the（1）phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually（2）the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a black race. But（3）you were to remove the skin, you could not（4）anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is（5）in physical structure, the brain or the internal organs to（6）a difference.There are four types of blood.（7）types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the（8）. No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belong. Brains will（9）in size, but this occurs within every race.（10）does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain（11）examined belonged to a person of weak（12）. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people had（13）brains.Mental tests which are reasonably（14）show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test results both can be recorded by different members of any race.（15）equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location. Individuals of every race（16） civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people,（17） enable them to behave in a（18）way.The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new（19）is better and higher than anything（20）the past.

We must decide what is important and what is（） in life.

I’m not surprised Mary’s ill. With all the voluntary work she’s taken （）, she’s really been doing too much.

He lacked the （）and political acumen for the post of chairman.

Once your mind accepted the false fact that there was a （）in the way you would do everything badly.

Language, culture and personality may be considered （）of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.

Sometimes criminals are not convicted （）their crimes because of flaws and errors in judicial decision-making.

Since you are a success without finishing high school, my students perceive （）as a reason not to care much about getting a good education.

I arrived at the shop（）find I’d left all my money at home.

If we （）the oil company to build this paper mill, we（）water pollution now.

When and by whom the islands of the West Indies were first settled is a matter （）among archaeologists.

An epigram is usually defined （）a bright or witty thought tersely and ingeniously expressed.

（）I would like to stay, I really must go home.

（）, Henry felt a great weight taken off his mind.

The American Revolution is regarded by military historians as a war Britain （）.

Under the present circumstances there seem fewer reasons for people to hug illusions than there （）before.

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