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Scientific evidence from different _____ demonstrates that in most humans the left hemisphere of the brain controls languages.

Shell fish give the _____ appearance of enjoying a peaceful existence although in fact life is a constant struggle for them.

Frankly speaking, I’d rather you _____ anything about it for the time being.

Many craters on the earth’s surface were probably formed by very large meteorites _____.

The reason why they didn’t get any people to help them in the work is _____ they didn’t want to trouble anyone.

When one leaves his car _____, he assumes that the mechanic will repair the car well.

The exact cause of the killing disease was not known until a country doctor discovered it _____.

The people at the party worried about Janet because no one was aware _____ she had gone.

Passage 1Physicians usually rely on surgery or drugs to bust blood clots in the brain that might otherwise cause a stroke, the third most common cause of death in the U.S., but fewer than 10 percent of patients usually fit the requirements to undergo those procedures. However, sound waves might provide a third noninvasive choice. U.S. researchers have begun testing an Israeli ultrasound device to see whether it may prove accurate enough to break up actor without causing collateral damage in the brain. This new focused ultrasound device looks like a helmet, studded with over 1,000 ultrasound transducers. Each transducer can focus an individual beam into the brain of the helmet-wearer and converge on a spot just four millimeters wide—enough accuracy to dissolve a blood clot within less than a minute.Passage 2Dumping all our radioactive nuclear waste in a volcano does seem like a neat solution for destroying the roughly 29,000 tons of spent uranium fuel rods stockpiled around the world. But there’s a critical standard that a volcano would have to meet to properly dispose of the stuff, and that standard is heat. The lava would have to net only melt the fuel rods but also strip the uranium of its radioactivity. Unfortunately, volcanoes just aren’t very hot. Lava in the hottest volcanoes tops out at around 2,400°F. But, it takes temperatures that are tens of thousands of degrees hotter than that to split uranium’s atomic nuclei and alter its radioactivity to make it inert. What you need is a thermonuclear reaction, like an atomic bomb—not a great way—to dispose of nuclear waste.Passage 3In western countries, management teachers and researchers seem to be increasingly dissatisfied with the way managers are usually educated. In a complex and open world, managers often bump into the limits of the de-contextualized tools associated with mainstream management knowledge and practice. Managers have to navigate in a world that is not only economic but also political, cultural, shaped by history and ethical traditions and preoccupations—not only as a mark of social capital but really as a way to enhance their managerial skills and efficiency. The role of management education should be to prepare them for that odyssey. Humanities can be a powerful tool in that sense. Management schools could find new inspirations for curriculum from the humanities.

Passage 1人体移植器官非常短缺。虽然实验室里能够培育出膀胱和皮肤，但形成更加错综复杂的器官和血管网络则非常棘手，例如心脏、肾、肝、肺、胰腺、胆囊和肌肉组织。从猪的身体上进行异种器官移植是另一个新途径。每一个这样的移植器官都是自然发育的复杂器官。只要人体接受它们，这将形成源源不断的人体移植器官来源。Passage 2近日，美国一个机场开始采用一种新的安检技术。在乘客接受安检时，只有远程的管理局工作人员才能看到图像，但看不到乘客本人，而现场安检人员则相反。这种图像不能被保存、传输和打印，看过之后将会立刻被删除。此外，远程工作人员看到的图像面部经过模糊化处理。预计这种方法将很快得到推广使用。Passage 3手表定理在企业经营管理方面给我们一种非常直观的启发，就是对同一个人或同一个组织的管理不能同时采用两种不同的方法，不能同时设置两个不同的目标。否则将使这个企业或这个人无所适从。手表定理所指的另一层含义在于每个人都不能同时挑选两种不同的价值观，否则，你的行为将陷于混乱。

TOPIC:In China there is a group of girls called “leftover girls”, generally referring to those girls who are well beyond the normal marriage age but still remain single, and who also usually have a higher salary, and advanced academic degree. In reality, it is not that they cannot find a partner from many. There are various reasons. Please analyze this social phenomenon from your own point of view. Please use enough support to illustrate your position.

Mothers and matchmakers have always known that not being married is a definite health hazard. But when a team of research from the University of California, San Francisco, reported a few weeks ago that middle-aged men without wives were actually twice as likely to die during a 10-year span as men with wives, the espoused and the spouseless alike stopped to take notice. It was the kind of news that swept through offices and watering holes—and it made people feel smug and anxious, depending on their circumstances. Now the researchers who conducted the study are trying to find out what accounted for the dramatic differences in survival rates.The investigators, headed by UCSF associate professor of epidemiology and biostatistics Maradee A. Davis, had set cut to examine the effect of various living arrangements on mortality. Because of the buttering social support marriage is known to provide. Davis and her colleagues fully expected to find that men and women dwelling alone fared worst in survival rates. It came as some surprise, however, that in their study population, subjects who shared living quarters with people other than a spouse had the same lower survival rates as those who lived by themselves. “The critical factor,” Davis says, “seems to be the presence of a spouse.”The lower survival rates for the spouseless were found primarily in men who were widowed, separated or divorced, rather than in those who had never been married. Davis and her colleagues have already eliminated certain health factors as causes of higher mortality by adjusting their data to discount the effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity and lack of exercise. Now they will look more closely at a variety of other considerations, such as blood pressure, cholesteric levels and chronic illnesses.While many middle-aged men now know the difference between a cheese grater and a garlic press, nutrition may still account for some of the California study’s findings. Previous research by Davis’ team showed that unmarried man-even if they lived with other people—ate less healthy diets than married men. “Traditional sex roles have meant that men aren’t as well informed as women about nutritional shopping and food preparation,” says Davis.Emotional and social factors probably also played a role in higher mortality among the spouseless men. The San Francisco researchers will examine a randomly selected subgroup of their study population for more detailed medical data, and they’ll look at a trait they call “general well-being”. This focuses on subjectively reported feelings and moods, rather than specific psychological symptoms. The researchers will analyze questionnaires that asked how frequently the men felt worried, nervous or poorly rested. But the team will also look at the causes of death; if the men without wives show higher rates of suicide or fatal accidents, it’s likely that emotional stress contributed to their higher mortality rate.Davis has already discovered that the married men reported a significantly higher level of well-being than those who weren’t married. So perhaps the explanation for their longer survival isn’t really so complicated. Because they are cared for by nurturing wives, they just plainly feel happier than the other guys do. And what better reason is there than that for staying alive?1. When researchers reported that middle-aged men without wives were twice as likely to die during a 10-year span as men with wives .2. According to the passage, a man was likely to have the lowest survival rates.3. The word “discount” (line 4 of paragraph 3) most probably means .4. The word “this” in line 4 of paragraph 5 refers to .5. Which of the following can be the title for the passage?

Much of the American anxiety about old age is a flight from the reality of death. One of the striking qualities of the American character is the unwillingness to face either the fact or meaning of death, in the more somber tradition of American literature—from Hawthorne and Melville and Poe to Faulkner and Hemingway?—one finds a tragic depth that belies the surface thinness of the ordinary American death attitudes. By an effort of the imagination, the great writers faced problems which the culture in action is reluctant to face the fact of death, its mystery, and its place in the back-and-forth shuttling of the eternal recurrence. The unblinking confrontation of death in Greek times, the elaborate theological patterns woven around it in the Middle Ages, the ritual celebration of it in the rich, peasant cultures of Latin and Slavic Europe and in primitive cultures; these are difficult to find in American life.Whether through fear of the emotional depths, or because of a drying up of the sluices of religious intensity, the American avoids dwelling on death or even coming to terms with it; he finds it morbid and recoils from it, surrounding it with word avoidance (Americans never die; they “pass away”) and various taboos of speech and practice. A “Funeral parlor” is decorated to look like a bank; everything in a funeral ceremony is done in hushed tones, as if it were something furtive, to be concealed from the world; there is so much emphasis on being dignified that the ceremony often loses its quality of dignity. In some of the primitive cultures, there is difficulty in understanding the causes of death; it seems puzzling and even unintelligible. Living is a scientific culture. Americans have already enough explanation of how it comes, yet they show little capacity to come to terms with the fact of death itself and with the grief that accompanies it. “We jubilate over birth and dance at weddings,” writes Margaret Mead, “but more and more hustle the dead off the scene without ceremony, without an opportunity for young and old to realize that death is as much a fact of life as is birth.” And, one may add, even in its hurry and brevity, the last stage of an American’s life—the last occasion of his relation to his society—is as standardized as the rest.1. In the novels of Hawthorne and Melville, one will find .2. The words “pass away” suggest the .3. Unlike American society, some primitive cultures .4. Margaret Mead suggests that .5. The word “it” in line 2 of paragraph 2 refers to .6. We can infer from the passage that in some primitive cultures, .7. From the passage, we team that Americans .

Since World War II, there has been a clearly discernible trend, especially among the growing group of college students, toward early marriage. Many youths begin dating in the first stages of adolescence, go steady through high school, and marry before their formal education has been completed. In some quarters, there is much shaking of graying looks and clucking of middle-aged tongues over the ways of “wayward youth”. However, emotional maturity is no respecter of birthdays; it doesn’t arrive automatically at twenty-one or twenty-five. Some achieve it surprisingly early, while others never do, even in three-score years and ten.Many students are marrying as an escape, not only from an unsatisfying home life, but also from their own personal problems of isolation and loneliness. And it can almost be put down as a dictum that any marriage entered into as an escape cannot prove entirely successful. The sad fact is that marriage seldom solves one’s problems; more often, it merely accentuates them. Furthermore, it is doubtful whether the home as an institution is capable of carrying ail that the young are seeking to put into it; one might say in theological terms, that they are forsaking one idol only to worship another. Young people correctly understand that their parents are wrong in believing that “success” is the ultimate good, but they erroneously believe that they themselves have found the true center of life’s meaning. Their expectations of marriage are essentially Utopian and therefore incapable of fulfillment. They want too much and tragic disillusionment is often bound to follow.Shall we, then, join the chorus of “Miserere”, over early marriage? One cannot generalize: all early marriages are not bad more than all later ones are good. Satisfactory marriages are determined not by chronology, but by the emotional maturity of the partners. Therefore, each case must be judged on its own merits. If the early marriage is not an escape, if it is entered into with relatively few illusions or few false expectations, and if it is economically feasible, why not? Good marriages can be made from sixteen to sixty, and so can bad ones.1. According to this article, the tread toward early marriages .2. According to this article, successful marriages are determined by the emotional maturity of the partners and not by .3. More often than not, early marriage will .4. Youthful expectations of marriage can be described as .5. From the passage, we can conclude that .6. We can learn from the passage that .7. Young people can marry early .

Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they are always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. “It’s iniquitous,” they say, “that this entirely unproductive industry should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why don’t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it’s the consumer who pays.”The poor old consumer! He’d have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn’t create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing-machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc., from an advertisement.Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements, would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway bye-law while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely-printed columns of the news in your daily paper? A cheerful witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities.We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercials radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price.Another thing we mustn’t forget is the “small ads”, which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the “hatch, match and dispatch” columns; but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or “agony” columns. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It’s the best advertisement for advertising there is!1. Advertisers should stop advertising and reduce price of goods because .2. The purpose of advertising is to .3. What can be inferred from the passage?4. The best title for this passage could be .5. Regarding advertisements, we can conclude that the tone of the author of this passage seems to be .6. The word “they” in line 3 of paragraph 3, refers to .7. We can infer from the passage that the author seems to suggest that .

Dead Sea is a saltwater lake in southwestern Asia. Its shore, which lies about 399 meters below sea level, is the lowest place on the surface of the earth. The Dead Sea is the saltiest body of water in the world. It is about nine times as salty as the ocean. The lake lies at the mouth of the River Jordan and forms part of the border between Israel and Jordan.The salty waters of Dead Sea appear smooth and sparkling. Rocky and barren land surrounds the lake, and steep, brightly colored cliffs rise above its eastern and western banks. The lake is called the Dead Sea because few plants and no fish except brine shrimp live in its waters. In addition, little plant life grows in the salty soil around the Dead Sea.The Dead Sea lies in the Ghor, a deep fault (break in the earth’s outer shell, along which rock has moved). The lake covers about 1,040 square kilometers. It is 18 kilometers wide at its widest point and about 80 kilometers long.A peninsula called At Lisan juts into the Dead Sea from its eastern shore and divides the lake into a large northern basin and a smaller southern basin. The lake’s deepest part is in the northern basin. In this area, the lake bosom lies 400 meters below the surface and about 799 meters below sea level.Since the early 1900’s, the water level of the Dead Sea has been slowly falling. The region gets less than 100 millimeters of rain annually. The River Jordan and several streams pour relatively fresh water into the lake. The fresh water mixes with salty water at the surface. But extreme heat in the area causes this water to evaporate rapidly. Thus, the Dead Sea never grows less salty. The high salt content of the water provides great buoyancy, enabling swimmers to float with ease.The Dead Sea contains large quantities of minerals, including common salt, bromine, calcium chloride, and potassium chloride. An Israeli company called the Dead Sea Work extracts the minerals from the water for use in making such products as table salt, fertilizer, and drugs.At the southern end of the Dead Sea a network of dikes forms shallow pools that cover more than 100 square kilometers. These pools evaporate and leave behind mineral solids, which are then refined by the Dead Sea Works. Some people believe that bathing in the Dead Sea is healthful because of its high mineral content. Several health resorts in the area provide facilities for bathers.The Dead Sea was probably formed millions of years ago when the Arabian Peninsula and the African continent shifted and formed the Great Rift Valley. The Dead Sea is mentioned in the Bible as The Salt Sea. The ancient cities of Sodom and Gomorrah stood near the lake.1. What are the striking main features of the Dead Sea?2. Extreme heat is responsible for .3. Scholars are not quite sure about .4. The Dead Sea is .5. The water in the Dead Sea is so salty that people can .6. From the passage, we can conclude that .7. In the phrase “In this area” in line 3 of paragraph 4, “this area” refers to .

In Great Britain today good manners at table include eating with the mouth closed; not letting any of the food fall off the plate: using the knife only for cutting; and not trying to take food across the table. In other parts of the world there are also rules for people to follow when they are eating, but they are not the same as those of Britain. Indeed, what are considered good table manners in some other countries are what British people try hardest to avoid. In Arabia, for instance, the people at a feast take pieces of food with their fingers and belch loudly to show that they have appreciated it.The richer and more educated people in the East have, however, to a great extent taken up the table manners and customs of Western people. Tables and chairs have replaced the cushions of the past, and the lady of the house presides at one end of the table in the same way that Western women do. Many Japanese, however, still feel it would be wrong to eat unless they were sitting on a cushion before a low table with a tray of food on it. In many parts of the world both traditional and Western styles of eating exist side by side.In the West there are differences between table manners in various countries, although they are not so marked. In North America it is polite to cut up meat and then put the knife down, take the fork in the right hand and eat with it. Most European people, like the British, keep the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right all the time when they are eating food that has to be cut. In the British Isles and Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland) special knives and forks are used for eating fish. In France, Belgium and Italy, however, it is correct to keep the same, knife for every course, wiping it on a piece of bread.Drinking customs at table also vary in different countries. In Europe, water, wine or beer is drunk with meats and coffee or tea is taken afterwards. In North America a beverage such as coffee, tea or milk is drunk with meals.Table manners of course have changed with time. The earliest meals were also the simplest. They were eaten sitting on the ground round a fire, and everyone took his food from a pot on the fire or cut bits from the animal or bird that had been cooked. The women waited on the warriors and afterwards ate what they left.Fingers were used to cut food throughout the middle ages. Food was eaten off wooden dishes with the noblemen sitting above the salt. The ordinary people sat below the salt. In the reign of Henry VII (1509〜1547), people were still eating with their hands after cutting the food with a clasp knife which was always cached at the belt. Forks were not used in England until the 17th century.1.What conclusion can you draw from the passage?2.The British people .3.How to use a knife while eating is .4.“Sitting above the salt” in the last paragraph probably means .5.From the passage, we know that table manners .6.According to the passage, we know that the wealthier and well-educated people in the east .7.In paragraph 3, line 1, the word “they” refers to .

There are three important causes of inflation. The first and most important cause may be excessive government spending. For example, in order to 1 a war or 2 social programs, the government may spend more money than it has received through taxes and other revenue, thus creating a deficit. In order to 3 this deficit, the Treasury Department can simply 4 the money supply by issuing more paper money to return the debts of the government. This increase in the money supply will cause the value of the dollar to 5 decrease. The second cause of inflation will occur when the money supply increases faster than the supply of goods. If people have more money, they will run out to buy popular goods like television and computers, for example, and a shortage will be the result, industry will then produce more, at higher prices, to 6 the demand, 7 if people think that the prices of popular goods are going up, they will buy and even borrow money at high 8 rates to pay for them. Finally, if labor unions demand that workers’ wages 9 to suit the high cost of living, industry will meet this demand and add other costs of production on the 10. Of these three causes, excessive government spending may be the most important.

The ______ of the lake is covered with reeds and rushes.

Desert animals ______ a means of retaining moisture in such a hot, dry climate if they are to survive.

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