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Training must have a purpose, which is defined when a firm analyzes its training needs. A review of manpower planning should include a training analysis which looks carefully at training from the point of view of the company, its various departments and personnel. This may show that weaknesses exist in some departments and that, as a result, training is needed for their staff. Training needs are based on an analysis of job descriptions and job specifications. A job description should give details of the performance that is required for a specific job, and a job specification should give information about the behavior, knowledge and skills that are expected of an employee who works in it. When all of this has been collected, it is possible to make a training specification. This specifies what the Training Department must teach for the successful performance of the job, and also the best methods to use in training period.There are many different training methods and there are advantages and disadvantages to all of them. Successful training programs depend on an understanding of the difference between learning about skills and training in using them. It is frequently said that learning about skills takes place “off the job”, in the classroom, but training in using those skills takes place “on the job”, by means of such activities as job rotation and planned experience.It is always difficult to evaluate the costs and savings of a training program. The success of such a program depends not only on the methods used but also on the equality of the staff who do the training. A company can often check on savings in time and cost by examining the manual work performed by operators and technicians who have completed a training program. The evaluation of management and supervisory training is much more complex than that. In order to test the results of management and supervisory training, many companies have looked at such things as the number of management and supervisory staff who leave their employment and the number who stay away from work for reasons of health.1.According to the passage, an analysis of training needs is based on（）.2.The training specification mentions exactly what to teach and（）.3.From the passage, we learn that “training in using them” takes place（）.4.A company can assess the savings of a training program by（）.

The function of the office is to perform administrative work. First, it must provide the necessary communications with customers, banks, government departments and other outside organizations. Second, it must service the information requirements within the company itself. In order to meet these needs efficiently, the office manager must employ the most appropriate business methods, systems and equipment.In an efficient administrative structure, clerical operations are organized so that they add to the profitability to the business. However, in many countries the number of clerical staff has increased while the total number of workers employed in production has fallen. In Britain, for example, the total workforce in the years 1919-1976 went up by 24%, while the number of people who were employed in clerical work increased by 150%. For a country such as Britain, which depends on a manufacturing base, that can mean inefficiency. To ensure that office services run smoothly there must be the means to check, sort, copy and file correspondence and other paperwork. Today there is a growing range of machines that can be used to do such jobs. The size and resources of a company will determine how mechanized or computerized its office systems are.The office must give maximum service at minimum cost. A balance must be kept between production, marketing, and administration. As a company develops and grows, the contribution of administration will vary in kind and in value.The most important objective in modern offices is the processing of data in order to provide a means of business control, but in many companies there are weaknesses in the ability to manage communications efficiently. For example, some data are often used only by individual managers, and different departments in the same company may use different data processing systems. In order to contribute to business efficiency, however, data processing must be a centralized service. The system which is required is one that looks at the total needs of a business and therefore assists management in making appropriate decisions quickly.1.The office manager has to use the most suitable business system in order to（）.2.According to the passage, the function of the office manager is to（）.3.In what way are some companies inefficient in managing communications?（）4.The degree of computerization in a company’s office is limited by（）.

People living on parts of the south coast of England face a serious problem. In 1993, the owners of a large hotel and of several houses discovered that, to their horror, their gardens had disappeared overnight. The sea had eaten into the soft limestone cliffs on which they had been built. While experts were studying the problem, the hotel and several houses disappeared altogether, sliding down the cliff and into the sea.Erosion of the white cliffs along the south coast of England has always been a problem but it has become more serious in recent years. Dozens of homes have had to be abandoned as the sea has crept farther and farther inland. Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea.Angry owners have called on the Government to erect sea defenses to protect their homes. Government surveyors have pointed out that in most cases, this is impossible. New sea walls would cost hundreds of millions of pounds and would merely make the waves and currents go further along the coast, shifting the problem from one area to another. The danger is likely to continue, they say, until the waves reach an inland area of hard rock which will not be eaten as limestone is. Meanwhile, if you want to buy a cheap house with an uncertain future, apply to a house agent in one of the threatened areas on the south coast of England. You can get a house for a knockdown price but it may turn out to be a knockdown home.1.What is the cause of the problem that people living on parts of the south coast of England face?（）2.The erosion of the white cliffs in the south of England（）.3.The experts’ study on the problem of erosion can（）.4.It is not feasible to build sea defenses to protect against erosion because（）.

Parents are the scribes of their children’s stories and by reflecting these stories, children learn who they are. Children are very aware of all the messages we give them, both verbal and non-verbal. Take a day and listen to yourself and what you say to your child. Are you focusing only on what you find them doing “wrong”? If you find yourself focusing on the negative—stop! Take a break and see if you can find a more positive way to address the “problem”. In this way you will be able to include your child in making a plan that works. I always like to ask the child “what do you think will work?” Often their suggestions are better than we could even invent ourselves.Too many “no’s” can discourage young children from exploring and investigating their environment, which is one of their primary ways of learning. How many “No, stop, don’ts!” do you hear yourself saying in a day? Take a minute to imagine this scenario. You are driving across town at rush hour. There are already the usual stoplights and traffic that you expect, but every other block, there is a new stop sign that was never there before. You get stopped over and over on your way to your goal. How do you feel? This is what it can be like for a small child on a daily basic.When your child has been told “no”, repeatedly and is understandably in a disagreeable mood, you can almost be sure that another request from you won’t be positively received. Instead, think how you might be able to engage your child in a positive way that will in effect help him be more cooperative. Ask yourself in each instance of misbehavior, “How can I help my child find an alternative way of behaving without reinforcing the behavior I would like to see stopped or changes?” How can I turn this “no” into a “yes”? One important thing to remember is that if you want your child to change you must be willing to change as well. Your child is doing the best at that point in time to get his needs met. Help him learn more successful ways by taking the time to really listen to his feelings and perhaps even find a way to mutual satisfaction, together.1.The underlined word “scribe” in Paragraph 1 probably refers to the person who（）.2.As mentioned in Paragraph 1, the writer always like to ask “What do you think will work?” because he thinks（）.3.The scenario mentioned in Paragraph 2 mainly suggests that（）.4.According to the passage, what is the possible situation when children are doing their best?（）

The redhead duck builds a deep nest of reeds______up to a dozen eggs are laid.

______about individuals who really existed and things that actually happened.

A vaccine______to manufacture substances called antibodies that fight bacteria, toxins, and viruses.

Had you listened to the doctor, you______all right now.

The order came that the medical supplies______to Beijing soon.

______, your composition is full of mistakes.

The policeman put down the phone, ______with a smile on his face.

______he realized it was too late to return home.

A majority of people in the United States can get all the calcium their bodies______from the food they eat.

Metals expand when they are healed and______when cooled.

Because of the______noise of traffic I couldn’t get to sleep last night.

Many countries have adopted systems of______education in order to promote the average level of education.

The government is trying to take some measures to______better understanding between the two countries.

The library has received a______bequest from a local businessman.

Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full______.

He often______in his speech especially on the formal occasions.

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