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I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one’s own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.Nowadays a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction (收缩) of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.Our local grocer’s shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing (排队) up at a supermarket. And the proprietor (店主) knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.

When astronaut Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon for the first time, on July 20, 1969, it represented one of the most inspiring achievements in man’s history to millions of people throughout the world. But to a small organization called the International Flat Earth Research Society, it was nothing more than a piece of cleverly stage managed science-fiction trickery.And Armstrong’s historic words when stepping down from the Eagle module (宇宙飞船船舱) onto the dusty lunar surface about 240,000 miles from earth—“one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”—was a phrase that could have come only from the pen of a scriptwriter.As for the pictures reputedly (一般被认为地) taken in space showing the earth to be a rotating sphere, well, they were just too ludicrous (可笑的) for words. The sun, say the Flat Earthier, circuits the earth instead of the earth revolving around the sun—a notion that most people take for granted.The society, whose membership is currently estimated to be about 1,400, dismisses much of accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth as sheer nonsense and is convinced that the entire human race is being subjected to the greatest hoax (骗局) in history.From its headquarters in Lancaster, California, the society wages a war of words through newsletters and pamphlets against the evils of science.The society was founded about 1800 in Great Britain and the United States and, says its American president Charles Johnson, was descended from the Zetetic society, which took its name from an ancient Greek philosophical school of skeptics. It survived under this name until 1956, when its general secretary, Samuel Shelton, of Kent, England, changed the name to the present title.The society’s belief is this: that the earth is flat, with the land masses grouped around the central point of the North Pole.The Antarctic region is not the compact island mass it is commonly believed to be but an impenetrable ice-cold girdle (环形物) around the earth. The Flat Earthier argue that transantarctic expeditions have never happened. Explorers, misled by instrument faults, merely traveled an icy are within the girdle.1. To the International Flat Earth Research Society, man’s first landing on the moon was .2. Which of the following is NOT true about the society?3. According to the society’s belief, .4. Which of the following is an appropriate title for the passage?5. This piece is written __.

It has been shown that children who smoke have certain characteristics. Compared with non-smokers they are more rebellious, their work deteriorates (变坏) as they move up school, they are more likely to leave school early, and are more often delinquent (犯法的) and sexually precocious (早熟). Many of these features can be summarized as anticipation of adulthood.There are a number of factors which determine the onset of smoking, and these are largely psychological and social. They include availability of cigarettes, curiosity, rebelliousness, appearing tough, anticipation of adulthood, social confidence, the example of parents and teachers, and smoking by friends and older brothers and sisters.It should be much easier to prevent children from starting to smoke than to persuade adults to give up the habit once established, but in fact this has proved very difficult. The example set by people in authority, especially parents, health care workers, and teachers, is of prime importance. School rules should forbid smoking by children on the premises (大楼及附属建筑物). This rule has been introduced at Summer Hill School where I spent my rules, and even in those schools which have tried to enforce no smoking by corporal (肉体的) punishment there is as much smoking as in other schools. Nevertheless, banning smoking is probably on balance beneficial. Teachers too should not smoke on school premises, at least not in front of children.1. In this passage the author puts an emphasis on .2. Which of the following is a common characteristic of young smokers?3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?4. The writer concludes that school rules to forbid smoking .5. The author’s attitude towards his writing is __.

I hear many parents complaining that their teenage children are rebelling. I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one another’s hands for reassurance.They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up huddled round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon (蚕茧)—into a larger cocoon.It has become harder and harder for a teenager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry has firmly carved out a teenage market. These days every teenager can learn from the advertisements what a teenager should have and be. And many of today’s parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teenager who wants to find his or her own path.But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don’t care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come—with the people who respect you for who you are. That’s the only kind of popularity that really counts.1. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is to tell .2. According to the author, many teenagers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact, most of them .3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?4. The author thinks of advertisements as .5. During the teenage years, one should learn to .

Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sculpture or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won’t work, we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working—temperature will rise—milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors—pedestrians or other cars in the intersection—must also be present.In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about .2. According to the passage, to do the “effect to effect” reasoning is to reason .3. A necessary cause is .4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off. The power failure is a .5. This passage mainly discusses __.

After the very active and successful tenure (任职) of office by the Senegalese President as the head of the Organization of African Unity, it was highly logical to think that the successor, whoever he might be, would have a difficult task in doing a better job.The Congolese president set to work as soon as he was elected. His first step was to suggest to the dean of heads of State present in the Ethiopian capital, President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, to summon a meeting of the leaders of countries that lie close to South Africa. Its aim: to define a strategy in order to overcome the reprisals (报复行为) that the racist regime of Pretoria is likely to take against its neighbors in case sanctions (制裁) are imposed by the international community.President Sassou Ngueso has already undertaken a number of trips abroad. He thus went to Harare (Zimbabwe) where he delivered a speech, on September 1, on behalf of Africa before the summit meeting of non-aligned (不结盟的) nations.At the end of September, he was in New York, for a statement before the General Assembly of the United Nations, and then in Washington, for talks with high-ranking members of the Reagan Administration. He then went to Ottawa, for consultations with leading members of the Canadian government.The Congolese president’s aim, in all these endeavors, is to convince still reluctant countries of the imperious necessity of imposing sanctions against the racist regime of Pretoria.1. In the first paragraph, the word “successor” refers to .2. According to the passage, Denis Sassou Ngueso .3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?4. We may draw the conclusion that President Sassou Ngueso has been working really hard to .5. This piece is most probably taken from .

Eye contact is a nonverbal technique that helps the speaker “sell” his or her ideas to an audience. Besides its persuasive powers, eye contact helps hold listener interest.A successful speaker must maintain eye contact with an audience. To have good rapport (关系) with listeners, a speaker should maintain direct eye contact for at least 75 percent of the time. Some speakers focus exclusively on their notes. Others gaze over the heads of their listeners. Both are likely to lose audience interest and esteem. People who maintain eye contact while speaking, whether from a podium (演讲台) or from across the table, are “regarded not only as exceptionally well-disposed by their target but also as more believable and earnest.”To show the potency of eye contact in daily life, we have only to consider how passers-by behave when their glances happen to meet on the street. At one extreme are those people who feel obliged to smile when they make eye contact. At the other extreme are those who feel awkward and immediately look away. To make eye contact, it seems, is to make a certain link with someone.Eye contact with an audience also lets a speaker know and monitor the listeners. It is, in fact, essential for analyzing an audience during a speech. Visual cues (暗示) from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation. As we have pointed out, visual feedback from listeners should play an important role in shaping a speech as it is delivered.1. This passage is mainly concerned with .2. According to the passage, a good speaker must .3. The word “target” in the last sentence of the second paragraph can best be replaced by .4. In daily life, when the glances of two passers-by happen to meet, these two persons will inevitably .5. Eye contact with an audience, according to the author, has all the following benefits for the speaker EXCEPT that it doesn’t __.

In this section, you are supposed to write a short composition within 40 minutes, and your composition should be no less than 150 English words. Your composition is based on the title:The Personal Qualities of a Doctor Student

1. Britain almost more than any other country in the world most seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.2. It is said that the English man objects to this type of existence, but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today.3. In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from bottom to the top, and so on, as well as such details as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages in the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing.4. It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus (对，对抗) individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned.5. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and garden. They also ignore the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work.

The year was 1959. Location: The central African city of Leopoldville, now called Kinshasa, shortly before the waves of violent rebellion that followed the liberation of the Belgian Congo. A seemingly healthy man walked into a hospital clinic to give blood for a Western-backed study of blood diseases. He walked away and was never heard from again. Doctors analyzed his sample, froze it in a lest tube and forgot about it. A quarter-century later, in the mid-1980s, researchers studying the growing AIDS epidemic took a second look at the blood and discovered that it contained HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.And not just any HIV. The Leopoldville sample is the oldest specimen of the AIDS virus ever isolated and may now help solve the mystery of how and when the virus made the leap from animals (monkeys or chimpanzees) to humans, according to a report published last week in Nature. Dr. David Ho, director of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in New York City and one of the study’s authors, says a careful genetic analysis of sample’s DNA pushes the putative origin of the AIDS epidemic back at least a decade, to the early 1950s or even the 1940s.Over the past 15 years, scientists have identified at least 10 subtypes of the AIDS virus. But they couldn’t tell whether they were seeing variations on one changeable virus or the handiwork of several different viruses that had made the jump from primates to man. A close look at the genetic mutations in the Leopoldville sample strongly suggests that all it look to launch the AIDS epidemic was one unlucky turn of events.By comparing the DNA of the 1959 virus with that of samples taken from the 1980s and 1990s, Ho and his colleagues constructed a viral family tree in which the Leopoldville isolate sits right at the juncture where three subtypes branch out. The 39-year-old specimen is also strikingly similar to the other seven subtypes. The clear implication: all the viral strains can be traced back to a single event or a closely related group of events. One theory is that AIDS started through contact with infected monkeys in a remote area and spread to the rest of the population through urbanization and mass inoculations.The findings underscore how rapidly HIV can adapt to its surroundings, making it devilishly difficult to develop effective vaccines. No one knows how many more subtypes of HIV will sprout in the next 40 years, but chances are that they will be every bit as lethal as the ones we see today, if not more so.1. What does the phrase “Belgian Congo” mean?2. According to this article, HIV in human body originated from ______.3. Are the ten subtypes of the AIDS virus variation of one?4. Which of the following statements is true?5. Which of the following is the best topic for this passage?

In the business world today, Coca-Cola, a little more than a century old itself, stands out as the most successful product in the history of commerce. People on every continent, in almost every country of the world, are familiar with the name and taste of this world-famous soft drink.Coca-Cola was born in Atlanta on May 8, 1886, when Dr. John Styth Pemberton produced the syrup, a pharmacist named, according to legend, in a brass pot in his backyard. When, by accident or design, carbonated water was added to the syrup, it produced a drink that was declared “delicious and refreshing.”The trademark “Coca-Cola” was registered in the U.S. Patent Office on January 31, 1893. Through clever advertising the demand for the product grew by leaps and bounds. One great leap forward came in 1894, when Joseph Biedenharn of Vicksburg, Mississippi, impressed with the demand for the drink at his soda fountain, installed bottling machinery and began to sell cases of Coca-Cola to plantations and lumber camps up and down the Missippi River. Today, the Coca-Cola bottling system is the largest, most widespread production and distribution, net-work in the world. In 1916 the uniquely shaped bottle, designed by a glass company in Terre Huate, Indiana, was developed to protect Coca-Cola from imitations.In the 1920s Coca-Cola pioneered in producing “six-packs,” cardboard cartons that held six bottles of the drink. In 1929 a distinctively shaped fountain glass became standard and helped to advertise the popularity of the drink.The international growth of Coca-Cola began in 1900, when a son of the company’s founder took a jug of syrup with him on a vacation to England. The same year Coca-Cola traveled to Cuba and Puerto Rico, where bottling operations soon began, as they did in Panama, the Philippines, and Guam. The first bottling company on the European continent began operation in France in 1920.Coca-Cola and the Olympics began their association in the summer of 1928, when an American freighter arrived in Amsterdam carrying the United States Olympic team and 1 000 cases of Coca-Cola. Forty thousand spectators filled the stadium to witness two firsts: the first lighting of the Olympic flame and the first sale of Coke at an Olympiad.Many people outside the United States had their first taste of Coca-Cola during World War Ⅱ, when 64 bottling plants were shipped abroad (the first being in Algiers) to provide more than 5 billion bottles of Coke for American service personnel in Europe and the Pacific. In the next 20 years the number of countries with bottling operations nearly doubled.The worldwide appeal of Coca-Cola was dramatically displayed in 1971, when young people from around the world gathered on a hilltop in Italy to sing “I’d like to buy the world a Coke”—presenting a unifying global spirit.In 1976 the well-known advertising slogan “The Pause That Refreshes” (which first appeared in THE SATURDAY EVENING POST in 1929) was joined by a new slogan: “Coke Adds Life.” A few years later “Have a Coke and a Smile” was added, and in 1982 the theme “Coke is it!” was launched around the world, followed by “Can’t Beat the Feeling” in the late 1980s, and “Can’t Beat the Real Thing” in the early 1990s.“The Pause That Refreshes” has come a long way in 109 years.1. What did Dr. John Styth Pemberton do before he made the “delicious and refreshing” drink?2. The demand for the product grew ______ through clever advertising.3. Which of the following is NOT true?4. When did the number of countries with bottling operations nearly double?5. Which of the following slogans did not make their first appearance in the 1980’s?

Just a few seconds of frenzied passion on the floor of the public bar and things would never be the same again for Michelle. It only took a few minutes to ruin her life. The end of all her hopes and dreams, her childhood and teenage innocence, all stripped away the first and only time she ever surrendered herself to a man.No one saw it happen, but the news spread fast. It wasn’t long before the whole of Britain knew what had happened in the Queen Victoria—Dirty Den, the landlord, had done it again. Only this time he had gone too far.For the millions who have agonized with her, Michelle’s pregnancy seems a terrible price to pay for one mistake—a little youthful stupidity. Yet, with the increasing number of teenage single mums, it’s not just a problem dreamed up for a soap opera—as actress Susan Tully, who plays Michelle, has discovered from hundreds of letters: It’s a dilemma many young girls face.As she talks about Michelle and her baby, it’s easy to understand why Susan has been so successful in the role. Even though she’s never had an experience like it herself, it’s one she recognizes all too clearly from what happens to some of her contemporaries at school. Michelle might almost be her younger sister rather than a fictional part in Britain’s most successful soap opera.Susan says that she never became involved with men during her school years because of her work. With her time being split equally between school and television studios, she was busy learning lines while her girlfriends were dating boys. While they went out to discos and parties in the evening she was desperately catching up on her schoolwork.“I don’t feel as though I’ve missed out on anything,” she insists. “And unlike a lot of my friends. I’ve got plenty to look forward to. That’s what’s so nice about my boyfriend now. It’s very comfortable and there’s lots to find out about each other.”“It’s then that I feel sad for Michelle. When she should be going out and having fun, she’s having to worry about whether she’s going to breastfeed the baby. She’s sad to say goodbye to being a teenager.”1. What evidence is there that Michelle’s pregnancy is not just a problem dreamed up for a soap opera?2. How did Susan avoid the dangers that many of her school friends faced?3. According to the passage, which of the following is not true?4. What does the word “lines” in paragraph 5 mean?5. The best title for this passage is ______.

In recent years, there has been a steady assault on salt from the doctors: salt is bad for you regardless of your health. Politicians also got on board. “There is a direct relationship,” US congressman Neal Smith noted, “between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death.”Frightening, if true! But many doctors and medical researchers are now beginning to feel the salt scare has gone too far. “All this hue and cry about eating salt is unnecessary,” Dr. Dustan insists. “For most of us it probably doesn’t make much difference how much salt we eat.” Dustan’s most recent short-term study of 150 people showed that those with normal blood pressure experienced no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level when salt was reintroduced.“An adequate to somewhat excessive salt intake has probably saved many more lives than it has cost in the general population,” notes Dr. John H. Laragh. “So a recommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense.”Medical experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable “moderation” in salt consumption. For the average person, a moderate amount might run from four to ten grams a day, or roughly 1/2 to 1/3 of a teaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this salt allowance would come from the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing, preparation or at the table.Those with kidney, liver or heart problems may have to limit dietary salt, if their doctor advises. But even the very vocal “low salt” exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, Jr. admits that “we do not know whether increased sodium consumption causes hypertension.” In fact, there is growing scientific evidence that other factors may be involved: deficiencies in calcium, potassium, perhaps magnesium; obesity (much more dangerous than sodium); genetic predisposition; stress.“It is not your enemy,” says Dr. Laragh. “salt is the No. 1 natural component of all human tissue, and the idea that you don’t need it is wrong. Unless your doctor has proven that you have a salt-related health problem, there is no reason to give it up.”1. According to some doctors and politicians, the amount of salt consumed .2. Dr. Dustan’s study indicates .3. In the third paragraph, Dr. Laragh implies that __.4. What does “moderation in salt consumption” most probably refers to?5. What is the main message of this text?

Ever since Antarctic exploration began, men entering on the frozen continent have taken for granted being completely cut off from the rest of civilization. Now all that has changed. In June 1967 I was proud to be aboard a history-making airing—the first to make a regularly scheduled flight to the Antarctica in the black of its winter night.A beginning was made in 1961, when a Soviet exchange scientist wintering at remote Byrd Station fell critically ill. Our Navy flew in and got him out, and he recovered. We flew in for another patient in 1964, and two more in 1966. All these flight were made on an emergency basis—and of course at considerable risk—during the months when, traditionally, Antarctica is cut off from the world. But, if we could get in and out safely in an emergency, why could we not fly in—and with greater safety—on a regular, planned schedule?During the summer, Navy C-130s fly back and forth on routine over-ocean flights between the Deep Freeze advance base at Christchurch, New Zealand and McMurdo Station, the main American scientific base in Antarctica. But all these flights are made in broad 24 hours daylight. Even in summer, flying to and from Antarctica is hazardous. A man down in that icy water could live only about 10 minutes. In winter’s darkness and more intense coldness, the perils are multiplied. An aircraft down at sea or on the “ice” (our everyday term for Antarctica) can be a lot harder to find at night than in daylight.Yet, despite these hazards, we had strong reason to open up Antarctica in winter. Scientists working in universities in the United States have summer free for research. Regular fly-ins allow us to deliver them and pick them up in time to resume their academic duty. Obviously, the flights would be popular with the men in the ice and good for morale, for they would carry in mail and fresh provisions.1. Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?2. Before June 1967, there were regularly scheduled flights .3. Our Navy flew in: what was special about this flight?4. Which of the following can we infer from the passage?5. The flight was welcomed by the men in the Antarctica because .

Statistics regarding cigarette smoking are anything but encouraging. The Federal Trade Commission recently announced that in 1990 Americans purchased 628.2 billion cigarettes, an appallingly greater number than ever before. The average smoker consumed 11633 cigarettes, of which 44.8 percent were low-tar cigarettes containing less than 15 milligrams of tar. In 1968 the average tar content was 22 milligrams.Despite the fact that every cigarette pack has a printed warning from the Surgeon General, those who still smoke are smoking more heavily. Many people have forsworn smoking in fear of lung cancer. The American Cancer Society reports that death rates from lung cancer have escalated, whereas those for other major cancers have leveled off or declined. Last year 111000 Americans died of lung cancer, while it is estimated that 117000 will succumb this year. Lung cancer heads the list in killing 35 percent of males who die from cancer. Lung cancer accounts for 17 percent of women’s cancer deaths. An estimated 440000 deaths from cancer will occur this year, 9000 more than previous year. Lung cancer accounts for two thirds of the increase. Although many cancer patients have survived the disease, the prognosis for lung cancer patients is most disheartening. Ninety-one percent of all diagnosed cases of lung cancer do not survive.1. From the passage, we can infer that low-tar cigarettes .2. We can infer from the first paragraph that average smokers smoke .3. It is predicted that the number of deaths from lung cancer this year will be .4. The percentage of women’s lung cancer deaths is .5. We may infer from the passage that lung cancer __.

To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship” to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.The concept does not imply that business is benevolent or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction—the firm and the customer—and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!1. The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, .2. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?3. According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible” (para. 1) means .4. What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?5. In discussing the market concept, the author focuses on __.

Traditional methods of teaching no longer suffice in this technological world. Currently there are more than 100000 computers in schoolrooms in the United States. Students, mediocre and bright alike, the first grade through high school, not only are not intimidated by computers, but have become avid participants in the computer epoch.Kids operating computers implement their curriculum with great versatility. A musical student can program musical notes so that the computer will play Beethoven or the Beatles. For a biology class, the computer can produce a picture of the intricate actions of the body’s organs, thus enabling today’s students to envisage human biology in a profound way. A nuclear reactor is no longer an enigma to students who can see its workings in minute details on a computer. In Wisconsin, the Chippewa Indians are studying their ancient and almost forgotten language with the aid of a computer. More commonly, the computer is used for drilling math and language concepts so that youngsters may learn at their own speed without trying the patience of their human teachers. The simplest computers aid the handicapped, who learn more rapidly from the computer than from humans. Once irksome, remedial drills and exercises now on computer are conducive to learning because the machine responds to correct answers with praise and to incorrect answers with frowns and even an occasional tear.Adolescents have become so exhilarated by computers that they have developed their own jargon, easily understood by their peers but leaving their disconcerted parents in the dark. They have shown so much fervor for computers that they have formed computer clubs, beguile their leisure hours in computer stores, and even attend computer camps.This is definitely the computer age. It is expected that by 1999 there will be between 300000 and 650000 computers in American schools. Manufacturers of computers are presently getting tax write-offs for donating equipment to colleges and universities and are pushing for legislation to obtain further deductions for contributions to elementary and high schools. Furthermore, the price of computers has steadily fallen to the point where a small computer for home or office is being sold for less than $100. At that price every class in the country will soon have computer kids.1. Which of the following does “traditional methods” in the first paragraph refer to?2. Which of the following is true according to the passage?3. With the help of computer, today’s students ______.4. What does the word “disconcerted” in paragraph 3 mean?5. Which of the following can we infer from the passage?

In this part, you are allowed about forty minutes to write a composition on the topic “The Positive and Negative Points of Cyber Love Today”. Your composition is no less than 200 English words.

1. Illness brought her a strange restlessness and made her all the more eager to cling to life and squeeze from it the last drop of happiness. It made her envy health, but it also made her sentimental over a leaf that the wind had blown into her room.2. Culture is the system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.3. No one in authority in Washington or Tokyo will say publicly that current turmoil is likely to break up the 35-year-old US security alliance.4. A mother takes twenty years to make a man of her boy, and another woman makes a fool of him in twenty minutes.5. The first purpose to which the new space technology was applied was communication.

From its birth in 1981 with just two employees, the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation had become one of the world’s largest sovereign funds, managing more than $100 billion in assets, with 900 employees in eight offices around the world. It is larger even than Temasek Holdings, the government’s better-known fund. Temasek gained attention with its $1.9 billion purchase of a controlling stake in Thailand’s dominant telecommunications company from the family of the country’s prime minister. That helped stir street protests that led to a coup d’état (政变) there last year.The stake was part of a broader expansion started in mid-2002 by the company’s executive director, Ho Ching, formerly head of government-owned Singapore Technologies and wife of Singapore’s Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong. Aimed at reviving Temasek’s financial performance in the wake of a recession, Temasek has since taken large stakes in banks as distant as India, China and the Standard Chartered Bank of Britain. Temasek says its investments are purely for financial purposes despite its ownership by the government. Nonetheless, it has run into political headwinds (逆风) in the region. An Indonesian court recently ruled that it would have to sell one of the controlling stakes it holds, one directly and the other through a subsidiary, in the country’s two dominant cellular telephone companies.Over the last few years, Singapore has embarked on an aggressive effort to court private banks and their clients as a way of diversifying the economy as manufacturing jobs were shifting to China and Vietnam, turning the country into an Asian asset base. There are already at least 40 private banks with offices in Singapore, managing assets worth at least $150 billion. With many wealthy Europeans shifting assets to Singapore from Switzerland to take advantage of rapid Asian growth and avoid new withholding taxes in Europe, the European authorities have stepped up criticism of Singapore’s banking system, saying that Singapore needed to tighten controls against money laundering.Singaporean financial authorities say they do not condone money laundering and recently stepped up fines against banks found to be involved in illicit financial activity. The Government Investment Corporation, known as G.I.C., is controlled by the state, and Singapore’s founding Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew, is its chairman. His son, the current prime minister, is deputy chairman. Tony Tan, its executive director, is a former deputy prime minister.Both Temasek and G.I.C. have aggressively recruited top international financial talent, and G.I.C. in particular has a reputation among bankers and analysts as a shrewd and powerful investor. More than 40 percent of its employees are not Singaporean. Its investment panel includes Charles Ellis, chairman of the Yale University Investment Committee, and Robert Litterman, a managing director of Goldman Sachs Asset Management. Despite managing public funds, G.I.C. does not publicize its holdings or returns. Last year on its 25th anniversary, Lee Kuan Yew offered the company’s first financial disclosure, reporting that G.I.C. had averaged a 9.5 percent annual return in United States dollar terms over its lifetime.1. The passage mainly discusses about .2. Form the first paragraph, it can be inferred that .3. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of Temasek Holdings?4. Many Europeans shift assets to Singapore due to the following reasons except .5. The word “condone” most probably means .

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