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Many of his arguments have no pertinence to the subject under discussion.

He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk coherently.

Only sovereign states are able to make treaties.

They make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to yield to fatigue in stressful jobs.

Human population growth is a menace to nonhuman life forms on our planet.

The judge rebuked the police for their treatment of the prisoner.

Your analogy was not a good one because the two situations are not similar.

They have a reciprocal loathing for each other.

The emergence of extraterrestrial life, particularly intelligent life, is a key test for these rival instances.

I feel obligated to give my opinion on the subject.

Every book stands by itself, like a one-family house, but books in a library are like houses in a city. Although they are separated, together they all add up to something; they are connected with each other and with other cities. The same ideas, or related ones, turn up in different places; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature, but with different solutions according to different writings at different times. Books influence each other; they link the past, the present and the future and have their own generations, like families. Wherever you start reading you connect yourself with one of the families of ideas, and in the long run, you not only find out about the world and the people in it; you find out about yourself, too.Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on a book that means something to you, and relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time—and if you become, as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder, or more gentle, you won’t have suffered during the process.

“孩子是上天送给成人的天使；宠物是成人送给孩子的天使。”宠物可以成为孩子很好的伙伴：它们与孩子玩耍，同时也与孩子进行着感情的交流。孩子可以对它们倾诉自己的心事，因为它们是最好的倾诉者；孩子受到父母的训斥或别人的嘲笑时，这些默默无闻的听者可以带给他们关怀和安慰；孩子生病时，宠物可以陪伴他们，给他们抚慰和鼓励帮助他们勇于面对困难，自强不息。

Directions: Write a composition of about 200 words on the topic given below. Your composition should be written neatly and clearly.Ways of the Academic Innovation in My Research Field

Another of the social sciences relying upon research is anthropology, the study of human beings and their culture. Anthropological theories also result from investigation into the characteristics of people and their products, which contributes to a better understanding of the patterns of human behaviors. In their systematic examination, researchers in all branches of anthropology follow the same basic steps. The method called participant observation is most widespread, although other techniques are used as well. At first, the anthropologist enters a community to gather information from members of their community through observations and conversations. The field worker takes copious notes and, later on, begins to pose hypotheses from these that will form the basis of further research. After specific hypotheses have been developed, the researcher gathers information to lest them, often in the form of surveys or recorded interviews. Finally, the anthropologist organizes will the information and evaluates the hypotheses in light of the data. The conclusions often form the basis of articles for scientific journals, books and lectures.1.The paragraph preceding this passage most likely discusses（）.2.According to the passage, investigation into human traits leads to（）.3.In line 9, the italicized word “copious” most closely means（）.4.According to the passage, what is the first step in the participant observation method?（）5.In the line 10, the italicized word “these” refers to which of the following?（）

To be successful, a business traveler must be able to maintain contact with the office no matter what the time or place. Negotiations often involve decisions based on the latest figures. New telecommunications products and services now on the market make staying in to touch earlier than ever before.The most widespread device is the cellular phone the price of which has dropped from several thousand dollars to a few hundred, including installation. There are over 2 million mobile cellular phones in use today, including both car phones and cordless transportable units. Car phones have proven indispensable for road emergencies as well as routine business transactions. Phone service is also available on airlines and on the rails.Recently introduced pocked-size organizers help business travelers with heavy schedules keep track of clients. These are tiny computers that can store all kinds of information. They can serve as phone and address directories, calendars, electronic memo pads, and calculators, among other users.Another invaluable telecommunications tool is smaller, lighter fax machines that plug into any standard electrical outlet and phone line. The devices allow machine. It is expected that faxing will soon become be primary means of sending and receiving short documents requiring prompt attention.1.According to the passage, why do business travelers need to keep in touch with the office?（）2.According to the passage, mobile phone service（）.3.In line 11, the italicized word “these” refers to（）.4.It can be inferred from the passage that fax machines probably（）.5.What does the paragraph following the passage most probably discuss?（）

Violence in American families takes many forms. One prevalent form that we often overlook is the physical punishment of children. Perhaps 93% of all parents beat their children in order to discipline them. Young children receive the most punishments, but studies reveal that about 50% of high school seniors report experiencing or being threatened with physical punishment. Punishment of children varies from a light tap to brutal beating, but historically we have granted parents the right to use physical force against their children. A law passed in 1696, for example. Called for the death penalty of “sufficient understanding” over the age of 16 who cursed or struck a parent who was “stubborn and rebellious” in refusing to obey a parent. From interviews with 2134 married couples constituting a cross-section of American families, sociologists estimate parents kick, punch, or bite some 1.7 million children a year, beat 460,000 to 750,000 more, and attack 46,000 with guns or knives.Physical punishment of children that results in injuries requiring medical treatment is now generally considered to be abusive. Most people do not realize, however, that it is the regular use of “ordinary” physical punishment, and the cultural approval it enjoys, that lays the groundwork for child abuse. According to David Gil, “in most accidents of child abuse the care takers involved are ‘normal’ individuals exercising their right of disciplining a child whose behavior they found in need of correction.” If one adult were to strike another, most people would regard such behavior as abusive.Most parents use physical punishment in the belief that it will control the aggression in their children and make them obedient. In fact, violence—whether verbal or physical—sets children a poor example. An adult who yells at or slaps a child unwittingly supplies the child with a model for aggression. Studies have found that the frequent use of physical punishment for aggressive acts by a child results in a marked increase in the child’s aggression. Perhaps not surprisingly, abusive parents are themselves likely to have been abused when they were children. The pattern of abuse is unwittingly translated from parent to child and thus from generation to generation.1.Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?（）2.The italicized word “it” in line of the second paragraph refers to（）.3.Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?（）4.The number of the children being threatened by beating is（）.5.What is the author’s attitude toward physical punishment by parents?（）

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Neward. “But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.1.Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward（）.2.What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?（）3.Which of the following can best raise students’ creativity according to Rober Eisenberger?（）4.It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe（）.5.The phrase “token economies” (Line 1, Para 5) probably refers to（）.

Society was fascinated by science and things scientific in the nineteenth century. Great breakthroughs in engineering, the use of steam power, and electricity were there for all to see, enjoy, and suffer. Science was fashionable and it is not surprising that, during this great period of industrial development, scientific methods should be applied to the activities of man, particularly to those involved in the processes of production. Towards the end of the nineteenth century international competition began to make itself felt. The three industrial giants of the day, Germany, America, and Great Britain, began to find that there was a limit to the purchasing power of the previously apparently inexhaustible markets. Science and competition therefore provided the means and the need to improve industrial efficiency.Frederick Winslow Taylor is generally acknowledged as being the father of the scientific management approach, as a result of the publication of his book. The Principles of Scientific Management, published in 1911. However, numerous other academics and practitioners had been actively applying such approaches since the beginning of the century. Charles Babbage, an English academic, well-known for his invention of the mechanical computer (with the aid of a government grant as long as 1820), applied himself to the costing of processes, using scientific methods, and indeed might well be recognized as one of the fathers of cost accounting.Taylor was of well-to-do background and received an excellent education but, partly owing to troubles with his eyesight, decided to become an engineering apprentice. He spent some twenty-five years in the tough, sometimes brutal, environment of the US steel industry and carefully studied methods of work when he eventually attained supervisory status. He made various significant innovations in the area of steel processing, but his claim to fame is through his application of methods of science to methods of work, and his personal efforts that proved they could succeed in a hostile environment.In 1901, Taylor left the steel industry and spent the rest of his life trying to promote the principles of managing scientifically and emphasizing the human aspects of the method, over the slave-driving methods common in his day. He died in 1915, leaving a huge school of followers to promote his approach worldwide.1.According to the passage, what was badly needed to improve industrial efficiency?（）2.Taylor is most famous for（）.3.Charles Babbage, an English academic（）.4.Taylor’s scientific management method was described as（）.5.When he died in 1915, Taylor（）.

If you（）care to see the pictures, I’ll bring them round some evening.

You may either sow wheat in rows or broadcast it, （）way you do it; it is a good thing to break up the soil after seeding.

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