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His assertion angered me.

To major in astrophysics you need an extra math course.

Chris told us to hand in our term paper next Monday.

Short message service is a mechanism of delivery of short messages over the mobile networks. It is a store and forward way of transmitting messages to and from mobiles. The message (text only) from the sending mobile is stored in a central short message center which then forwards it to the destination mobile. This means that in the case that the recipient is not available; the short message is stored and can be sent later. Each short message can be no longer than 160 characters. These characters can be text or binary Non-Text Short messages. An interesting feature of SMS is return receipts. This means that the sender, if wishes, can get a small message notifying if the short message was delivered to the intended recipient.

北京奥组委（The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad）官方网站讯：2007年6月23日，在八达岭长城举办的“第四届2008北京奥林匹克文化节”开幕式上，所有观众的目光都被长城上的新标识所吸引——在绿树环绕下，一个令所有中国人兴奋的口号映衬着长城遒劲而古老的线条。这就是一座长67米，高18米的刻着“同一个世界同一个梦想（One World One Dream）”北京奥运会会徽（Emblem）和北京奥运会主题口号的大型景观建筑。在今后的两年多的时间里，每当人们抬头仰望长城巍峨的身姿就会知道，奥运和中国有着怎样的无法割舍的渊源。

Write a composition of about 200 words on the topic given below. Your composition should be written neatly and clearly.Sports Should not Be Mixed up with Politics

The education gapEducation is the passport to modern life, and a pre-condition of national prosperity. But more than a quarter of the world’s adults—900 million cannot read or write, and more than 100 million young children are deprived of even a primary school education. In most developing countries, after decades of educational expansion, spending on learning is falling. The illiterate are virtually helpless in a world ruled by the written word, where notices and official papers can seem a mass of meaningless hieroglyphics. People who cannot decipher them are at the mercy of those who can; many, as a result, have been cheated of their rights or their land.Studies show that people with even a basic education are healthier and eat better. They are more likely to plan their families and their children are more likely to survive. According to the World Bank, just four years of primary education enables farmers to increase productivity by ten per cent, often the difference between hunger and sufficiency. National economic returns from education outstrip those from most other forms of investment.Enrolment: rise and fallAs they became independent, most developing countries enthusiastically embraced education. Two decades of astonishing expansion followed. Between 1960 and 1981, the world’s thirty-two poorest countries (excluding India and China, which have long had good records) increased the proportion of their children enrolled in primary school from thirty-eight to seventy-two percent. The thirty-eight next poorest achieved almost universal primary school enrollment by 1980, up from about two-thirds in 1960. It seemed as if it would not be long before every child alive could be sure of going to school.By the end of the 1980s, that dream had turned to bitter disillusion. The decade brought economic disaster to developing countries. They slumped when rich nations went into recession at the beginning of the 1980s, the subsequent recovery passed them by and they were hit again by the renewed recession in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The educational expansion of the late 1960s and 1970s first halted then went into reverse. By 1989, enrollment rates had dropped in one out every five developing countries. In some African countries, the number of children in primary schools declined by a third between 1980 and 1985. Tanzania’s universal primary school enrollment fell dramatically during this period. Unesco’s Director-General, Federico Mayor, warns that this threatens to set back the countries of the South by a whole generation or even more.Declining expenditureThe proportion of national expenditure going to education declined in more than half of developing countries over the 1980s. In the world’s thirty-seven poorest countries, the average expenditure per head on education dropped by a quarter. In Africa as a whole, says the World Bank, only $0.60 a year is spent on educational materials for each student, whilst it estimates minimum requirements at $5.00.Illiteracy and the poorIn industrialized countries, absolute illiteracy was largely eradicated half a century ago; they two per cent of the world’s illiterate. Functional illiteracy, however, remains: in Canada, the literacy of a quarter of all adults is seriously inadequate; in the United States, estimates range from five to twenty-five percent; in France, the total numbers range from two to eight million people, depending on the study. Most are among the poorest members of their societies.Generally speaking, the poorer a country, the higher the number of illiterate; two-thirds of adults in the very poorest countries cannot read or write. Furthermore, the poorest individuals suffer most. The poorer a child’s family, the less likely he (or, particularly, she) is to start school and the more likely it is that those who do start will drop out.The disadvantaged countrysideMore people in the Third World live in the countryside, where schools and teachers are always scarcer. But even in the cities, the poor miss out. In Calcutta, over sixty per cent of children do not attend school because they have to work to help keep the family going, or look after younger siblings to enable their mothers to work. Two-thirds of the world’s illiterate are women. Yet women’s education is particularly important. The World Bank identifies it as perhaps the single most important determinant of family health and nutrition, and its research shows that infant mortality rates fall steadily, and dramatically, for every year women spend at school. But tradition, prejudices and the burden of work to be done at home ensure that daughters are pulled out of school first. In the first grade of Kampala’s primary schools the sexes are evenly balanced; by the seventh grade, there are more than twice as many boys as girls.Primary education: the productive dollarEvery dollar invested in primary school education, according to another World Bank study, is fifty per cent more productive than one invested in secondary schooling, and gives twice as much spent on universities—Yet, throughout the Third World, these spending priorities are reversed.A few countries have started to change their priorities, emphasizing primary education. Zimbabwe doubled its number of primary schools in its first five years of independence; the proportion of its budget spent on education is the fifth highest in the world, and the curriculum has been re-oriented to meet local needs. Bangladesh has opened more than 2,500 basic village primary schools with appropriate syllabuses since 1985, at an annual cost of just $15.00 per pupil. Only 1.5 per cent of the children drop out compared to sixty per cent of their peers in the ordinary primary schools. Moreover, ninety-five per cent of pupils, the majority girls, continue their education after leaving.Nonetheless, all these countries are under harsh economic pressure. There is little hope for the children of the Third World countries, even if their governments do change their priorities, unless their countries are enabled to develop.1.What do you think is the main purpose of the passage?（）2.Illiteracy has been almost completely（）.3.Girls very often fail to complete their schooling because（）.4.Spending on tertiary education is（）.5.Primary education has been given more importance（）.

On the fateful night in 1930 when the first German bombs fell on Poland, young Nina Novak, one of Poland’s most promising dancers, was performing in the Opera House in Warsaw. Two days later the Opera House was destroyed by bombs. Nina’s whole life had been devoted to ballet. Now her world collapsed around her. In the dark years that followed, it seemed that she would never dance again, much less become one of the world’s leading ballerinas. But Nina had courage—and a dream that began when she was very young.Nina was born in Warsaw and spent the early years of her childhood there; Her first school teacher noticed little Nina’s grace and told her she should study dancing, Nina delightedly reported the teacher’s words at home, but her mother fought the idea, saying that no daughter of hers was going to be a dancer. Nina, however, was a determined child. She had made up her mind to be a really great ballerina no matter what the cost, and she worked toward this goal with her whole being. She coaxed and raged until her mother finally gave in and let her enroll at the Polish Opera Ballet School.Her first appearance on stage came three years later, when she was allowed to dance the part of a slave girl in the opera Aida. Shortly after this, Nina became a real professional, dancing for two years as prima ballerina of the Children’s of Warsaw.When she was thirteen, she was taken into the Polish Opera Company. She was the youngest dancer ever to become a member of its corps de ballet. The following year, she started out with the company on a long European tour. She spent two exciting years dancing in the capitals of Europe, and she rose from her humble place in the corps de ballet all the way to soloist.She had just returned to Warsaw after this tour when the Polish State Ballet was invited to dance at the World’s Far in New York early in 1929. But while she was dancing gaily in New York, war clouds were darkening over her native country. Nina had been home for only a month when Hitler marched into Poland.The invading Germans decreed that anyone who did not have a job would be sent to a work camp. At great risk, Nina refused to dance at the large theater that the Germans had taken-over. Instead, she joined a group of Polish dancers in a small, ill-equipped theater where they gave performances only for their own countrymen.The dark years of World War II wore on. One by one, the members of Nina’s large and wealthy family were arrested and sent to concentration camps. Her adored older brother was taken first, then her father, then Nina and her other brothers and sisters. They were separated and sent to different camps. Nina frantically asked for news of her family from each prisoner who came to her camp. Dreary month dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed from anti-Nazi activities. Her father, too, was dead—of starvation.Dazed with grief, she no longer cared whether she lived or died. Six months later, when liberating troops arrived and threw open the prison gates, she was so thin that she could hardly walk.Barely aware that the war was over, Nina listlessly began to pick up the threads of her life. She was reunited with what was left of her family, and they tried to make some sort of life for themselves in war-torn Poland. She began to feel vague stirrings of the old, familiar desire to dance, but she was still too depressed and weak to practice. Her younger brother tried to encourage her. He began to practice with her, and soon they had built up a charming little dance routine of their own. Together they found dancing engagements in many Warsaw night spots. The family decided that the best future for Nina as a dancer was in the United Sates, and they started saving money for her to make the trip.Nina arrived in New York in 1947—a slight girl whose tragic dark eyes held the only hint of the heartbreak she had been through. She sent about learning to speak English and took intensive ballet lessons to retrain her still-frail body. She applied for a position in the corps de ballet of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo in 1948, and was accepted. She worked hard, determined to rise to the top. Four years later, she had made the grade—she was the top-ranking ballerina with the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo.The bitter war had brought Nina heartbreak and had driven her to the verge of physical collapse. But in spite of this, she says today, “Always in life, I have luck—really have luck!” She insists that it was luck that brought her two of her greatest roles. The first was Swan-Hilda in Coppelia. Nina danced that role on three days’ notice when the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo was in Chicago. Replacing Danilova, who was ill, she danced so well that she got rave notices from the Chicago critics.It was luck again, according to Nina that brought her the role in Mute wife for which she is best known. The leading ballerina had an argument with the choreographer and walked out. Nina stepped in.She has won a leading role in almost every ballet of the Ballet Russe. Still driven by ambition, she is so dedicated to her profession that nothing else matters to her. Nina Novak has taken for her creed the words of her teacher of long ago: “If people tell you that you cannot dance, do not believe them, for you can. But if they say that you are wonderful, do not believe them either, for you must always improve.”1.When Nina was taken into the Polish Opera Company, she was（）.2.Of the following events, the first to occur was（）.3.Why did Nina refuse to dance at the theater taken over by the Germans?（）4.It is most accurate to say that the war（）.5.Nina thinks that she（）.

When the Group of Seven was formed in 1920, the artists hoped for recognition of their works and ideas. In the catalog to their first exhibition, they actually invited adverse criticism—but only because what they feared most was indifference. At a time when Canada was coming into its own, they felt that a major factor in the development of a strong and healthy nation was a vital and relevant art. They hoped that their works would make a significant contribution to the evolution of a truly Canadian art tradition. Therefore, the Group’s desire to paint the Canadian landscape lays the genuine conviction that it was the northern landscape that represented and expressed the country’s unique character. It was this concept that was to capture the imagination of so many Canadians.Today there is every indication that the Group has attained its goals. These artists have achieved widespread popular success and acclaim, and their works have been heralded as one of the basic symbols of Canadian culture. They have been honored with exhibitions, degrees and medals; reproductions of their works can be found on every thing from posters to postage stamps.As frequently happens with popular trends, there has been a tendency to romanticize the accomplishments of the Group, which has inevitably caused many misconceptions to develop. The most common of these is the popular belief that the Group of Seven were violently criticized in the first Group shows. However, the truth of the matter is that the reviews for these early shows were nearly all favorable.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?（）2.The author implies that the Group of Seven welcomed adverse criticism because it would（）3.The author implies that the members of the Group of Seven were（）.4.According to the passage, all of the following were major goals of the Group of Seven EXCEPT（）.5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way in which the Group of Seven was honored?（）

Professor Kline concludes that competition with research in the universities is so detrimental to teaching that he recommends that the two functions be physically and financially separated by setting up research institutes. I suggested that the development of a sound program of educational research would be much more beneficial to teaching. Such a program would not only improve teaching theory and technique, it would make clear what competencies are required of a good teacher and help professors attain them. Educational research should be required to meet the same standards as scientific research, but it cannot be raised to those standards without comparable support and commitment. Competent educational research is no more a part-time activity than competent scientific research. The relatively trivial educational research so common in the universities is an inevitable consequence of trivial commitment by the universities. Rather than belittle such research, the professors have an obligation to see that it is upgraded. Let no one think that educational research is easy: it is concerned with no less than unraveling the complexities of the human mind. There is no reason to believe that an effective theory and technology of instruction is any easier to achieve than controlled nuclear fusion. It is certainly every bit as worthy.1.Professor Kline believes that competition with research in the universities（）.2.The author wants to improve（）.3.The author believes that scientific research（）.4.According to the author educational research（）.5.Educational research in most universities today（）.

Are you aware that you actually possess six senses? The sixth sense is a muscular sense responsible for directing your muscles intelligently to the exact extent necessary for each action you perform. For example, when you reach for an object, the sensory nerves linking the muscles to the brain stop your hand at the correct spot. This automatic perception of the position of your muscles in relation to the object is your muscular sense in action.Muscles are stringy bundles of fibers varying from one five-thousandth of an inch to about three inches. They have three unique characteristics; they can become shorter and thicker; they can stretch; and they can retract to their original positions. Under a high-powered microscope, muscle tissue is seen as long, slender cells with a grainy texture like wood.More than half of a person’s body is composed of muscle fibers, most of which are involuntary—in other words, work without conscious direction. The voluntary muscles, those that we move consciously to perform particular actions, number more than five hundred. Women have only 60 to 70 percent as much muscle as men for their body mass. That is why an average woman can’t lift as much, throw as far, or hit as hard as an average man.1.Intelligent use of the muscles means that（）.2.According to the selection, more than half of a person’s body is composed of（）.3.An average woman is weaker than an average man because she has（）.4.It is implied but not stated that（）.5.According to the selection, the muscular sense is responsible for（）.

Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment（）.

（）for a long time, the fields are all dried up.

（）in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown.

I understand（）preparation that staff must put in under pressure o\to meet the deadline.

Sometimes the tension produced by fears is so great that we cannot suppress it. At such times we need to（）the tension by laughing or crying.

It is due to the invention of the computer that man has been able to work so many. A case（）is the successful launching of space shuttle.

A scientist does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available. Instead, he always checks, studies and makes experiments carefully and objectively to（）them.

Because there is evidence of severely harmful effects from chemical dumps, the government has（）tougher clean-up measures.

Although some students graduate from high school, they are virtually illiterate（）writing a business letter.

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