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Paper clips, drawing pins and safety-pins were ______ all over the floor.

The various countries are striving to defend their ______ economies against imperialist trade attacks.

The chief foods eaten in a country depends largely on ______ best in its climate and soil.

______ its hot sun and beautiful beaches, Hawaii is a fine place to live in or to visit.

Because of his noble origin, he claimed, he was ______ to a social position high above those of the commons.

______ you are familiar with the author’s ideas, try reading all the sections as quickly as you can.

Without the assistance of those giant machines no bridge ______ on river last year.

I regret ______ you that I can’t go to Hangzhou for a visit next Sunday with you, because I’ve caught a bad cold.

Her white blouse was terribly ______ with ink as the ink bottle overturned and spilt over.

Noah Webster’s Dictionary was ______ in 1828 and has been extremely influential in American language usage ever since then.

Had electronic computers not been invented, many problems of space flight ______.

The precious manuscripts were hopelessly ______ by long exposure in the cold, damp cellar.

One common-sense reason ______ children learn to speak is that they imitate those around them.

Many people, especially young people, make friends through QQ chatting or other forms of instant messaging systems. Some people say that such relationships as QQ networking friends are not trustworthy because tragedies happen occasionally; others say that relationships of such kind are no difference from the traditional ones, because they encounter both good friend and bad guys through QQ chatting as they do in their traditional life styles; still others believe that whether they are trustworthy or not depends on your initial purpose and how you pursue such a relationship.What’s your opinion about it? Please choose one option and write an essay of at least 200 words. Please use adequate materials to support your position.

Passage 1But another new study provides the first solid evidence of a direct link between certain kinds of prolonged exercise and subtle heart damage. For the study, Canadian and Spanish scientists prodded young, healthy male rats to run at an intense pace, day after day, for three months, which is the equivalent of about 10 years in human terms. At the end of the training period, heart scans showed that most of the rodents had developed diffuse scarring and some structural changes, similar to the changes seen in the human endurance athletes. A control group of unexercised rats had developed no such remodeling of their hearts. Interestingly, when the animals stopped running, their hearts returned to normal within eight weeks. Most of the fibrosis and other apparent damage disappeared.Passage 2You may feel the desire to skip sketching and jump straight to the computer or work out your solutions as digital sketches. There is nothing wrong with that, especially for your own experimental work. There is no quicker method for exploring multiple visual solutions than sketching though. Try to weigh the advantages of sketching in regards to the project at hand.Hand-drawn sketching plays an important role in the digital arts. The larger a project is, and the more concepts a client will need to see, the more sketching will prove its worth in your design process. Consider using rough sketches for composition or layout options in your next project. Or push yourself to do another handful of thumbnail sketches before firing up Photoshop.Passage 3Home is the first and most important school of character. It is there that every human being receives his best moral training, or his worst: for it is there that he imbibes those principles of conduct which endure through manhood, and cease only with life. From that source, be it pure or impure, issue the principles and maxims that govern society. Law itself is but the reflex of home. The tiniest bits of opinion sown in the minds of children in private life afterwards issue forth to the world, and become its public opinion: for nations are gathered out of nurseries, and they who hold the leading-strings of children may even exercise a greater power than those who wield the reins of government.

Passage 1从科学和艺术的区别看，管理应该更像艺术。管理心理学者发现，一个人的管理能力同他年轻时负面的生活经历有正相关。正是根据上述对管理的认识，可以得出这样的结论，MBA的文凭不是管理者的执业证书，拿到MBA证书的人必须与学工程、法律、电脑的人，以及第一线的工段长们竞争管理者的职位。Passage 2按时喝一杯香味浓郁的热咖啡会帮助女性变得更勇敢，聪明，做出更自信的决定，重要的是会胜过男同事，来自英国的心理生理学家证实，咖啡对女性和男性在压力状况下的作用是完全不同的。喝了咖啡的男人出汗，争吵，把工作一个接一个搞砸。但是喝了咖啡的女人却神采奕奕地从这些困境中解脱出来。Passage 3此时工作人员必须做好三件事情。首先，确认反应堆里的燃料依然处于冷却状态，以防止燃料进一步受损。保持燃料冷却需要随时将其置于水中。第二是反应堆系统压力要在警戒线以下。第三，由于反应器内部的蒸汽会和燃料包壳发生反应，产生氢气，所以要确保疏通氢气，以免氢气聚集引发再次爆炸。

Families come in many shapes and sizes. Who do you include when you talk about “your family”? Your family might be the family you were born into or the family you have created with your partner. You might include just your partner, or families one or both of you bring from previous relationships. You might live with people you regard as family even though they are not blood relatives. The possibilities are many.Families may be based on different kinds of adult relationships but the thing they have in common is that they provide a sense of belonging. They give identity and provide support and security. Your family is made up of the people you care about and the people who care about you. You might also want to include any close friends that you have a family-like relationship with, people you can rely on and trust. These relationships might be the people you look to when your extended family live elsewhere or are not available to give you active support.Having a concept of your family that goes beyond mum, dad and the kids is also important when adult relationships break up. When parents separate, children often find security in wider and different family connections. Often these take in different generations and wider circles of friends.The word “family” can mean different things to different people. But no matter how our families are made up. Most share some common values. It’s worth thinking about what these are. When we start thinking values of families, it’s likely that most families will come up with a fairly common set of principles. For instance, most would say the support one another, trust one another, and care for each other when things get tough, share their resources and make sure everyone in the family is safe.It’s important to talk about what binds us together because this is how children learn about how to treat others. What they learn at home about respecting and caring for others, and taking responsibility, feeds into their relationships at school, on the sports field, at work and eventually, into their own families as adults.Sometimes parents haven’t had the opportunity to think about these sorts of things. Or they have been raised in families that were not safe, where they were abused, hurt or not respected. However, it’s possible to break this cycle. We can choose to build families that are different from the ones we grew up in.For instance, there are lots of things we can do to make our families work well. We can learn how to communicate so that our messages and feelings are understood and we understand how other people are feeling and what they are trying to tell us.We can also learn how to resolve conflict in safe ways that strengthen our relationships and reinforce our values. Conflict is an inevitable, natural and healthy part of family life. No matter how close we are to someone we will find differences, and some of these will be irritating to us. But once we understand the other person’s point of view our relationship with them will improve. And we can learn how to make decisions and plan ahead as a family. Regardless of our own background, it is possible for us to decide what we want as a family and take steps towards making it happen.When the people you love make decisions you don’t like, do you choose to be loving or would you rather be right?You have high expectations of the people you care about. You know they are capable of doing well. You only want what’s best for them. Maybe you also want what’s best from them too. That’s a bit different. It’s about what you get rather than what they get. Looking at it like that your motives might not seem so noble, and your partner, or your teenager, or your friend might be quick to point that out as a way of discounting your view.You might say to your teenager “I really hope you’ll go to University. It was a struggle for me to get there. I took years and had to do it part time. I want you to have the chance to enjoy it before you get tied down with kids and mortgages. I’m worried that you’ll want to do it later, when I’m no longer in a position to help you financially.Will it change what they do? Probably not. They’ll make their own choices, complete with predicted mistakes and unexpected triumphs. It’s not their job to live the life you wanted to have, or even the one you want to give them.Will they be furious with you for interfering, for telling them what to do, and doubting their ability to competently manage their own life? Probably not. All you’ve done is tell them what you want, and what their decision means for you.When you tell your own story and let people know how you feel, your motivations, your hopes and your good intentions are much more apparent. You’re being open about what you hope to gain or avoid.It becomes possible for someone to appreciate your concern even if they choose a path you don’t favor. They don’t have to defend themselves because you’re not criticizing them. They don’t have to be attacking because you are being loving. They don’t have to resist you, because you aren’t trying to control them.Concentrate on talking about you, your experience, your hopes and fears. You can’t “fix” someone else. You can ask about their thoughts and worries and dreams and get a much fuller picture of what they’re doing.You can choose to be loving and take good care of the relationship you share. That way if they ever do need advice or encouragement or support you’ll be someone they want to turn to. Being loving won’t make someone dance to your tune, but it will help to keep a connection between you.1. The concept of one’s family can go beyond_____.2. In a family, members support one another, trust one another, care for each other when things get tough, and make sure everyone in the family is safe. All of this can be summarize as_.3. What values children learn at home can feeds into at school, on the sports field, at work, and eventually their own families as adults.4. People can build better families that are the ones they grew up in and which they feel were abusive.5. When family members you love make decisions one doesn’t like, you have to balance between choosing to be loving and______.

Very often, the human eye and brain can recognize familiar configurations even if all but a few significant data points are left out. It is this creative power of perception that may someday allow profoundly deaf people to converse in sign language over a special “telephone”. Researchers have found that thirteen spots of light on each hand and one spot on the nose - to show head notion and provide a reference point for hand position are sufficient for intelligible rendering of American Sign Language. The bright spots are produced by attaching pieces of reflective tape to the nose, fingertips, wrists, and backs of the second knuckles and adjusting a closed-circuit television system so that only the bright spots appear on the screen of the receiver. After a few minutes of familiarization, pairs of deaf people are able to converse freely over television. Deaf people and other sign readers can of course, understand sign language and written subtitles on commercial television. But widespread link-ups of television systems for personal communications are economically impossible because a standard picture requires about one thousand times more information than a telephone circuit can carry. The researchers think it likely that the simplified picture of twenty-seven moving dots used in their experiments can be reduced to the capacity of a telephone line.1.According to the passage, the person viewing the closed-circuit screen sees_____.2.What causes the bright spots mentioned in this passage?3.According to the passage, how long would it take a person who knows sign language to become accustomed to using the new device?4.It can be inferred from the passage that some television broadcasts already include which of the following?5.The phrase “this creative power of perception” refers to_.6.The word “converse” in line 3 means_.7.As for the future development of the link-ups of television systems for personal communication, the researchers seems to be_____.

Robert Spring, a 19th century forger, was so good at his profession that he was able to make his living for 15 years by selling false signatures of famous Americans. Spring was born in England in 1813 and arrived in Philadelphia in 1858 to open a bookstore. At first he prospected by selling his small but genuine collection of early US autographs. Discovering his ability at copying handwriting, he began imitating signatures of George Washington and Ben Franklin and writing them on the title pages of old books. To lessen the chance of detection, he sent his forgeries to England and Canada for sale and circulation.Forgers have a hard time selling their products. A forger can’t approach a respectable buyer but must deal with people who don’t have much knowledge in the field. Forgers have many ways to make their work look real. For example, they buy old books to use the aged paper of the title page, and they can treat paper and ink with chemicals.In spring’s time, right after the Civil War. Britain was still fond of the Southern states, so Spring invented a respectable maiden lady known as Miss Fanny Jackson, the only daughter of General “Stonewall” Jackson. For several years Miss Fanny’s financial problems forced her to sell a great number of letters and manuscripts belonging to her famous father. Spring had to work very hard to satisfy the demand. All this activity did not prevent Spring from dying in poverty, leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating his forgeries form the originals.1.Why did Spring sell his false autographs in England and Canada?2.After the Civil War there was a great demand in Britain for_____.3.Robert Spring spent 15 years_.4.Who was Miss Fanny Jackson?5.How did Robert Spring start to sell forgeries?6.All of the following are ways a forger uses EXCEPT_.7.We can infer that General “Stonewall Jackson” was_.8.We can infer that sharp-eyed experts are those who _.9.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_____.

All the characteristics and abilities a person acquires and all developmental changes result from two basic. Though complex processes: learning and maturation. Since the two processes almost always interact, it is difficult to separate their effects from each other or to specify the relative contribution of each to a child’s development. Clearly, growth in height is not learned but depends on maturation, a biological process. But improvements in motor activities such as walking depend on maturation and learning, and the interaction between them.What, then, are maturation and learning? All definitions of maturation stress organic processes or structural changes occurring within an individual’s body that are relatively independent of external environmental conditions, experiences, or practice. By maturation it is meant development of the organism as a function of time, or age.Learning generally refers to changes in behavior or performance as a consequence of experience. Learning is the process by which an activity originates or is changed through training procedures as distinguished from changes not attributable to training.A number of important and stimulating theories of learning have been proposed, each with its own set of principles and hypotheses for explaining the learning process. For our purposes, we do not need to be concerned with the specific details of the learning process, even though learning plays the most important role in most aspects of development and change. We shall employ only a few generally accepted principles of learning in this discussion.Specifically, we accept the principle that a child will learn a response more effectively and more thoroughly if he is motivated to learn it. Moreover, he will learn a response better if he is rewarded for learning it. According to this view, the more a response is rewarded, the stronger it becomes and the more likely it is to be repeated. Although most learning involves motivation and reward. I believe some learning does occur without them.1.According to the passage, learning_____.2.A child’s development depends on_.3.In the author’s opinion_.4.According to the passage, maturation means_.5.The last sentence of paragraph 4 suggests that_.6.The phrase “this view” refers to the view that_.7.The best title for the passages is_____.

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