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The Alzheimer’s Association and the National Alliance for Caregiving estimate that men make up nearly 40 percent of family care providers now, up from 19 percent in a 1996 study by the Alzheimer’s Association. About 17 million men are caring for an adult. Women still provide the bulk of family care, especially intimate tasks like bathing and dressing. Many complain that their brothers are treated like heroes just for showing up. But with smaller families and more women working full-time, many men have no choice but to take on roles that would have been alien to their fathers.Often they are overshadowed by their female counterparts and faced with employers, friends, support organizations and sometimes even parents who view caregiving as an essentially female role. Male caregivers are more likely to say they feel unprepared for the role and become socially isolated, and less likely to ask for help. Isolation affects women as well, but men tend to have fewer lifeline. “They are less likely to have friends going through similar experiences, and depend more on their jobs for daily human contact.” Dr. Donna Wagner, the director of gerontology at Towson University and one of the few researchers who has studied sons as caregivers, said.In past generations, men might have pointed to their accomplishments as breadwinners or fathers. Now, some men say they worry about the conflict between caring for their parents and these other roles. In a 2003 study at three Fortune 500 companies, Dr. Donna Wagner found that men were less likely to use employee-assistance programs for caregivers because they feared it would be held against them. “Even though the company has endorsed the program, your supervisors may have a different opinion,” Dr. Wagner said. Matt Kassin, 51, worked for a large company with very generous benefits, and his employer had been understanding. But he was reluctant to talk about his caregivers because he thought “it would be looked at like, when they hire a male, they expect him to be 100 percent focused.” And he didn’t want to appear to be someone who had distractions that detracted from performance.For many men, the new role means giving up their self-image as experts, said Louis Colbert, director of the office of services for the aging in Delaware County, Pa., who has shared care of his 84-year-old mother with his siblings since her Alzheimer’s made it necessary. Once a year, Mr. Colbert organizes a get-together for male caregivers. The concerns they raise, he said, are different from those of women in support groups. “Very clearly, they said they wanted their role as caregivers validated, because in our society, as a whole, men as caregivers have been invisible,” he said.1. What can we know about men according to the Alzheimer’s Association and the National Alliance for Caregiving?2. Why do men tend to feel more stressed and socially isolated according to Donna Wagner?3. Donna Wagner solution to the conflict between caring for parents and other social roles is to ______.4. Why was Matt Kassin unwilling to talk about his caregiving with his employer?5. What might be the concerns of male caregivers according to Louis Colbert?

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Originally, plastic was hailed for its potential to reduce humankind’s heavy environmental footprint. The earliest plastic were invented as substitutes for shrinking supplies of natural materials like ivory or tortoiseshell. Today, plastic is perceived as nature’s nemesis. But a generic distaste for plastic can muddy our thinking about the trade-offs involved when we replace plastic with other materials.Take plastic bags, the emblem for all bad things. They clog storm drains, tangle up recycling equipment, litter parks and beaches and threaten wildlife on land and at sea. Such problems have fueled bans on bags around the world and in more than a dozen American cities. Unfortunately, the bans typically lead to a huge increase in the use of paper bags, which also have environmental drawbacks. In other words, plastics aren’t necessarily bad for the environment; its the way we make and use them that’s the problem.It’s estimated that half of the nearly 600 billion pounds of plastics produced each, year go into single-use products. Some are indisputably valuable, like disposable syringes, which have been a great ally in preventing the spread of infectious diseases like HIV and even plastic water bottles, which, after diseases like the Japanese tsunami, are critical to saving lives. Yet many disposables, like the bags, drinking straws and packaging commonly found in beach clean-ups, are essentially prefab litter with a heavy environmental cost.And there’s another cost. Pouring so much plastic into disposable conveniences has helped to diminish our view of a family of materials we once held in high esteem. Plastic has become synonymous with cheap and worthless, when in fact those chains of hydrocarbons ought to be regarded as among the most valuable substances on the planet. If we understood plastic’s true worth, we would stop wasting it on trivial throwaways and take better advantage of what this versatile material can do for us.In a world of nearly seven billion souls and counting, we are not going to feed, clothe and house ourselves solely from wood, ore and stone; we need plastics. And in an era when we’re concerned about our carbon footprint, we can appreciate that lightweight plastics take less energy to produce and transport than many other materials.Yet we can’t hope to achieve plastic’s promise for the 21st century if we stick with wasteful 20th century habits of plastic production and consumption. We have the technology to make better and safer plastics-forged from renewable sources, rather than finite fossil fuels, using chemicals that inflict minimal or no harm on the planet and our health.1. From the results of banning plastic bags, we learn that ______.2. What do we know about the single-use plastic products from the third paragraph?3. The author believes that people would stop wasting plastic if they¬ ______.4. Lightweight plastics enjoy great advantage over other materials in that that they are ______.5. What’s the author’s attitude towards the future of plastic?

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One lesson of the financial crisis is this: when the entire financial system succumbs to panic, only the government is powerful enough to prevent a complete collapse. Panics signify the triumph of fear. Troubled Assets Relieve Program (TARP) was part of the process by which fear was overcome. It wasn’t the only part, but it was an essential part. Without TARP, we’d be worse off today. No one can say whether unemployment would be 11% or 14%; it certainly wouldn’t be 8.9%.That benefited all Americans. TARP, says Douglas Elliott of the Brookings Institution, “is the best large federal program to be despised by the public.” The source of outrage is no secret. Bankers are blamed for the crisis and reviled. The bank bailout-TARP’s first and most important purpose-was unpopular. Most Americans, says Elliott, “believe that taxpayers spent $700 billion and got nothing in return.”What this ignores is that an alternative being promoted at the time was widespread nationalization of banks. The cost would have been many times higher; the practical problems would have been enormous. As it was, TARP invested $245 billion in banks. The extra capital helped restore trust. Meanwhile, the Federal Reserve increased its lending; the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp, guaranteed $350 billion of bank borrowings. Banks resumed dealing with each other because they regained confidence that commitments would be honored. Of the $245 billion invested in banks, the Treasury has already recovered about $244 billion, including interest payments, dividends, and cash from sold bank stock warrants. So the bank rescue has roughly broken even. When TARP’S remaining bank investments are closed, the Treasury expects an overall profit of about $20 billion.Almost all of TARP’S activities have been distasteful. This was surely true of the rescue of General Motors and Chrysler. But the automakers5 collapse would clearly have worsened already gloomy unemployment. Did we really want these companies to shut down, with some plants sold to foreign automakers? We need to remember that TARP was a desperate program for desperate times. But some criticisms are broad generalities that, on inspection, are highly suspect. One common assertion is that TARP will encourage more reckless risk-taking because big financial firms know they’ll be bailed out if their gambles backfire. Bankers keep profits but are protected against losses, which are assumed by the public.This is a serious issue, but TARPS legacy is actually the opposite. During the crisis, investors in banks and financial institutions suffered huge losses. It wasn’t predictable which institutions would survive and which wouldn’t-or on what terms. The same would be true in the future. Indeed, TARP’S extreme unpopularity compounds uncertainty, because it suggests that politicians will recoil from more bailouts. The moral hazard is more imagined than real.1. What do we learn about TARP from the first paragraph?2. The primary purpose of launching TARP is to ______.3. What did TARP’s $245 billion investment in banks bring about?4. What’s the authors attitude towards the rescue of General Motors and Chrysler?5. What does the author imply by saying “TARP’s extreme unpopularity compounds uncertainty” in the last paragraph?

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Ricci, 45, is now striking out on perhaps his boldest venture yet. He plans to market an English language edition of his elegant monthly art magazine, FMR, in the United States. Once again the skeptics are murmuring that the successful Ricci has headed for a big fall. And once again Ricci intends to prove them wrong.Ricci is so confident that he has christened his quest “Operation Columbus” and has set his sights on discovering an American readership of 300,000. That goal may not be too far-fetched. The Italian edition of FMR-the initials, of course, stand for Franco Maria Ricci-is only 18 months old. But it is already the second largest art magazine in the world, with a circulation of 65,000 and a profit margin of US$ 500,000. The American edition will be patterned after the Italian version, with each 160-page issue carrying only 40 pages of ads and no more than five articles. But the contents will often differ. The English-language edition will include more American works, Ricci says, to help Americans get over “an inferiority complex about their art.” He also hopes that the magazine will become a vehicle for a two-way cultural exchange what he likes to think of as a marriage of brains, culture and taste from both sides of the Atlantic.To realize this vision, Ricci is mounting one of the most lavish, enterprising-and expensive promotional campaigns in magazine publishing history. Between November and January, eight jumbo jets will fly 8 million copies of a sample 16-page edition of FMR across the Atlantic. From a warehouse in Michigan, 6.5 million copies will be mailed to American subscribers of various cultural, art and business magazines. Some of the remaining copies will circulate as a special Sunday supplement in the New York Times. The cost of launching Operation Columbus is a staggering US $5 million, but Ricci is hoping that 60% of the price tag will be financed by Italian corporation. “To land in America Columbus had to use Spanish sponsors,” reads one sentence in his promotional pamphlet. “We would like Italians.”Like Columbus, Ricci cannot know what his reception will be on foreign shores. In Italy he gambled-and won on a simple concept: it is more important to show art than to write about it. Hence, one issue of FMR might feature 32 full-color pages of 17th-century tapestries, followed by 14 pages of outrageous eyeglasses. He is gambling that the concept is exportable.1. Naming his quest “Operation Columbus”, Ricci is confident that ______.2. What is the main content of Ricci’s magazine FMR?3. Ricci tries to persuade the Italian corporations to help by ______.

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The government and Microsoft plan to sell around the world Britain’s new system for online transactions between citizens and government after its successful launch in the UK. A key step in the government’s $1.4 billion e-government program has been online payment for the Inland Revenues pay-as-you-earn scheme, some Customs and Excise value added tax procedure, and claims for European Union subsidies for farmers all go live in the past month. At a presentation in Seattle today, Bill Gates, Microsoft’s co-founder and chairman, will demonstrate the British system to 400 government officials from 80 countries to show how citizens and businesses can interact with government over the Internet.“Although some US states are using leading edge technology, Europe in general, and the UK in particular, is well ahead in implementing e-government initiatives. It should put the citizen at the center of the government,” says Davide Vigano, general manager of public sector at the software group, “The projects have been implemented in just 15 weeks using Microsoft’s net technology,” said Andrew Pinder, the government’s e-envoy. “This is a key piece of infrastructure, brought in on time and on budget,” he said.The secure transaction technology is to be rolled out through about 200 central government departments and agencies and 482 local government institutions over the next five years in the drive to have all of the government online by 2005. The successful implementation is a coup for Microsoft which is trying to build up its enterprise software business and has targeted e-government. It has about 1, 000 staff dedicated to government business.“This is a milestone for Microsoft,” said Barry Goffe, group manager, net enterprise solutions at the Redwood, Washington state-based company. “Two years ago, when the technology for successful integration did not exist, we would have walked away.” The hardware was supplied by Dell, and the servers are managed by Cable and Wireless. The technology is based on XML, a new language protocol that allows information to be labeled and then easily exchanged between computers on different platforms. “People want to hang on to their legacy systems which have been massive investments, but integrating these has proven difficult and expensive in the past. It’s astonishing how the friction has been wiped out by XML, which reduces paperwork, reduces complexity and slashes costs,” said Mr. Goffe.1. The e-government software is part of Microsoffs ______.2. Two years ago, the e-government program was still impossible due to the lack of ______.

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(1) Science fiction can help to explain what science and scientist are all about to the non-scientists. It is no accident that several hundred universities and public schools are now offering science fiction courses and discovering that these classes are a meeting ground for the scientist-engineers and the humanists. Science and fiction. Reason and emotion.The essence of the scientific attitude is that the human mind can succeed in understanding the universe. By taking thought, men can move mountains—and have. In this sense, science is an utterly humanistic pursuit.Much of science fiction celebrates this spirit. (2) Very few science fiction stories picture humanity as a passive species, allowing the tidal forces of nature to flow freely. The heroes of science fiction stories—the gods of the new mythology—struggle manfully against the darkness, whether it’s geological doom for the whole planet or the evil of grasping politicians. They may not always win. But they always try.Perhaps, however, the most important aspect of science fiction’s role in the modern world is best summed up in a single word. Change.After all, science fiction is the literature of change. Each and every story preaches from the same gospel: tomorrow will be different from today, violently different perhaps.(3) Science fiction very clearly shows that changes—whether good or bad—are an inherent Dart of the universe. Resistance to change is an archaic, and nowadays dangerous, habit of thought. Humanity’s most fruitful course of action is to determine how to shape these changes, how to influence them and produce an environment where the changes that occur are those we want.Perhaps this is the ultimate role of science fiction: to act as an interpreter of science to humanity. This is a two-edged weapon, of course. It is necessary to warn as well as evangelize. (4) Science can kill as well as create; technology can deaden the human spirit or lift it to the furthermost corners of our imaginations. Only knowledgeable people can wisely decide how to use science and technology for humankind’s benefit. In the end, this is the ultimate role of all art: to show ourselves to ourselves, to help us to understand our own humanity.

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It is not compatible with the equalitarian ideal that there should be sharp differences in the scale of monetary reward for services performed. In New Zealand, care of the underdog has long since been a more important consideration than is the case in many other countries. Successive governments may claim with some justice to have abolished poverty, but this has not been done without there taking place a narrowing of margins between the rewards for skilled and unskilled labor, with its consequent denial of incentive to acquire skill, to strive for self-improvement. The country’s citizens have come to regard social security as their inalienable right, but by taking too readily for granted the State’s obligation towards themselves they are apt to lose sight of the converse proposition that they themselves have obligations to the State.The reluctance to reward skilled labor at rates calculated to provide an incentive for acquiring skill has its counterpart in the reluctance to remunerate the nations’ best scholars and scientists on a scale sufficient to keep a fair proportion of them at home.The fact is often deplored that so many young men of the highest ability prefer to take up a career overseas, but it is doubtful whether higher salaries would stem their exodus in more than a minor degree. Under any circumstances, regardless of monetary reward, the intellectual elite would be tempted to go abroad in search of a wider field of endeavor than can be found in so small a country as New Zealand.In a society where great wealth is regarded as antisocial, it is natural that ostentation should be looked at askance. Marks of distinction are liable to be handicap. For instance, the politician who accepts a title does not usually improve his chances of gaining or retaining office by doing so. Richard Seddon, it will be remembered, consistently and doubtless wisely, refused to accept a knighthood. Wealth carries with it a minimum of prestige; it is a positive disadvantage to the aspirant to a political career. Strongly marked individuality or eccentricity are seldom in evidence among New Zealanders, and even where they do exist, the qualities are tolerated rather than appreciated. The rule of conformity prevails, and if the American writer, Sydney Greenbie, is to be believed, it has already produced a considerable measure of standardization among the inhabitants of the Dominion. “In face and feature, in mind and taste,” writes Greenbie, “the modern New Zealanders are so much alike that it is hard to remember the names of persons you meet casually for lack of distinguishing characteristics to which the eye can cling.”Under conditions such as those described above, it is not surprising that no privileged class should have come into existence through long possession of landed estate or other permanent source of income. Nevertheless, the claim that New Zealanders have developed a classless society can scarcely be substantiated. Snobbery, when discouraged in one quarter, .is prone to appear in some new form elsewhere. Recent investigations by A. A. Congalton and R. J. Havighurst show that there is a fairly well defined and universal appreciation of the graduated social status attaching to various social occupations. Results of a survey in which a cross section of the public was asked to answer a series of apposite questions showed, for example, that doctors, lawyers, and big businessmen were graded above heads of Government Departments, clergymen, and university professors; that office workers rated higher than shop assistants, miners than wharf laborers, and so on. Incidentally, the investigation also brought to light the fact that any attempt to inquire into the existence of social distinctions within the community invariably roused resentment.A privileged class being also a leisured class, its rejection is in keeping with a deep-seated belief that work has a virtue in its own right, without regard to its usefulness. In pioneer days, when hands were few and subsistence hard to win, it was indeed a crime to remain idle, and the habit of seeing idleness as a vice has endured. At the beginning of the great slump, when Forbes the Prime Minister, shocked at what the had seen of the “dole” during a visit to England, declared that so long as he retained office there would be no payment without work, his words appealed to a moral precept deeply inculcated not only in the minds of reactionaries but of many radicals as well.1. One result of New Zealand’s effort to abolish poverty is ______.2. Some high ability people prefer a career overseas because of ______.3. Which of the following best describes the New Zealand society?4. New Zealand is not a classless society in that ______.5. If people believe that work has a virtue in its own right, they will do all the following EXCEPT ______.

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Ideas about “spoiling” children haw always involved consideration of just what is a spoiled child, how does spoiling occur, and what are the consequences of spoiling. They have always included concepts of a child’s nature and concepts of the ideal child and the ideal adults.The many mothers of 1820 who belonged to the early “maternal associations” struggled to uphold the ideas about child raising that had been prevalent in the eighteenth century. They had always been told that the spoiled child stood in danger of having trouble later in life (when exposed to all the temptation of the world) and, more importantly, stood in danger of spiritual ruin.At first, the only approach these mother knew was to “break the will” of the child. This approach, coming initially from the theology of Calvin, the French Protestant reformer, was inherited from the stern outlook of the Puritans. As one mother wrote “No child has ever been known, since the earliest period of the world, destitute of an evil disposition-however sweet it appears.” Infant depravity, by which was meant the child’s impulses, could be curbed only by breaking the will so that the child submitted implicitly to parental guidance.In 1834, a mother described this technique: Upon the father’s order, her 16-month-old daughter had refused to say “Dear Mama”, so the toddler was alone in a room where she screamed wildly for ten minutes. After the ten minutes, the child was commanded again, and again she refused, so she was whipped and ordered again. This continued for four hours until the child finally obeyed. Parents commonly reported that after one such trial of “will”, the child became permanently submissive. In passing, we can note that knowledge about a child’s “No” period might have moderated the disciplining of little children and the application of the proverb “Spare the rod and spoil the child.”By freeing the child from its evil nature, parents believed they could then guide the child into acquiring the right character traits, such as honesty, industriousness and sobriety. These moral principles fixed in the child’s character, were to govern it throughout life, in a society where free enterprise, individual effort, and competition were believed to be the ruling forces.1. When the author talks about ideas considered in “the spoiling of children”, he does not include ______.2. According to the article, the mothers of 1820 were determined to ______.3. Calvin is mentioned in this article to show ______.

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Sex and connections: these are not the criteria on which science should be judged, least of all by scientists. But in the first extensive analysis of the way that fellowships in science are awarded, which is published this week in Nature, Christine Wenneras and Agnes Wold, microbiologists at Gothenburg University, in Sweden, found that these factors matter as much as, if not more than, scientific merit.Peer review, the evaluation (often anonymous) of a piece of scientific work by other scientists in the same field, is central to the way in which science proceeds. Journals use it to help decide whether to publish papers and funding agencies use it when deciding to whom to award grants.Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold analyzed the reviews of the 114 applications that the Swedish Medical Research Council received for the 20 postdoctoral fellowships it offered in 1995. Of the applicants, 46% were women, of the successful recipients, of the awards only 20% were women. In principle, of course, that might reflect their abilities. In practice, other factors seem to be at work.When the council gets a grant application, it is evaluated by five reviewers, on three measures: scientific competence, the proposed methodology and the relevance of the research. Each measure is given a score of between zero and four; each reviewer’s scores are multiplied together, giving a single score between zero and 64; and finally, the scores from the reviewers are averaged together, giving the total score.Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold identified, after careful analysis, two factors that improved the scores significantly: being male and knowing a reviewer. In fact, the difference was so great that in order to get the same competence score as a man, a woman would need either to know someone on the committee or to have published three more papers than the man in Nature or Science. It is often joked that a woman has to be twice as good as a man to do well; Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold found that she would need to be, on average, 2.5 times as good on their measures to be rated as highly by reviewers. Such being the case, ambitious woman would perhaps do well to return to a time-honored but supposedly obsolete tradition, and apply under a male name.1. What is this passage mainly about?2. What is the other most important factor beside sex that may affect peer review scores?3. What does the author suggest by using “supposedly” in the last sentence?4. This piece of writing is most likely ______.

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Some people say that the study of liberal arts is a useless luxury we cannot afford in hard times. Students, they argue, who do not develop salable skills will find it difficult to land a job upon graduation. But there is a problem in speaking of “salable skills.” What skills are salable? Right now, skills for making automobiles are not highly salable, but they have been for decades and might be again. Skills in teaching are not now as salable as they were during the past 20 years, and the population charts indicate they may not be soon again. Home construction skills are another example of varying salability, as the job market fluctuates. What’s more, if one wants to build a curriculum exclusively on what is salable, one will have to make the course very short and change them very often, in order to keep up with the rapid changes in the job market. But will not the effort be in vain? In very few things can we be sure of future salability, and in a society where people are free to study what they want, and work where they want, and invest as they want, there is no way to keep supply and demand in labor in perfect accord.A School that devotes itself totally to salable skills, especially in a time of high unemployment, sending young men and women into the world armed with only a narrow range of skills, is also sending lambs into the lion’s den. If those people gain nothing more from their studies than supposedly salable skills, and can’t make the sale because of changes in the job market, they have been cheated. But if those skills were more than salable, if study gave them a better understanding of the world around them and greater adaptability in a changing world, they have not been cheated. They will find some kind of job soon enough. Flexibility, an ability to change and learn new things, is a valuable skill. People who have learned how to learn can learn outside of school. That is where most of us have learned to do what we do, not in school. Learning to learn is one of the highest liberal skills.1. From this passage, we can learn that the author is in favor of  ______.2. The word “fluctuate” in the first paragraph most probably means ______.3. According to the author, who of the following is more likely to get a job in times of high unemployment?4. According to the author, in developing a curriculum schools should ______.

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One airline chief executive officer (CEO) was the master of the personal touch. Spending hours with his employees and getting to know their jobs, he persuaded them to accept pay cuts in return for an ownership stake. The concession put the company so solidly in the black that the CEO was able to sell it for $860 million. Another CEO scolded managers in front of others, cut one third of the work force and so embittered the survivors that his airline began to lose money, and the board of directors fired him.In any test of knowledge or IQ, the two CEOs could have dueled to a draw. The difference was the ability to handle relationships, argues Daniel Goleman in his new book, working with Emotional Intelligence. Building on his 1995 bestseller, Emotioned Intelligence, Goleman now probes how EI relates to the world of work. As he did in his earlier book, Goleman masterfully explains how a low EI hinders people’s full intellectual potential by flooding the brain with stress hormones that impair memory, learning and thinking. The heart of the book, though, is an analysis of data collected from more than 150 firms on what distinguishes so-so performers from superstars. Goleman’s findings: conventional intelligence takes second position to emotional intelligence in determining job performance. In jobs ranging from repairman to scientist, IQ accounts for no more than 25 percent of the difference between, say, a successful high-tech entrepreneur and a failed one. In another surprise, the contribution of IQ shrinks and the contribution of EI rises with difficulty of a job and how high it ranks in an organization. Based on traits that companies say distinguish winners from losers, Goleman concludes that EI carries much more weight than IQ in determining success at the top.However, the many examples of CEOs and other people in top positions who have the emotional intelligence of a snake-but still were CEOs-undermine the case for EPS indispensability in business. But even if you accept that EI determines who excels, you have to wonder if it should. Goleman describes how 112 entry-level accountants were judged more or less successful (by their bosses) according to their level of EI rather than their actual skills. No wonder so many auditors fail to notice cooked books.1. According to Goleman, the biggest difference between the two CEOs described in the first paragraph lies in ______.2. Goleman’s new book Working with Emotional Intelligence is chiefly about  ______.3. According to Goleman, which of the following persons owes the most to EI for his/her success?4. The phrase “cooked books” in the last sentence most probably means ______.

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