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The idea of humanoid robots is not new. They have been part of the imaginative landscape ever since Karl Capek, a Czech writer, first dreamed them up for his 1921 play “Possum’s Universal Robots”. ( The word “robot” comes from the Czech word for drugery, robota. ) Since then, Hollywood has produced countless variations on the theme, from the sultry False Myria in Fritz Lang’s silent masterpiece “Metropolis” to the withering C3PO in “Star Wars” and the ruthless assassin of “Terminator”. Humanoid robots have walked into our collective subconscious, coloring our views of the future.But now Japan’s industrial giants are spending billions of yen to make such robots a reality Their new humanoids represent impressive feats of engineering: when Honda introduced Asimo, a four-foot robot that had been in development for some 15 years, it walked so fluidly that its white articulated exterior seemed to conceal a human. Honda continues to make the machine faster, friendlier and more agile. Last October, when Asimo was inducted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh, it walked onto the stage and accepted its own plaque.At two and a half feet tall, Sony’s QRIO is smaller and more toy-like than Asimo. It walks, understands a small number of voice commands, and can navigate on its own. If it falls over, it gets up and resumes where it left off. It can even connect wirelessly to the Internet and broadcast what its camera eyes can see. In 2003, Sony demonstrated an upgraded QRIO that could run. Honda responded last December with a version of Asimo that runs at twice the speed.In 2004, Toyota joined the fray with its own family of robots, called Partner, one of which is a four-foot humanoid that plays the trumpet. Its fingers work the instrument’s valves, and it has mechanical lungs and artificial lips. Toyota hopes to offer a commercial version of the robot by 2010. This month, 50 Partner robots will act as guides at Expo 2005 In Aichi,Japan.Despite their sudden proliferation, however, humanoids are still a mechanical minority. Most of the world’s robots are faceless, footless and mute. They are bolted to the floors of factories, stamping out car parts or welding pieces of metal, making more machines. According to the United Nations, business orders for industrial robots jumped 18% in the first half of 2004. They may soon be outnumbered by domestic robots, such as self-navigating vacuum cleaners, lawn mowers and window washers, which are selling fast. But neither industrial nor domestic robots are humanoid.1.In paragraph 1 the author introduces his topic by relating（）.2.Sony's QRIO could perform all the following tasks EXCEPT（） .3.From the passage we may infer that Toyota’s Partner（）.4.Judging from the context, this passage is probably written（） .

There are two ways to create colors in a photograph. One method, called additive, starts with three basic colors and adds them together to produce some other color. The second method, called subtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spectrum) and, by taking away some or all other colors, leaves the one desired.In the additive method, separate colored lights combine to produce various other colors. The three additive primary colors are green, red and blue (each providing about one third of the wavelengths in the total spectrum). Mixed in varying proportions, they can produce all colors. Green and red light mix to produce yellow; red and blue light mix to produce magenta; green and blue mix to produce cyan. When equal parts of all three of these primary colored beams of light overlap, the mixture appears white to the eye.In the subtractive process colors are produced when dye (as in paint or color photographic materials) absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part of the spectrum. The subtractive primaries are cyan (a bluish green), magenta (a purplish pink) and yellow; these additive primaries or dyes that absorb red, green and blue wavelengths respectively, thus subtracting them from white light. These dye colors are the complementary colors to the three additive primaries of red, green, and blue. Properly combined, the subtractive primaries can absorb all colors of light, producing black. But, mixed in varying proportions, they too can produce any color in the spectrum.Whether a particular color is obtained by adding colored lights together or by subtracting some light from the total spectrum. The result looks the same to the eye. The additive process was employed for early color photography. But the subtractive method, while requiring complex chemical techniques, has turned out to be more practical and is the basis of all modern color films.1.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “passes on” as used in paragraph 3?2.Which of the following is NOT a pair of additive and subtractive prim ary colors?3.What explanation is given for the use of the subtractive method in modern color films?4.How is the passage organized?

The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated areas and arid regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real life. But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially since scientists have warned that the human race will outgrow its fresh water supply faster than it runs out of food.Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked until recently. Three-quarters of the Earth’s fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1,000 years. Floating on the oceans every year are 7, 659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10000 icebergs that break away from t?he polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year. Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself freezes, rather, they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea. As they drift away from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents. Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 degrees south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean. To corral them and steer them to parts of the world where they are needed would not be too difficult.The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting in warmer climates and the funneling of fresh water to shore in great volume. But even if the icebergs lost half of their volume in towing, the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalinization, or removing salt from water.1.What is the main topic of the passage?2.How are icebergs formed?3.With which of the following ideas would the author be likely to agree?4.It can be inferred from the passage that most icebergs （） .

The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially distinguished the nation’s “urban” from its “rural” population for the first time. “Urban population” was defined as persons living in towns of 8,000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant persons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or more inhabitants.Then,in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of “urban”to take account of the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living in incorporated units of 2, 500 or more, the census now included those who lived in unincorporated units of that size, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50, 000 inhabitants or more. Each such unit, conceived as an integrated economic and social unit with a large population nucleus, was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).Each SMSA would contain at least one central city with 50,000 inhabitants or more or two cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15,000. Such an area included the country in which the central city is located, and adjacent countries that are found to be metropolitan in character and economically and socially integrated with the country of the central city. By 1970, about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these urbanized areas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities.While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSA (by 1969 there were 233 of them), social scientists were also using new terms to describe the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple “towns” and “cities”. A host of terms came into use: “metropolitan regions”, “polynucleated population groups”, “conurbations”, “metropolitan clusters”, “megalopolises”, and so on.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town have to have before being defined as urban?3.According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urban in 1950?4.Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA?

Directions:Plan and write an essay of about 200 words in which you develop your point of view on the issue given below. Give a title to your essay and support your position with reasoning and examples. Please write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.Is it better to change one's attitude than to change one's circumstances? If we are dissatisfied with our circumstances, we think about changing them. But the most effective changes—in our attitude—hardly occur to us. In other words, we should worry not about how to alter the world around us for the better but about how to change ourselves in order to fit into the world.

1.One of the fastest growing areas in Internet applications is the adoption of Internet technologies for the development of corporate networks. Many public sectors and commercial organizations throughout the world are accelerating their paces in building corporate networks based on Internet technologies, allowing them to roll out their private “Intranets”. These Intranets are used to support enterprise applications and communications both inside and outside the corporate firewall.2.Intranet is the new buzz word referring to the use of fast growing and relatively inexpensive Internet technologies for the development of enterprise information and communication systems. It generally involves two key types of software: the “browser” which allows users to scan the network for useful information and the “server” which stores and organizes the information. Major IT vendors have announced or are planning to announce products and services which will help their customers in realizing the competitive advantages made possible by these new technologies. For example,Oracle and Sybase have unveiled their plans to introduce browsers that include application development tools based on Java, a programming language licensed from Sun Microsystems Inc. These new toolsets will allow developers to write network-connection-ready, web-enabled applications that link to corporate databases.The creation of private intranets provides opportunities for companies to use the Web as a complement or an alternative for traditional internal networking, application development tools and groupware products. 3. For example, Morgan Stanley and Turner Broadcasting have successfully implemented their own Intranets which allow their employees to share information, collaborate on projects, and to create very effective workgroups spreading across large geographical regions.With improved security design on the Intranet which can be bridged into the Internet, many companies are developing new business applications which were not technically feasible nor economically viable in the past. For example, shipping companies and courier companies can build cargo and parcel tracking systems which allow their international customers, anywhere in the world, to log onto their local Internet networks to access secured databases to retrieve the latest information about their shipments.One of the most often quoted criticisms of Internet when being considered for serious business applications is its security risk, or its perceived inadequacy of security features. Many feel that the Internet is distributed and “uncontrolled”. By its very own nature, there is no single organization owning the Internet, running it or can be held responsible for it in the conventional sense. Intrusion may come from anywhere in the world. To further complicate the matter, legislation and law enforcement concerning electronic crimes vary greatly from one country to another. This presents great challenges in the prosecution of crimes committed using the Internet.While some of these feelings and observations are correct, many Internet technology providers throughout the world are working very aggressively in solving the problems concerning Internet security. Using cryptographic techniques and network management technologies, Internet can be as secured as any private networks used in the financial, commercial and national defense applications.The Internet is a global technology. It will affect, in many aspects, the way that we interact with people, conduct our business transactions. It will also change the way that we acquire and share experience and knowledge. 4. It unavoidably will alter our sense of community and remove some of the constraints previously associated with geographical boundaries. The Internet and Intranet are presenting opportunities and challenges to individuals and enterprises. They will reward those with the ability and vision to harness their power, realizing their constraints and capable of developing solutions in overcoming these limitations.

Hackers never were part of the mainstream establishment, but their current reputation as villains of cyberspace is a far cry from the early days when, first and foremost, they were seen as ardent if quirky programmers, capable of near-miraculous, unorthodox feats of machine manipulation. But the shift in popular perception to hackers as deviants and criminals is important not only because it affects the hackers themselves and the extraordinary culture that has grown around them, but because it reflects shifts in the development, governance, and meaning of the new information technology.In Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution , Steven Levy traces the roots of evolving hacker communities to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late 1950s. Here, core members of the Tech Model Railroad Club “discovered” computers first as a tool for enhancing their beloved model railroads and then as objects of passion in their own right. They turned their considerable creative energies to the task of building and programming MIT's early mainframes in uneasy but relatively peaceful coexistence with formal employees of the university's technical staff.Formidable programmers, these hackers produced and debugged computer codes at an astonishing rate. They helped develop hardware and software for existing computer functions and invented novel algorithms and applications that were incorporated into subsequent generations of computers. These novel functions not only extended recreational capabilities—gaming, virtual reality, and digitized music一but also increased practical capabilities such as the control of robots and processing speeds. Obsessive work also yielded a host of basic system subroutines and utilities that pushed operating capacities and efficiency to new heights, and became a fundamental part of what we experience every time we sit in front of a computer.This book describes legendary hacking binges—days and nights with little or no sleep—leading to products that surprised and sometimes annoyed colleagues in mainstream academic and research positions. “The pure hack” did not respect prescribed methods or theory-driven, top-down approaches to computer science and engineering. The unconventional lifestyle did not seem to put off adherents, even though it could be pretty unwholesome: a disregard for patterns of night and day, a diet of junk-food, inattention to personal appearance and hygiene, and the virtual absence of any life outside of hacking.It was not only single-minded attachment to their craft that defined these early backers but their espousal of an ideology informally called the “hacker ethic.” This creed included several elements: commitment to total and free access to computers and information, belief in immense powers of computers to improve people's lives and create art and beauty, disdain for obstacles erected against free access to computing, and an insistence that hackers be evaluated by no other criteria than technical virtuosity and accomplishment. In other words, the culture of hacking incorporated political and moral values as well as technical ends.1.The relationship between the hacker community and MIT administration in the late 1950s can be best described as（） .2.Which of the following is not true in this passage?3.The lifestyle of hackers described in Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution is （）.4.Which of the following is included in the hacker ethic?

Before the mid-1860's, the impact of the railroads in the United States was limited, in the sense that the tracks ended at the Missouri River, approximately the center of the country. At the point the trains turned their freight, mail, and passengers over to steamboats, wagons, and stagecoaches. This meant that wagon freighting, stage coaching, and steam boating did not come to an end when the first train appeared; rather they became supplements or feeders. Each new “end of track” became a center for animal-drawn or waterborne transportation. The major effect of the railroad was to shorten the distance that had to be covered by the older,slower,and more costly means. Wagon freighters continued operating throughout the 1870's and 1880's and into the 1890's.Over constantly shrinking routes, coaches and wagons continued to crisscross the West wherever the rails had not yet been laid. The beginning of a major change was foreshadowed in the late 1860's, when the Union Pacific Railroad at last began to build westward from the Central Plains City of Omaha to meet the Central Pacific Railroad advancing eastward from California through the formidable barrier of the Sierra Nevada. Although President Abraham Lincoln signed the original Pacific Railroad Bill in 1862 and a revised, financially much more generous version in 1864, little construction was completed until 1865 on the Central Pacific and 1866 on the Union Pacific. The primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of deserts, mountains and semiarid plains could pay a profit. In the words of an economist, this was a case of “premature enterprise” where not only the cost of construction but also the very high risk deterred private investment. In discussing the Pacific Railroad Bill, the chair of the congressional committee bluntly stated that without government subsidy no one would undertake so unpromising a venture;yet it was a national necessity to link East and West together.1.Why does the author refer to the impact of railroads before the late 1860's as “limited”?2.What can be inferred about coaches and wagon freighters as the railroad expanded?3.Why does the author mention the Sierra Nevada in paragraph 2?4.Why little construction was completed though the bill had long been signed?

It is easier to get divorced today than in times past, but it is no less painful. Studies have shown that both men and women suffer significant stress at two key points: before the decision to divorce and at the time of the final separation. Poor health,difficulty in sleeping and working,loneliness,depression,anxiety, lowered self-esteem, and impaired memory are all associated with the divorce process. In their study of 252 men and women currently undergoing a divorce, David A. Chiriboga and Loraine Cutler found that men were more vulnerable to stress than women. At the same time, close to 50 percent of both men and women reported that they felt some relief as a result of having initiated the divorce process.The children of a couple planning to divorce also share in the pain, especially immediately following the separation. In their study of family breakup,Judith S. Wallerstein and Joan B. Kelly found that parents rarely prepare their children for the coming crisis, nor do they provide them with the necessary assurances that they will be cared for. Preoccupied by their personal problems, the parents are often insensitive to their children's anger, fear or perplexity. When divorce necessitates that the mother go to work, the child may be placed in unfamiliar child care arrangements, and both mother and father become substantially less available. The first year following a divorce is typically the most stressful for the parents and for the child. In the long run, however, divorce is not necessarily psychologically damaging to children, particularly when both parents remain accessible and loving.Whatever the pain that divorce inflicts, it does not seem to sour people on the institution of marriage. A fourth of the people who get divorced are remarried within the year, and 75 percent remarry within nine years of divorce. About five of every six divorced men and three of every four divorced women marry again. One reason that men are more likely to remarry than women is that men typically marry younger women. When we consider that by age twenty-seven women begin outnumbering men, we can see how middle-aged and older men have a larger pool of potential partners from which to choose than do women. In sum, while marriage may be difficult to sustain, it is certainly not going out of style.1.According to the passage, women suffer significant stress when（）2.The divorced parents ignore their children's anger and fear because（）.3.From this passage we can know that （） .4.According to the passage, the percentage of remarrying man is higher than that of the women by （）.

Since professors stand at the center of the student's encounter with college learning, students ought to ask what marks a good professor, what indicates a bad one. The one who sets high standards and persists in demanding that students try to meet them provides the right experiences. The professor who gives praise cheaply who pretends to a relationship that does not and cannot exist teaches the wrong lessons. True, the demanding teacher does not trade in the currency students possess,which is their power to praise or reject teachers. The demanding professor knows that students will stumble. But the ones who pick themselves up and try again have learned a lesson that will save them for a lifetime.I do not mean to suggest that for each one of us there is one perfect teacher who changes our lives. We must learn from many teachers as we grow up and grow old; and we must learn to recognize the good ones. The great teacher is the one who wants to become obsolete in the life of the student. The good teacher is the one who teaches lessons and moves on, celebrating the student's growth. The Talmud relates the story of a disciple in an academy who won an argument over the position held by God in the academy on high. The question is asked, “What happened in heaven?” The answer: “God clapped hands in joy, saying, ‘My children have vanquished me, my children have vanquished.'” That is a model for the teacher—to enjoy losing an argument to a student, to recognize his or her contribution, to let the student surpass the teacher.In the encounter with the teacher who takes you seriously, you learn to take yourself seriously. In the eyes of the one who sees what you can accomplish, you gain a vision of yourself as more than you thought you were. The ideal professor is the one who inspires to dream of what you can be. Everyone who succeeds in life can point to such a teacher, whether in the classroom or on the sports field. It is always the one who cared enough to criticize,and stayed around to praise.To define an ideal for their work, let me offer guidelines on how to treat professors the way we treat students. The conscientious professors spend time reading and thinking about students' papers, inscribing their comments and even discussing with students the strengths and weaknesses of their work. Since effective teaching requires capturing the students' imagination,the professor who is a “character” is apt, whether liked or disliked,to make a profound impression and perhaps also to leave a mark on the students' minds. The drab professors, not gossiped about and not remembered except for what they taught,may find that even what they taught is forgotten.Students have their own definitions of good and bad. Let us consider how students evaluate their teachers,examining in turn the A,B,and C professors. We will begin at the bottom of one scale and work our way up. Let us at the same time consider what kind of student seeks which grade.1.From this passage we know that the author thinks a lot of professors who（）.2.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that a good teacher（） .3.The sentence “…the ones who pick themselves up and try again have learned a lesson will save them for a lifetime” in paragraph 1 means that（） .4.The word “drab” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to “ （）”.

Plagiarizing, or representing someone else's ideas or words as your own, will cause problems for people in any stage of life. Students get flunked for it and it even cost Joe Biden a shot at becoming the US President in 1988. Please elaborate in your writing on how to avoid plagiarism, either on purpose or by accident. You should write at least 200 words.

在得病以前, 我受父母宠爱, 在家中横行霸道, 一旦隔离, 拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里, 我顿感被打入冷宫, 十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚, 园中百花怒放, 父母在园中设宴, 霎时宾客云集, 笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里, 悄悄掀起窗帘, 窥见园中大千世界一片繁华。自己的哥姐、堂表弟兄也穿插其间, 个个喜气洋洋。一霎时, 一阵被人摒弃、为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头, 禁不住痛哭起来。

The Chinese presence in the colonies stirred many Australian anxieties. Australian colonists liked to think of themselves as British, but they began to see they were British in strange geo-political surroundings. They suspected Australia might be on a great Chinese flood plain. It was clearly well within reach of Chinese influence. California, another gold rush society, had also experienced a substantial influx of Chinese. The realization grew that Australia should not look just to Britain. It shared strategic interests with other white communities in the Pacific, especially with America. But the pacific was a contested ocean. From the 1880s, it was increasingly apparent that China and Japan were also nearby Pacific nations.(1) The presence of so many Chinese intensified debate on the potential character of Australian society. Potent concerns had developed about civic values in gold rush communities, concerns aggravated by Australia's convict origins. Gold was a seductive, richly mythologized substance. Its discovery in the Australian colonies publicized their potential more than anything else had yet done. Gold attracted a young, cosmopolitan, ambitious, predominantly white male population, often imbued with advanced democratic views. Yet as David Goodman has shown, this influx stirred anxieties about the moral stability of these gold-seeking communities. A gold-obsessed society appeared a poor foundation for a stable cultured society. Many social commentators found the prospect that working men could gain sudden wealth in this way very disturbing. Would people still value achievements wrought by steady labour and industrious habits?What would happen to moral values? (2) There was another more disturbing thought. If Australia could produce only these rough, uncivilized communities, might it not lose the moral authority by which Australians, claiming the rights of a superior culture, sought exclusive access to the continent? Were Australians still worthy of their immense opportunities?Questions of tenure and entitlement were intensified by the dispossession of the Australian Aborigines. One of the main justifications used at that time for taking over Aboriginal land came from the belief that they were a primitive, nomadic people with no fixed settlements or habits of agriculture. It was thought that they did not value their land and had no capacity to develop it (3) One of the troubling paradoxes of gold seeking populations was that they also were a highly mobile wandering tribe, in some ways similar to the Aborigines they sought to displace. Anxieties about the continuity of white settlement in Australia intensified impulses to vilify Aborigines and to keep Asians out. The major question revolved around entitlement to the land. (4) In the blunt language of the late nineteenth century, if white had replaced black because black was not developing the continent, why should yellow not replace white on precisely the same grounds? If European communities in Australia were not seen to be civilized and productive, the case for sole tenure of Australia by whites might be seriously weakened.

Any hope of a fountain of youth to stop people from getting older is a long way off, with science just beginning to understand the complex genetic, physical and hormonal causes of aging. But experts said there were interesting targets for study, including genes involved in Alzheimer's disease, the hormone DHEA and the role of exercises in keeping people young.Steven Lamberts and colleagues noted that levels of DHEA were much lower in older people. One study in adults showed taking DHEA tablets “induced a remarkable increase in perceived physical and physiological wellbeing in both men and women without having an effect on sex”. Other studies on rats showed giving them DHEA could prevent obesity and diabetes. But they said much more study was needed.Cable Finch and Rudoph Tanzi said it was conceivable that genetic engineering experiments could transfer genes from one species to another to alter life span. However, it seems unlikely that a few genes determine the 25 fold difference in life spans between rats and humans. An instructive example is the 10-fold difference in lifespans of female worker bees and queens of the same genotype, which show much slower aging during lifespans of many active years of egg production. The difference—what the bees were fed as juveniles.One interesting genetic candidate was the APOE gene, mutations of which are linked with Alzheimer's disease. One version of this gene does seem to be linked with long life, although many more studies are needed.For those who do not want to wait, Lamberts' team said exercise can be key to preventing the frailty that aging brings. Loss of muscle strength is an important factor in the process of frailty. One study in home for the elderly showed a sedentary lifestyle greatly contributes to this. Supervised resistance exercise training could double muscle strength and significantly increase gait velocity and stair-climbing power. This demonstrates that frailty in the elderly is not an irreversible effect of aging and disease and can be reduced and perhaps even prevented.1.The specific purpose of setting Alzheimer's disease as the research target is to（） .2.The second paragraph implies that taking DHEA tablets would （） .3.In the example cited by Finch and Tanzi, lifespan was most likely affected by（） .4.In the sentence “One study in home for the elderly showed…”(in Para. 5), the last word “this” refers to（） .

Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1.The author of the passage objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（）.2.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（） .3.The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as（）.4.It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following?

“In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized... In a greater number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat."This is the conclusion of anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered, it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defenses which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status. In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behavior: the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who set about courtship with a club.1.The phrase “men's sureness of their sex role” in the first paragraph suggests that they （） .2.The third paragraph （） .3.The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph （） .4.The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author（）.

Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U. S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U. S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $ 190 billion over the next 10 years, or $ 83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U. S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step is necessary to “promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations”. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid-term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $ 14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Uganda's Minister of Finance. “What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.”Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as fanning methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie-in-the-sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the “ least-developed country ” status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: American's African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proven a boon to Africa's manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.1.By comparison, farmers（） receive more government subsidies than others.2.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a （） motive behind Bush's signing of the new farm bill.3.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that （） .4.The author's attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U. S. is（）.

Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expression the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression: “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the causes of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done.Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1.The best title for this passage is（）.2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the（） .3.The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（） .4.The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to（）.

Directions:Read the following information and write an essay of ABOUT 200 WORDS. It is an ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY and a TITLE is needed.According to a new study, 92% of college students would rather do their reading the old-fashioned way, with pages and not pixels. The finding comes from American University linguistics professor Naomi S. Baron, author of the book Words Onscreen: The Fate of Reading in a Digital World, Baron led a team that asked 300 college students in the United States, Slovakia, Japan and Germany how they preferred to read. Physical books were the choice of 92% of the respondents, who selected paper over an array of electronic devices. It's not just college students who'd rather spend their time with a book instead of an e-reader. In 2015, e-book sales dropped in the United States, and it's the same story in the United Kingdom.

我们不能肯定什么是“智力”, 也不能肯定智力表达什么。但这一事实并不妨碍我们认为智力是一种非常有用的概念, 也不妨碍我们对智力测验给予相当程度的信赖。在一次智力测验中, 我们取样测验一个人解决各种各样难题和问题的能力。如果我们取了代表性样本, 就可以成功地预测此人在各种职业中将获得何种程度的成就。英国议会1944年通过的教育法案使普及中等教育成为法律条文。除少数独立基金学校以外, 中等学校将对全民开放。由于全国中等学校的数目最多能容纳11岁以上儿童总数的25%左右, 所以只好做某种选拔。严格的学术性考试和测验被认为对那些在高质量小学就读和家庭学术气氛浓厚的儿童很有利。因此, 智力测验被设计出来, 以抵消这种狭隘的专业化教学内容, 其方法是引入一些并非以书本知识为基础的问题。换言之, 智力测验主要通过给儿童提供一些在其能力与理解力范围内的不同真实情景, 尝试评价儿童思考、推理、判断、分析和综合的总体能力。

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