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To avoid an oil shortage, we should advocate that more machines must（）solar energy in a short time, and this made others astonished.

History has demonstrated that countries with different social systems and ideologies can join hands in meeting the common challenges to human and （）development.

Scientists, who are now aware of how nautiluses regulate their buoyancy, have been able to dispel （）ideas about these creatures.

Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from （）on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.

Satellite communications are so up-to-date that even when （）in the middle of the Pacific, businessman can contact their offices as if they were next door.

Reading （）the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.

If you （）someone, you form a fixed general idea or image of them so that you assume that they will behave in a particular way.

A person who studies （）learns how to express numbers approximately and how to calculate ratios and averages.

The United Nations Conference on Drug Abuse, which took place earlier this year in Vienna, was a very （）meeting.

A broadcasting station will sometimes （）to its listeners a programme which it has received from another station.

In this part you are required to write a composition of about 250 words entitled“Science and Technology a Blessing or a Curse.”

Translate the following short paragraphs info English花些力气教会孩子们良好的花钱习惯是非常值得的，因其带来的好处是使他们受益一生的。没有受过这些金钱教育的孩子们将一辈子为此付出代价。有些：父母不和子女谈论金钱，因为他们觉得不应该和小孩子谈论金钱，觉得没有时间，或者是认为他们没有足够的钱。作为父母，不论他们的收入如何都应该花时间教导子女有关钱的问题。大部分人对金钱所持有的固有的感受和看法都是基于儿时的经历以及家庭的价值观和信念。多数情况下，每个父母的这些经历、价值观和信念都是不同的。父母谈论这些感受和看法并建立起一条前后一致的：树立子女金钱观的途径对于孩子的健康成长非常重要。

Read the following passage into Chinese It is well that young men should begin at the beginning and occupy the most subordinate positions. Many of the leading businessmen of Pittsburgh had a serious responsibility thrust upon them at the very threshold of their career. They were introduced to the broom, and spent the first hours of their business lives sweeping out the office. I notice we have janitors and janitresses now in offices, and our young men unfortunately miss that salutary branch of business education. But if by chance the professional sweeper is absent any morning, the boy who has the genius of the future partner in him will not hesitate to try his hand at the broom. It does not hurt the newest comer to sweep out the office if necessary I was one of those sweepers myself.

A budget approved by the European Parliament for the European Economic Community was declared adopted Tuesday despite opposition by ministers. The president of the Parliament, Simone Veil, signed the $24.2 billion 1982 budget, （1）the EEC into its third （2） budget conflict.Minutes after receiving a （3） from ministers to （4） the signing to give time to work out a （5），Veil told Britain's Financial Secretary to the Treasury, Nicholas Ridley, she had adopted the budget.Ridley told reporters （6） speaking to Veil by telephone, "She has adopted it, and she is absolutely （7） that the ministers should write to her in this way without （8） consultation”.EEC sources （9） most member states would probably （10） to make full payments to the budget as adopted, and the conflict was likely to （11） well into next year.The ministers' letter to Veil, （12） after a meeting in Brussels Tuesday, （13） of serious consequences （14） the budget were adopted.“The council of ministers appeals to you to put off tile adoption of the 1982 budget （15） a consensus can be found ..." it said.The adoption （16） six months of tortuous negotiations between the 434-member Assembly and EEC budget ministers over 1982 （17） .（18） was blocked in the （19） by parliament’s addition earlier this month of some $250 million much of it for jobs programs.The number of people out of （20） in the EEC in November reached a record of almost 10 million or nine percent of the working population, according to the EEC statistics office.

Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine’s “intelligence” on the details of its own perceptions — its inability to be guided by a large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simple-mindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance: it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic, effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians’ literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists’ theoretical assumptions that are, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context-what happens if the axioms are relaxed? -is thereby ignored.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. 1.The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraph primarily in order to, do which of the following?2.It can be inferred from the text that scientists make which of the following assumptions about scientific arguments?3.According to the text, mathematicians present a risk to scientist for which of the following reasons?4.The author suggests that-the approach of physicists to solving scientific problem is which of the following?5.The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that （）.

Material culture refers to the touchable, material “things’’-physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used-that a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of “things” in it, of course, are musical instrument. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments, pictured 'in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research show mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.Music is deep-rooted in the cultural background that fosters it. We now pay more and more attention to traditional or ethnic features in folk music and are willing to preserve the folk music as we do with many traditional cultural heritages. Musicians all over the world are busy with recording classic music in their country for the sake of their unique culture. As always, people's aspiration will always focus on their individuality rather than universal features that are shared by all cultures alike.One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media-radio, record player, tape recorder, and television, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information-revolution", a twentieth century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modem nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe. 1.Which of the following does not belong to material culture?2.The word "phonograph" (Line 6, Paragraph 1) most probably means （）.3.The main idea of the first paragraph is （）. 4.Which of the following is NOT an advantage of printed music?5.From the third paragraph, we may infer that（）.

Opinion poll surveys show that the public see scientists in a rather unflattering light.Commonly the scientist is also seen as being male. It is true that most scientists are male, but the picture of science as a male activity may be a major reason why fewer girls than boys opt for science, except when it comes to biology, which is seen as "female".The image most people have of science and scientists comes from their own experience of school science, and from the mass media_ Science teachers themselves See it as a problem that so many school pupils find school science an unsatisfying experience, though over the last few years more and more pupils, including girls, have opted for science subjects.In spite of excellent documentaries, and some good popular science magazines, scientific modes in the media still usually alternate between miracle and scientific threat. The popular stereotype of science is like the magic of fairy tales: it has potential for enormous good or awful harm. Popular fiction is full of “good” scientists saving the world, and "mad" scientists trying to destroy it.From all the many scientific stories which might be given media treatment, those which are chosen are usually those which can be framed in terms of the usual news angles: novelty, threat, conflict or the bizarre. The routine and often tedious work of the scientist slips from view, to be replaced: with a picture of scientists forever offending public moral sensibilities (as in embryo research), threatening public health (as in weapons research), or fighting it out with each other (in giving evidence at public enquiries such as those held on the issues connected with nuclear power).The mass media also lends to over-personalize scientific work, depicting it as the product of individual genius, while neglecting the social organization which makes scientific work possible. A further effect of this is that science comes to be seen as a thing in itself: a kind of unpredictable force a tide of scientific progress.It is no such thing, of course. Science is what scientists do; what they do is what a particular kind of society facilitates, and what is clone with their work depends very much on who has the power to change their discoveries into technology, and what their interests are.1.According to the passage, ordinary-people have a poor opinion of science and scientists partly because （）.2.Fewer girls than boys study science because （）. 3.Media treatment of science tends to concentrate on （）. 4.According to the author, over-personalization of scientific work will lead science （）. 5.According to the author, what a scientist does（）.

With the extension of democratic rights in the first half of the nineteenth century and the ensuing decline of the Federalist establishment, a new conception of education began to emerge. Education was no longer a confirmation of a pre-existing status, but an instrument in the acquisition of higher status. For a new generation of upwardly mobile students, the goal of education was not to prepare them to live comfortably in the world into which they had been born, but to teach them new virtues and skills that would propel them into a different and better world. Education became training; and the student was no longer the gentleman-in-waiting, but the journeyman apprentice for-upward mobility.In the nineteenth, century a college education began to be seen as a way to get ahead in the world. The founding of the land-grant colleges opened the doors of higher education to poor but aspiring boys from non-Anglo-Saxon, working-class and lower-middle-class backgrounds. The myth of the poor boy who worked his way through college to success drew millions of poor boys to the new campuses, And with this shift, education became more vocational: its object was the acquisition of practical skills and useful information.For the gentleman-in-waiting, virtue consisted above all in grace and style, in doing well what was appropriate to his position; education was merely a way of acquiring polish. And vice was manifested in gracelessness, awkwardness, in behaving inappropriately, discourteously, or ostentatiously. For the apprentice, however, virtue was evidenced in success through hard work. The requisite qualities of character were not grace or style, but drive, determination, and a sharp eye for opportunity. While casual liberality and even prodigality characterized the gentleman, frugality, thrift, and self-control came to distinguish the new apprentice. And while the gentleman did not aspire to a higher station because his station was already high, the apprentice was continually becoming, striving, struggling upward. Failure for the apprentice meant standing still, not rising.1.Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph?2.The difference between "gentleman-in-waiting" and "journeyman" is that （）.3.According to the second paragraph, land-grant College （）. 4. Which of the following was the most important for a “gentleman-in-waiting”？5.The best title for the passage is（）.

It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything two groups with appealing-leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “letters” in the human body. The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable.The completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself, between the government’s Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Cel era Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a generic lab.Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins (and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side) and Craig Venter, the founder of Cel era, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over (sort of), that both sides had won (kind of) and that The hostilities were resolved (for the time being).No one is exactly sure how things will be different now. Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soon—the "finish lines” each has crossed are largely arbitrary points, "first drafts" rather than the definitive version. And while the joint -announcement brings file former Genome Warriors closer together than they’re been in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likely’ to take the form of coordination, rather-than outright collaboration.The conflict blew up, this February when Britain's Welcome Trust an HGP participant released a confidential letter to Cetera outlining the HGP's complaints. Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do.” But by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors," Venter told Newsweek in March, “and fighting back is probably not helpful." At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other’s approaches, and expressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday's joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. "If this ends the horse race, science wins." With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data. 1.The recent Genome Wars were symbolic of （）.2.The tone-of the author in reporting the joint press conference this Monday is （）. 3.It is implied in the third paragraph that （）. 4.The word "thaw" (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means （）. 5.The critical issue facing the scientists is to（）.

Two related paradoxes also emerge from the same basic conception of the aesthetic experience. The first was given extended consideration by Hegel, who argued roughly as follows: our sensuous attention and that gives to the work of art its peculiar individuality. Because it addresses itself to our sensory appreciation, the work of art is essentially concrete, to be understood by an act of perception rather than by a process of discursive thought.At the same time, our understanding of the work of art is in part intellectual; we seek in it a conceptual content which it presents to us in the form of an idea. One purpose of critical interpretation is to expound this idea in discursive form—to give the equivalent of the content of the work of art in another. But criticism can never succeed in this task, for, by separating the content from the particular form, it abolishes its individuality. The content presented then ceases to be the exact content of that work of art. In losing its individuality, the content loses its aesthetic realty it thus ceases to be a reason for attending to the particular work and that first attracted our critical attention. It cannot be this that we saw in the original work and that explained its power over us.For this content: displayed in the discursive idiom of the critical intellect, is no more than a husk, a discarded relic of a meaning that eluded us in the act of seizing it. If the content is robe the true object of aesthetic interest it must remain wedded to its individuality: it cannot be detached from its “sensuous embodiment” without being detached from itself. Content is, therefore, inseparable from form and form in turn inseparable from content. (It is the form that it is only by virtue of the content that it embodies.)Hegel's argument is the archetype of many, all aimed at showing that it is both necessary to distinguish form from content and also impossible to do so. This paradox may be resolved by rejecting either of its premises: but, as with Kant’s antinomy, neither premise seems dispensable. To suppose that content and form are inseparable is, in effect, to dismiss both ideas as illusory, since no two works of an can then share either a content or a form-the .form being definitive of each ’work’s individuality.In this case, no one could ever justify his interest in a work of art by reference to its meaning.The intensity of aesthetic interest becomes a puzzling, and ultimately inexplicable, feature of our mental life if on the other hand we insist that content and form are separable, we shall never be able to find, through a study of content, the reason for attending to the particular "work-of art that intrigues us. Every work of art stands proxy for its paraphrase. An impassable gap then opens between aesthetic experience and its ground, and the claim that aesthetic experience is intrinsically valuable is thrown in doubt.1.Hegel argued that （）.2.It can be inferred from this passage that （）. 3.Which of the following is NOT what Hegel believed?4.Premises that are related to each other seems to be dispensable because （）. 5.This passage is mainly about（）.

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