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Every American high-school student may or may not hope, to go to college, but if he does, depending on how much he wants to, he probably can. At any rate, six out of ten high-school graduates go to college, not all of them go immediately lack of money, the Armed Forces, an attractive job, illness, anyone of a hundred reasons, common and uncommon may hold some out for a year, or two, or five, but they too will go eventually. Some of them will go to for-year colleges, some to junior colleges, some to technical institutes. And the number will climb. In ten years seven out of ten high-school graduates will go, and in twenty years four out of five.The fact that so many high-school graduates now continue their education suggests that there is a high value on college in American life. And this is so. A young man or a young woman of college age is more or less expected to be going to college simply because that is the best thing to be doing at that age. The expectation is not abstract devotion to education but ordinary common sense based on the values of college. The fact is that the differences, in terms of lifetime experiences, between the average student who goes to college and the average student who does not, are so favorable to the college-going student that any student who can reach college owes it to himself to do so.The word “reach” is important. College is a separate experience. It is optional in the sense that no student is required to go to college as he is required by law—in most states—to go to high school. But it is not optional for a student who would like to enter a profession, or who would like to get into the management structure of business or finance, or who would like to enter government service. Such a student has no choice but to go to college.1. Which of the following is the least possible reason that may hold a high-school graduate out for a number of years before he goes to college?2. What percentage of today’s American high-school graduates to go to college is that_____.3. It is implied but not directly mentioned that_.4. The word “them” in line 3 of paragraph 1 refers to_.5. In twenty years’ time, how many high school-graduates will go to college?6. The word “this” in line 2 of paragraph 2 refers to_.7. Going to high school is_____.

In Great Britain today good manners at table include eating with the mouth closed, not letting any of the food1the plate, using the knife only for cutting, and not trying to take food across the table. In other parts of the world there are also rules for people to follow when they are eating, 2they are not the same as those of Britain. 3, what are considered good table manners in some other countries are what British people try hardest to avoid. In Arabia, 4, the people at a feast take pieces of food with their fingers and belch loudly to show that they5it.The richer and more educated people in the East have, 6, to a great extent taken up the table manners and customs of Western people. Tables and chairs7the cushions of the past, and the lady of the house8at one end of the table in the same way that Western women do. Many Japanese, however, still feel it wrong to eat unless they 9 on a cushion before a low table with a tray of food on it. In many parts of the world both traditional and Western styles of eating exist 10.In the West there are differences between table manners in various countries, although they are not so11. In North America it is polite to12meat and then put the knife down, take the fork in the right hand, and eat with it. Most European people, like the British, keep the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right all the time 13 they are eating food that has to be cut. In the British Isles and Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland) special knives and forks are sued for eating fish. In France, Belgium and Italy, 14, it is correct to keep the same knife for every course, wiping it on a piece of bread.Drinking customs at table15vary in different countries. In Europe, water, wine or beer is drunk with meals and coffee or tea is taken afterwards. In North America a beverage 16coffee, tea or milk is drunk with meals.Table manners of course17with time. The earliest meals were also the simplest. They were eaten sitting on the ground round a fire, and everyone took his food from a pot 18 the fire or cut bits from the animal or bird that had been cooked. The women waited on the warriors and afterwards ate what they left.Fingers were used to eat food throughout the middle ages. Food19wooden dishes with the noblemen sitting above the salt. The ordinary people sat20. In the reign of Henry VII (1509-1547), people were still eating with their hands after cutting the food with a clasp knife which was always carried at the belt. Forks were not used in England until the 17th century.

For this part, you are required to write a composition of no less than 200 words long according to the following graph. You need to interpret what the graph tries to inform and use the information from the graph and logical analysis to support your findings. Please note that AJ, Ben, Chuck. Dan, Earl, and Fred are names of 6 students. You must write your composition clearly on the Answer Sheet provided. (20 points)

Passage 1People mistakenly assume that a falling penny will accelerate for the entirety of its fall, achieving breakneck speeds by the time it reaches the ground. This would indeed happen if all the air were removed and the penny was tossed off the Empire State Building into a vacuum—but as things are, collisions with air molecules slow falling pennies down. Air resistance opposes the penny’s downward motion, counteracting the force of gravity. The faster the penny falls, the greater the air resistance, and so at a certain maximum velocity, the drag force becomes equal and opposite of the downward gravitational force. With the two forces balanced, the penny no longer accelerates. Instead it falls at a constant speed, called the terminal velocity, all the way to the ground.Passage 2Overeating can also be triggered by our emotions. Some people turn to food or alcohol in stressful situations, such as after a family argument or a particularly difficult day at work. Other vulnerable times may be when you’re feeling tired, bored or sad. Identifying triggers and cues that cause you to overeat can help you to change your behavior in these situations and avoid unwanted calories. Write down the times when your emotions lead to eating. This will help you to identify situations when you’re particularly vulnerable to excess snacking. Ask yourself if you must have the food—thinking about what you’re doing can help you avoid extra snacks. Replace images of food with other positive thoughts. Distract yourself from eating by doing something else you enjoy.Passage 3Issues management has two major components for a manager. The first is having a process to uncover issues, determine their impact on the project, examine alternatives, and bring in people to make the best decision under the circumstances. These procedures ensure that issues are recognized and resolved as quickly as possible. The second component of issues management is applying specific problem—solving techniques. This includes some understanding of techniques such as Fishbone diagrams, Pareto charts, and root cause analysis. Having an understanding of one or more of these techniques allows you and your team to understand the nature and cause of the problem, what options are available, and what alternative would be the best course of action.

Passage 1根据牛顿的发现，白光是所有可见光叠加而成的。这就是加色概念的典型例子。例如去掉蓝色色调，白光就会变为黄色，还有其他例子等等。然而当把颜料的所有颜色混合，我们会得到黑色，这就是典型的减色理论，黑色代表所有颜色都存在。加色是透射光的领域的概念，减色是色素、染料和化学品的领域的概念。Passage 2但是我们对创新的追求究竟是为了实现什么呢？创新就是一种重要的新产品或者新程序，或者是一项制度，能够在实际生活中大范围的应用，对经济和社会有着革命性的意义，就是以更低成本实现更高的工作效益。遗憾的是我们现在几乎把一切事情都用创新来形容，因为不是所有创新都能给社会财富的增长和生活的改善提供一个长久的平台。Passage 3睡眠问题研究者发现，总的来说，大多数人都是随着年龄的增加，睡眠问题却越来越少，上了年纪的人反而对失眠有更好的承受力。睡眠模式的大多改变都发生在20岁到60岁之间。那些经历着睡眠问题的人，应该去看医生才好。因为他们经历的问题也许是某种生病的迹象，也许是一些药物的副作用。

When the U. N. Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) held its inaugural meeting in London back in 1946, the U.S. delegate, Eleanor Roosevelt, read an open letter to the women of the world calling on governments to encourage women everywhere to participate in national and international affairs. The letter also urged women who are conscious of their opportunities to come forward and share in the work of peace and reconstruction as they did in war and resistance.But 66 years later, the worldwide struggle for gender equality and gender empowerment continues unabated—even as women find themselves discriminated against, and victims of violence, both at home and on the battlefield.As India’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations Ambassador Hardeep Singh Puri told the Security Council on February 23, 2012, close to 90 percent of current casualties in wars and situations of armed conflict are civilians, with the majority being women and children.Obviously, women bear a disproportionately large share of the burden of conflict, but have a marginal say in matters of war and peace, he said, pointing out the irony. This is perhaps a function of the gender imbalance in our societies, reflected in positions of power and influence, he added.Despite this, Puff argued, women should not be viewed solely as victims of war. They also have to assume the key role of ensuring family livelihoods in the midst of chaos and destruction, and are particularly active in the peace movements at the grassroots level and cultivating peace within their communities.Therefore, the absence of women at the peace negotiating table is unconscionable, declared Puri, as he implicitly criticized the fact that peace negotiators are overwhelmingly male.Yasmeen Hassan, global director at the New York based Equality Now, said that economic downturns bring with them rising fundamentalisms and a clinging to practices and beliefs that pose a challenge to gender equality.Similarly, she pointed out, War and lack of security lead to a curtailment of women’s rights. The developing world has seen a lot more instability—economic, political, social—that has often been exacerbated by conflicts, both internal and cross border, that pose the biggest barriers to gender equality.“Instability and conflicts also make women’s rights activism difficult as women may become divided on issues of national origin, race and class,” she added.A 10-day meeting of the 45-member CSW, beginning February 28, 2012, will focus on another battle from: the empowerment of rural women and their role in poverty and hunger eradication and sustainable development.According to the newly-created U.N. Women, rural women constitute one-fourth of the World's population of seven billion people. Still, only five percent of agricultural extension services are provided for women farmers, and in rural sub-Saharan Africa, women hold less than 10 percent of the credit available to smallholder agriculture.“If rural women had equal access to productive resources, agricultural yields could reduce the number of chronically hungry people by between 100 and 150 million,” says UN Women.Asked about the key achievements on gender empowerment in the last five to 10 years, Hassan said. “Everyone agrees that it is an issue that has to be put on the agenda—women’s empowerment has come to be seen as essential for development and, more importantly in current times, for building peace.”She said the shackles of culture and religion, though still binding women much more harshly than men, have come to be seen—at least internationally—as not inevitable and in fact breakable.Gigi Francisco, the Philippines—based general coordinator of Development Alternatives with women for a New Era (DAWN), said that amidst the backdrop of uncertain times for economies worldwide and re-commitments made by the international community to ending poverty and achieving sustainable development, there is a more deliberate focus on ordinary women’s roles in production and consumption across the economic south.By relieving women’s practical burdens linked to their gender roles, it is assumed that women and their families will become more efficient in accessing and distributing resources that would eventually redound to some degree of empowerment, she said.At the same time, Francisco pointed out, when women become more efficient in performing their roles, the rest of the society and the entire economy benefit.Focusing on the issues and concerns of grassroots women is the right thing to do. “However what is fundamentally wrong with this approach is that without a women’s rights perspective the focus on efficiency confers entitlements to poor women solely on the basis of their labor,” she added.As well, the approach does not lead to any transformation of the existing gender division of labor that positions women in a subordinated way within families and societies, she added. And being less poor does not mean that the gender gap had become less unequal.Asked about gender progress, Francisco said that the rise in the number of women entering official positions of power and authority at local, national, regional and global levels is a major achievement in one key aspect of gender equality.This is undoubtedly a clear follow through on obligations set in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action (BPFA) adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women in China.While institutional arrangements and mechanisms for gender equality have provided the framework in progressively realizing gender balance in political reforms, changes could not have taken place without the actions by women’s rights advocates and movements that pushed gender equality issues to the realm of public deliberations and resistances.“In celebrating women who are in positions of power, we must remember that firstly, the situation for women leaders across and within countries considerably vary,” Francisco said.Secondly, that gains, even the celebrated ones, may be transient and seriously threatened by a host of neo-conservative reactions that emerge from simultaneous upheavals and uncertainties, and thirdly, powerful women will need to be assessed not in terms of how long they remain as poster girls for gender equality but in terms of their concrete contributions to ensuring that the rights and well-being of ordinary women are secured and promoted.“And that the processes of governance at all levels remain accountable to women’s rights organizations and movements,” she said.Related to this, she said, is a big challenge that UN Women now has to face: how it will work out its mechanisms and processes of partnership with and accountability to the women’s movements in a transparent and consultative way.1.The main message of this passage is that women today have made extraordinary progress in attaining the rights to participating national and international affairs, for which their death toll in wars and conflict is higher than men’s. _.2. Instability, rising fundamentalism cause a challenge to gender equality. _.3. The role of rural women in eradicating poverty and hunger has been fully realized. .4. One key progress in gender equality is that more women today attain official positions of power and authority. .5. The author of this passage believes that gender balance can be fully achieved after the establishment of the framework of institutional arrangements and mechanisms for gender equality. _.

Men’s and women’s brains are not only different, but the way we use them differs too. Women have larger connections and more frequent interaction between their brain’s left and right hemispheres. This accounts for women’s ability to have better verbal skills and intuition. Men, on the other hand, have greater brain hemisphere separation, which explains their skills for abstract reasoning and visual-spatial intelligence.Both men and women tend to follow their biological programs. Men tend to retain a firm sense of direction: they need to trace the game, catch it, and find the way home, while women have a better peripheral vision that helps them to see what’s happening around the house, to spot all approaching danger, to notice changes in the children’s behavior and appearance. Men’s brains are programmed to hunting, which explains their narrow range of vision, while women’s brains are able to decipher a wider range of information.When entering a room, men look for exits, estimating a possible threat, and ways of escape, while women pay attention to the guests' faces to find out who they are and how they feel. Men are able to sort out information and archive it in their head. Women tend to “rewind” the information over and over again. The only way to stop thinking of the problems is to talk it over.When a woman shares her problems with a man, she is not looking for solutions: she needs someone to listen to her.Men prefer strident noises, hard handshakes, and red color. They are better at solving technical problems. Women have a sharper ear; they use more words while talking, and are better at completing tasks independently.Based on these biologically explained differences, some psychological distinctions between men and women can be established; Men grasp a situation as a whole and think globally, while women think locally, relying on details and nuances; men are more independent in their thoughts and actions, while women are more willing to follow the ideas suggested by others. Women tend to criticize themselves, while men are more satisfied with their own performance. Men’s satisfaction come from career and prosperity, while women value family and kids; men have a pronounced need to fulfill their goals, and women rank relationships with others first. Women endue pain and monotonous work better than men.All the above gets even more confusing, if we take into account that 15 to 20% of men happen to have a female type of brains, and about 10% of women have a male type of brains, which means that some percentage of men and women no matter how small it seems, are partially programmed to the behavior and way of thinking of the opposite gender.“Okay, I understand the problem” you are saying to yourself, but “what’s the solution”? That depends on whether you are a woman or a man.1.This passage mainly describes the differences between men and women in_____.2.When a woman narrates her problems to a man, she wants_.3.Which of the following may reflect the Chinese saying “女人心，海底针”？4.We can infer from the passage that_.5.When a man has a sharper natural ability of intuition than other men, we would say that he.6.When we say “women think locally” it means that_____.

I grew up in my parents’ pub in England where there was always a lot of drama, and all the drama—fights, flirting, tears, tantrums—revolved around love. I also watched my parents destroy their own love for each other. Since that time I’ve been on a mission to figure out exactly what love is. My mother described it as “a funny five minutes.” It’s also been called a mysterious mix of sentiment and sex, or a combination of infatuation and companionship. Well, it’s more than that.My personal insights, gleaned from researching and counseling more than a thousand couples over 35 years, have now merged with a growing body of scientific studies, to the point where I can now say with confidence that we know what love is. It’s intuitive and yet not necessarily obvious: It’s the continual search for a basic, secure connection with someone else. Through this bond, partners in love become emotionally dependent on each other for nurturing, soothing, and protection.We have a wired—in need for emotional contact and responsiveness from significant others. It’s a survival response, the driving force of the bond of security a baby seeks with its mother. This observation is at the heart of attachment theory. A great deal of evidence indicates that the need for secure attachment never disappears; it evolves into the adult need for a secure emotional bond with a partner. Think of how a mother lovingly gazes at her baby, just as two lovers stare into each other’s eyes.Although our culture has framed dependency as a bad thing, a weakness, it is not being attached to someone provides our greatest sense of security and safety. It means depending on a partner to respond when you call, to know that you matter to him or her, that you are cherished, and that he will respond to your emotional needs.The most basic tenet of attachment theory is that isolation—not just physical isolation but emotional isolation—is traumatizing for human beings. The brain actually codes it as danger. Gloria Steinem once said a woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle. That’s nonsense.The drama of love that I saw played out at the bar each night as a child is all about the human hunger for safe emotional connection, a survival imperative we experience from the cradle to the grave. Once we do feel safely linked with our partner, we can tolerate the hurts they will inevitably inflict upon us in the course of daily life.1.The word “drama” (line 1&2, paragraph 1) can be best replaced by_____.2.We can infer that_.3.The need for emotional contact and responsiveness from significant others is_.4.According to the author, _.5.This passage_.6.We can infer that the British culture_.7.According to the author, there has been a great deal of evidence that the need for secure emotional attachment is.8.When we feel safely linked with our partner_____.

Orange juice and beef form part of the diet of many people in Mexico and other countries of the Americas. But the traces of antibiotics and fungicides they can contain pose risks to human health, and authorities in the region have begun to address the problem.In January 2012, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced a ban on ‘extra label’ or unapproved uses of cephalosporin antimicrobial drugs in cattle, swine, chickens and turkeys as of April 2012.As a result, Mexico will be forced to gradually eliminate the use of this class of antimicrobial drugs in order to continue to export products to markets like the United States, because cattle in Mexico, which has a total herd of 25 million head according to the ministry of agriculture, receive large doses of antibiotics like penicillin, tetracycline and cephalosporin to prevent bacterial infections.Mexico’s ministry of agriculture has actually a manual for good livestock practices regarding raising beef in feedlots, which recommends only using registered medications, not using approved combinations of medicines, and using narrow spectrum antimicrobials to treat a specific disease whenever possible.In addition, regulations for the National Animal Identification System are pending approval. The system, which covers cattle, sheep, goats, horses, swine and bees, will provide for complete traceability of animals and products.A number of scientific studies have found traces of drugs in animal products. One example is the study carried out in the western Mexican state of Jalisco, the country’s leading milk producer “Evaluation of the presence of antibiotic and chemotherapy residues in milk in Jalisco, Mexico”, published in 2009 in the Animal Health Journal.It can be concluded that there is a problem of contamination with antimicrobials in the milk consumed in Jalisco, in violation of the country’s regulations, says the study by five researchers at the University Center on Biological and Agricultural Sciences of the University of Guadalajara.Of the 264 samples analyzed, 26 (9.8 percent) had residues of antimicrobial drugs, and 77 percent of the samples that tested positive for traces had at least one sulfonamide.Since Mexico produces more than 10 billion liters of milk a year, according to ministry of agriculture figures, “Mexico should shift to a policy of non-chemical controls,” said the chief researcher. The International Programme on Chemical Safety, a cooperative programme, of the World Health Organization, International Labor Organization and UN Environment Programme says the fungicide can remain in the soil for up to three years.However these issues are not addressed by the National Strategy for Sustainable Production and Consumption that the Mexican government is drafting.1.Which of the following can be a statement of the main idea of this passage?2.The National Animal Identification System_____.3.There has been evidence that_.4.“Mexico should shift to a policy of non-chemical controls” means.5.Fungicides call remains in the soil for up to_.6.The topic of this passage is_.7.The tone of this passage can be described as_.8.The word “addressed” (Line 1, last paragraph) can be best replaced by_____.

The function of the office is to perform administrative work. First, it must provide the necessary communications with customers, banks, governments, and other outside organizations. Second, it must service the information requirements within the company itself. In order to meet these needs efficiently, the Office Manager must employ the most appropriate business methods, systems and equipment.In an efficient administrative structure, clerical operations are organized so that they add to the profitability of the business. However, in many countries the number of clerical staff has increased while the total number of workers employed in production has fallen.To ensure that office services run smoothly, there must be the means to check, sort, copy and file correspondence and other paperwork. Today there is a growing range of machine that can be used to do such jobs. The size and resources of a company will determine how mechanized or computerized its office systems are.The office must give maximum service at minimum cost. A balance must be kept between production, marketing, and administration. As a company develops and grows, the contribution of administration will vary in kind and in value.The most important objective in modern offices is the processing of data in order to provide a means of business control, but in many companies there are weaknesses in the ability to manage communications efficiently. For example, some data are often used only by individual managers, and different departments in the same company may use different data processing systems. In order to contribute to business efficiency, however data processing must be a centralized service. The system which is required is one that looks at the total needs of a business and therefore assists management in making appropriate decisions quickly.An office may receive information by telecommunications, by mail or by computer. An office worker must have skill in language and arithmetic to handle this and other business information properly. Almost all office jobs require at least a high school education. Many employers prefer people who have taken courses beyond the high school level. A person can get such advanced training at a community college, or business or vocational school.An office requires a staff of managers to plan and direct work. As a business grows, so does the amount of information that must be handled by its office workers. The managers coordinate the activities of these employees so that accurate records can be kept concerning correspondence, inventory, payroll, sales, and taxes.1. The office manager has to use the most suitable business system in order to_____.2. According to the passage, the function of the office manager is to_.3. In what way are some companies inefficient in managing communications?4. The degree of computerization in a company’s office is limited by.5. The word “mean” (line 2, paragraph 5) can be best replaced by.6. The structure of this passage can be described as.7. The tone of this passage is_.8. The main topic of this passage is_____.

Most parents, I suppose, have had the experience of reading a bedtime story to their children and they must have1 how difficult it is to write a 2 children’s book. Either the author has aimed too 3, so that the children can't follow what is: in his (or more often, her) story, 4 the story seems to be talking to the readers.The best children’s books are 5 very difficult nor very simple, and satisfy both the 6 who hears the story and the adult who 7 it. Unfortunately, there are in fact 8 books like this, 9 the problem of finding the right bedtime story is not 10 to solve.This may be why many of books regarded as 11 of children’s literature were in fact written for 12. “Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland” is perhaps the most 13 of this.Children, left for themselves, often 14 the worst possible interest in literature. Just leave a child in bookshop or 15 and he will 16 willingly choose the books written in an imaginative way, or have a look at most children’s comics, full of the stories and jokes which are the 17 of teachers and right—thinking parents.Perhaps we parents should stop trying to brainwash children into 18 our taste in literature. After all children and adults are so 19 that we parents should not expect that they will enjoy the 20 books. So I suppose we’ll just have to compromise over that bedtime story.

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