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Our network security solutions are being used by dozens of merchants at hundreds' of locations across the country that support PCI_______requirements.

Rental housing,which is an important component of price indices,looks likely to moderate in the next year,in part because of an_______of new homes.

Since its inception,Pakistan has strived desperately to_____India,cultivating ties with any state willing to help it.

I personally am offended by what they have tried to do in a very misleading way with,what I've said about two of my personal_______, President Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

The British historian Niall Ferguson speculated that the end of American_______might not fuel an orderly shift to a multipolar system.

He was_______in the streets of the Mexican capital by more than a million people, most of them sincerely inspired.

Perhaps most important,the report could_______more light, though it does give some,on how child welfare is changing over time.

.Any Democratic president will try to_______the United States from the mess in Iraq,yet all would face rigid constraints.

Many economists believed that______consumers would cut spending once the value of their homes began to fall.

Most of us tell one two lies a day,according to scientists who study these things. And we rarely get caught,because the lies we tell are usually little ones: "I got stuck in traffic." "That color looks good on you." "I was just about to call. "But even the smallest fib may soon be systematically exposed,at least in the virtual World. Researchers at several universities are developing software that can detect lies in online communications such as instant messages e-mails and chatrooms. The ability to spot "digital deception", as researchers call it,has never been more crucial. Today,much of our business and social life is conducted online, making us increasingly vulnerable. White collar criminals,sexual predators, scammers, identity thieves and even terrorists surf the same Web as the rest of us.Conventional lie detectors look for physiological signs of anxiety—a bead of sweat or a racing pulse— but online systems examine only the liar's words. "When we're looking at language, we're looking at the tool of the lie," says Jeff Hancock,an assistant professor of communication and a member of the faculty of computing and information science at Cornell University.Hancock,who recently received a $680,000 grant from the National Science Foundation to study digital deception, says there is a growing body of evidence that the language of dishonest messages is different than that of honest ones. For example,one study led by Hancock and due to be published this spring in Discourse Processes found that deceptive e-mail messages contained 28 percent more words on average and used a higher percentage of words associated with negative emotions than did truthful messages. Liars also tend to use fewer first-person references (such as the pronoun "I") and more third- person references (such as "he" and "they"). This may be the liar's subconscious way of distancing himself from his lie.More surprising,Hancock and his colleagues have observed that the targets of liars also exhibit distinctive language patterns. For instance,people who are being deceived often use shorter sentences and ask more questions. Even though they may not be aware that they are being lied to,people seem to exhibit subconscious suspicions.To identify the patterns of deceit,Hancock has developed an instant-messaging system at Cornell that asks users to rate the deceptiveness of each message they send. The system has already collected 10,000 messages,of which about 6 percent qualify as patently deceptive. Eventually the results will be incorporated into software that analyzes incoming messages.For now,the Cornell researchers are working only with the kinds of lies told by students and faculty. It remains to be seen whether such a system can be scaled up to handle "big" lies, such as messages sent by conartists and terrorists.Fortunately, the research so far suggests that people lie less often in e-mail than face-to-face or on the phone. Perhaps this is because people are reluctant to put their lies in writing. Hancock speculates. "An e-mail generates multiple copies," he says."It will last longer than something carved in rock." So choose your words carefully. The internet may soon be rid not only deceit but also of lame excuses.

Think about what would make you really, really happy. More money? Wrong. Smiling,well-adjusted kids? Wrong again. The fact is we are terrible at predicting the source of joy. And whatever choices we do make,we likely later decide it was all for the best.These are insights from happiness economics, perhaps the hottest field in what used to be called the dismal science. Happiness is everywhere—on the best-seller lists,in the minds of policymakers,and front and center for economists—yet it remains elusive. The golden rule of economics has always been that well-being is a simple function of income. That's why nations and people alike strive for higher incomes- money gives us choice and a measure of freedom. After a certain income cap,we simply don't get any happier. And it isn't what we have, but whether we have more than our neighbor,that really matters. So the news last week that in 2006 top hedge-fund managers took home $240 million, minimum, probably didn't make them any happier,it just made the rest of us less so.Now policymakers are racing to figure out what makes people happy,and just how they should deliver it. Countries as diverse as Bhutan,Australia,China,Thailand and the U.K. are coming up with, "happiness indexer," to be used alongside GDP as a guide to society's progress. In Britain,the "politics of happiness" will likely figure prominently in next year's elections. Never mind that the world's top happiness researchers recently gathered at a conference in Rome to debate whether joy is even measurable.Why is this all happening now? Only in the last decade have economists, psychologists,biologists and philosophers begun cross-pollinating in such-a way to arrive at "happiness studies." Harvard psychologist Daniel Gilbert humorously sums up much of the new wisdom in his book "Stumbling on Happiness." He says 24-hour television and the Internet have allowed us all to see more seemingly happy people than ever before. "We're surrounded by the lifestyles of the rich and famous," says Gilbert, "rubbing our noses in the fact that others have more."Of course,the idea that money isn't the real key to happiness isn't new. The 18th-century British Enlightenment thinker Jeremy Bentham argued that public policy should try to maximize happiness,and many prominent economists agreed but could not quite embrace the idea. There was just no way to measure happiness objectively.One of the early revelations of happiness research,from Richard Easterlin at the University of Southern California,was that while the rich are typically happier than the poor,the happiness boost from extra cash isn't that great once one rises above the poverty line. The reason,says Easterlin,is the "hedonic cycle":we get used to being richer darn quick,and take it for granted or compare it to what others have,not what we used to have. Turns out, keeping up with the Joneses is hard-wired into our brains, thanks to our pack-creature roots.Though many happiness researchers say "work less,play more" is the formula for happiness,Ruut Veenhoven, a professor at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, suggests otherwise. Hard-working Americans ranks 17th on his list; the hard-vacationing French 39th. Human beings do want a European-style safety net,but also want freedom and opportunity.And perhaps our intuitions about happiness should triumph over the fuzzy data, anyway. The economics of happiness has given us a couple of fairly hard and fast rules about well-being being truly poor is bad,and time with friends and family are good. The good news is that whatever choices we make individually and as societies in the pursuit of happiness there's good chance that they'll seem better in hindsight. Yet another truism of happiness is that "we all wear rose-colored glasses when it comes to our past decision-making." says Gilbert. Today's dreadful life choice will likely be tomorrow's happy accident.

First there was a Washington Post article published shortly after the elections on the presumptive new House speaker, "Muted Tones of Quiet Authority：A Look Suited to the Speaker." It offered the information that "Pelosi's suit was by Giorgio Armani—the Italian master of neutral tones and modern power dressing—and she wore it well." The article at least appeared in the newspaper's Style section,but was chock—full of psychoanalytic forays into Pelosi's wardrobe choices,asserting that "an Armani suit,for a woman, is a tool for playing with the boys without pretending to be one." I would wager that Pelosi is one woman who doesn't play around with anyone.Then there was a New York Times article in January in its Thursday Styles section titled "Speaking Chic to Power." While noting that Pelosi,barely in her new job a month,had brought the House to votes on a minimum wage increase,stem cell research and Medicare drug prices,the article said "she did it looking preternaturally fresh, with a wardrobe that .white still subdued and over-reliant on suits, has seldom spruced the halls of Congress."Similar articles appeared in the Baltimore Sun and Chicago Tribune. Mentioned were other women politicians and their fashion choices,such as Sen. Hillary Clinton's hair style and preference for black pantsuits or Florida Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz's haircut. The question is whether focusing on the clothing choices of serious female political players risks rendering them less than serious. Another question is whether such reports warrant precious space. After all,with rare exceptions,male politicians are seldom scrutinized for their choice of suits.Some reporters and editors haven't figured out a way to cover female politicians that doesn't rely on the old stereotypes,says Gail Dines,sociology and women's studies professor at Wheelock College in Boston."To be a woman politician,you have to strategize and work hard,and yet what matters is what designer you're wearing. It's a way to make women in power less scary," Dines notes."It's putting women into a comfort zone for those who are still baffled by how to treat strong women."The articles seem a throwback to a time when women were only spouses,not players,says Ruth Mandel, director of the Eagleton Institute of Politics at Rutgers University. "To focus on their attire,the cut of their clothes...is to be in danger of trivializing who they are,the important role they play and the meaning behind women's advancement to positions of power: That is, we're moving to a true democracy of shared leadership."The problem is the media haven't quite caught up. "A woman who rises to a leadership position at any level is going to dress appropriately, " says Kathleen Hall Jamieson, professor at the Annenberg School of Communications at the University of Pennsylvania. "It underscores her competence and is not a distraction. You take for granted that it would not be worthy of comment any more." Jamieson thinks the underlying motivation for reporting on female politicians' style is "the natural news interest in talking about what changes,and men don't look different. There is a uniform for men in power and we all know that it looks like. The only thing to change is the color of the shirt or tie." Because women have greater fashion options,changes they make are more obvious and invite analysis. Now that Pelosi's "uniform" has been established, that should be the end of it. Ditto for Clinton. "Clinton now has a range of what she wears." Jamieson says. "She hasn't been changing hairstyles or her pantsuits. That is our definition of what she wears,and that should end it."Tom Rosenstiel,director of the Project for Excellence in Journalism,thinks reporting that describes women politicians' appearance is justified in profiles of them. Female politicians will certainly survive such silly coverage,and some argue the stories are harmless. But these women are role models for young women and offer an alternative to the fashion model and celebrity in setting the standard for female beauty and worth.Dines worries that when the media emphasize the appearance of women,it perpetuates attitudes in the larger world that devalue and limit women. "These are fortunate, privileged women," Dines notes of politicians, but for young women trying to make it in the world, how they look can affect their opportunities." 1.The passage mainly about （） .2.Which of the following is NOT true of Pelosi?3.Which of the following is true of male political leaders?4.Some people contend the media （） .5.Professor Jamieson believes that （） .

It's often hard to see your mistakes as you're making them. When it comes to living arrangements, a humdinger is being made in this country right now and few have noticed it yet."Yikes! The kids are moving back in! " Thus goes the mantra of the baby boom generation,circa 2007. Analysts estimate that some 18 minion adults between the ages of 20 and 34 live with their parents. That's roughly a third of that age group.But letting the kids move back in is not the societal error we're talking about. Instead,the big mistake is the loudly voiced chagrin of the boomers. Most mistakenly decry the notion of the boomerang generation. In order to fully appreciate the depth of the error being made here,we all need to step back a bit and look at the bigger picture. This epidemic of kids moving back home is first, not "unprecedented," and second, it's not a bad thing. The precedent for this trend can be found among the other 6. 2 billion non-Americans on the planet,many of whom happily live with their adult children,often in three-generation households.Then there's the growing number of non-Anglo Americans,including many recent immigrants,who see no problem in having adult kids contribute to the household. Finally,the agrarian history of this country before World War II allowed kids to live and work around the farm well into adulthood.Adult kids moving back home is merely the most noticeable symptom of a larger, fundamental transformation of American society. We are nationally beginning to recognize the costs of the independence the so-called greatest generation foisted on us. We can't blame them. They did have to grow up fast. Kids in their generation went off to World War II and grew up on the bloody beaches of distant lands.After the war, the survivors had factories to build and the wealth to buy their white-picket-fence dream out West. They designed a social and fiscal system that has served their retirement years very well. But their historically unique retirement system mistakenly celebrated independence and ignored the natural state of human beings—that is,interdependence.Moreover,their system breaks down with the onslaught of their kids' retirement. We can already see the pension systems,both private and public,beginning to disintegrate under the weight of the baby boomers.We are now just starting to understand the substantial fiscal and psychological costs of separating the generations into so-called single -family homes with the ideal of a mother,father and two kids. But times change and so do cultures.Regarding boomerang kids,most demographers focus on the immediate explanations for the changes,such as the growing immigrant population, housing shortages and high prices,and out-of-wedlock childbearing.Many psychologists have noted that baby-boomer parents enjoy closer relationships with their fewer children that allow extended cohabitation. A recent survey conducted for Del Webb (a division of Pulte Homes Inc. ) reports that only about one-quarter of baby boomers are happier once the kids move out.However,all these explanations are simply symptoms of the larger,more fundamental reuniting of Americans into households that include extended families—adult kids, grandparents, grandchildren and other relatives—rather than just nuclear families.The rate at which our American culture is adapting will accelerate as baby boomers begin retiring in waves. Creative housing arrangements are necessitating and allowing three generations to live together again~under one roof or in close proximity. Now some 6 million American grandparents are living under one roof with their grandchildren.Whether grandparents live in accessory apartments on the property or houses next door, these flexible housing options provide privacy and companionship at the same time. Grandparents can interact with their grandchildren while the parents work,and ail benefit from the new togetherness. These 21st century housing arrangements are a creative way to handle the financial needs of the generation that is retiring and, yes, the adult children who are coming home.Such multigenerational households don't make sense for everyone. Personality conflicts or family characteristics preclude such arrangements for some. Legal constraints such as building and zoning codes are formidable obstacles in most communities across the country.Often more room is mandated for parking your car than parking your grandmother. Home builders have been more interested in selling houses that satisfy immediate needs rather than anticipating the needs of the growing numbers of aging Americans.The culture itself frequently gets in the way, reinforcing the perception of a stigma attaching to lack of independence—the adult child who just won't move out (and grow up) or the aging grandparent who eschews "being a burden. "Despite these problems,once you begin talking with your friends about three-generation households, you will begin hearing stories about how such obstacles are being overcome. You also will begin hearing stories about the wonderful benefits of thinking about housing and family arrangements in creative ways. And you'll hear stories about the fundamental satisfaction of living together again.1.What is the main idea of the passage?2.Which of the statements is true according to the passage?3.Which of the statements is NOT true about the greatest generation?4.The factor holds back adult children moving back home is （）5.What is not the reason for adult moving back home according to researchers on US populations?

Forum for the Future, working with Tesco and Unilever, reckon that by 2022 what we buy,how we buy it and who from will have changed radically. In their report,Retail Futures,they look ahead 15 years to see what lies in store for shoppers and the retail groups. They see not only new or bigger store chains,more sprawling retail parks,and more poultry products and pasta sauces. Their visions range from multi-storey car parks converted into city centre allotments or "vertical farms" with produce markets where the parking payment booths once were.to a nation of stay-at-home shoppers who let their fingers do the walking to order in almost everything they need or let their refrigerators do the talking,with automatic,direct-to-store reordering and home delivery every time yoghurt, salad or beer stocks run low.Forum for the Future,a sustainable development charity founded by veteran environmentalist Sir Jonathon Porritt and which now advises more than 100 organizations in the public and private sector,says the reality of 2022 is probably somewhere between the two extremes."It will be a mixture," said Tom Berry,the Forum's main sustainability adviser.The high street is vital to the economy and the environment：nearly three million people work in retail which generates 6% of UK GDP—and 2. 5% of the country's carbon dioxide emissions. The Forum says stores and retail groups have "a disproportionate influence over society" as a result of marketing campaigns and daily dealings with consumers.The Forum's researchers identified a range of factors which will affect what we buy,how we buy and who we will buy from in the next 15 years. They include: climate change, which is likely to affect agricultural production; higher or lower oil prices; new technology; advances in energy production; more globalization and demographic changes that will mean more immigrant labor and more elderly and single person households.They could prompt new shopping formats,says the Forum,like "Tesco Silver" outlets with customized products for retired baby boomers. They also reckon the bell could be tolling for endless aisles of utility products like toilet paper and bin liners,which might only be sold online,or from a utility section at the back of a store,alongside vast vats of liquids like fabric conditioner,where shoppers could fill reusable containers. The long queue at the checkout could also be history when bar codes are read for prices immediately an item is dropped into a trolley.The online revolution,says the Forum,has only just started: "We can anticipate innovations such as entering your postcode for hyper-local sourcing." Consumers, however, might also use the internet to cut out the middleman and source direct from farms and manufacturers, so posing a threat to major retailers".The explosion in the number of TV channels and the rise of the internet to download entertainment means store chains will have to work far harder to build, and keep, consumers' trust. One retailer told the researchers: "We won't be able to rely on hitting millions of people at 7:45 p.m. on a Wednesday night with a Coronation Street advertising slot."The Forum came up with four different visions of the future depending on high or low economic growth and changing consumer outlooks; whether shoppers want more convenience or to do more for themselves; perhaps buying more locally sourced products with more information about what their families are eating and wearing. 1.What does the passage mainly talk about?2.Which of the following behaviors has been carried out by Forum for the Future according to the passage?3.According to the report, the shopping scenario for shoppers and retailers in 15 years time will include the followings, except（） .4.Which of the following aspects has influence on people's shopping behaviors according to the researchers?5.When the Forum advances four kinds of future consumption,the condition not taken into consideration is （）.

High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail, telephone and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?You should write at least 250 words.You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.

I was deeply shocked by a recent survey that suggested 30 per cent of job applicants embellished the truth or lied on a curriculum vitae. Can the figure really be that low? （1）I had always assumed CVs were filled with evasions, half-truths and downright untruths. But, the news that merely 70 per cent of workers are honest has shaken my lack of faith in my fellow humans. The only consolation is that people often fib in anonymous surveys, just as they do on resumes, which means the real proportion may be higher.One prediction rang true from the research by the Chartered Institute of Educational Assessors. (2).It was that the incentive for falsehood is growing, as unemployment balloons and competition for jobs rises. In coming months recruiters will therefore be bombarded with CVs making extremely misleading claims.It was the same during the downturn of the early 1990s. Then, one acquaintance obtained a graduate traineeship at a large bank by bumping his third-class degree up to a 2:1. A journalist colleague meanwhile admitted to me that his degree from a top university was entirely fictional. (3). Another contemporary explained away a year lost to bone idleness by telling prospective employers that he had been writing a field guide to the wild flowers of the Pyrenees （比利牛斯山脉）. I night have lied on my own CV, if an east coast Scottish upbringing bad not lumbered me with the subliminal conviction that I would burn for eternity in hell if I did.(4). A company whose services include background checks on job applicants, says that inaccuracies on CVs divide into three main groups. First, there are honest mistakes, typically made when candidates muddle dates. Second, there is deliberate fibbing about qualifications. Mr Thomas says: "A lie told 20 years ago to get a job can become part of the liar's reality. So he tells it again when he switches jobs, even though he has become a successful finance director." Third, applicants close up suspicious gaps in their employment history. In one case investigated by Kroll, a candidate turned out to have spent a three-month gap in prison for fraud.About 65 per cent of businesses take up references for shortlisted job applicants, according to research by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Fewer than half said they found out anything useful. (5). This is hardly surprising now that the fear of litigation prevents past employers from saying anything more revealing than: "Yes, Derek worked for us. He has a beard and knows a bit about databases." Less than 40 per cent of businesses bother to check academic and professional qualifications.

Everybody wastes time. Instead of doing his homework, the schoolboy watches television. Instead of writing her essay the student goes out with her friends. They all have good intentions, but they keep putting off the moment when they must start work. As a consequence, they begin to feel guilty, and then waste even more time wishing they had not allowed themselves to be distracted.When someone else is organizing our time for us, as for instance during lessons or working hours, we do not necessarily work more efficiently, but at least we are subject to the discipline of a routine. It is when we are responsible for organizing our own time that the need for self-discipline arises.I know two writers who seem to work in quite different ways. Bob is extremely methodical. He arrives at his office at 9 a.m. and is creative until 12:30. At 2 p.m. he returns to his desk and is creative until 5 p.m., when he goes home and switches off until the following morning. Alan, on the other hand, works in inspired bursts, often missing meals and sleep in order to get his ideas down on paper. Such periods of intense activity are usually followed by days when he potters around his flat, listening to Mozart and flicking through magazines.Their places of work reflect their styles. Bob's books are neatly arranged on the shelves; he can always find the books he wants. Alan, on the other hand, has books and magazines all over the place. They are about every subject under the sun, mostly unconnected with his work. All the same he has a knack of making use of the unlikely information to illuminate his books.

During the normal development of self, a child is affected by certain influential factors.（1）. Infants form an attachment with the mother that must undergo a process of separation and individuation. Object relations psychology examines this relationship, which depends on the ability of the child to separate himself from his object, the mother, and realize that he is a separate individual.（2）. Certainly, affectionate, caring parents are essential as well. As the child begins to develop his sense of self, he must master certain developmental tasks that are part of growing up, such as acquisition of language and toilet training.（3）.（4） .Since an infants relationship with his mother is so important, according to many psychologists, what effect does being separated from the biological mother have on the adopted child? （5）. But what about a child who is older when he is adopted?（6） .When he is placed with an adoptive family, he is likely to experience separation anxiety from bis foster mother, who can be regarded as symbolically abandoning him as his own biological mother did.（7） . Now it seems as though he has to start over; his protesting may give way to despair as he yearns for people who used to be in his life. The adoptive family should offer as much affection and security as possible to reassure the child that he is safe, that they are reliable sources of loving care, and that they will help him through this difficult stage.（8）. Although he may not mind the actual separation from his mother when he goes to playschool or day care, he may become obsessed about the time when his mother is supposed to pick him up at day care or kindergarten; tardiness may provoke fears about car accidents or death.On the other hand, some psychologists believe that a child who is given more affection is sometimes more strongly attached to their parents and therefore more prone to separation anxiety than are some of those who are treated more roughly. （9） . On the contrary, the capacity to experience separation anxiety can be regarded as a sign of the healthy personality.（10）.

Poseidon sat at his desk, doing figures. The administration of all the waters gave him endless work. He could have had assistants, as many as he wanted 一 and he did have very many 一 but since he took his job very seriously, he would in the end go over all the figures and calculations himself, and thus his assistants were of little help to him. It cannot be said that he enjoyed his work: he did it only because it had been assigned to him; in fact, he had already filed many petitions for—as he put it—more cheerful work, but every time the offer of something different was made to him it would turn out that nothing suited him quite as well as his present position. And anyhow it was quite difficult to find something different for him. After all, it was impossible to assign him to a particular sea: aside from the fact that even then the work with figures would not become less but only pettier, the great Poseidon could in any case occupy only an executive position. And when a job away from the water was offered to him he would get sick at the very prospect, his divine breathing would become troubled and his brazen chest began to tremble. Besides, his complaints were not really taken seriously; when one of the mighty is vexatious the appearance of an effort must be made to placate him, even when the case is most hopeless. In actuality a shift of posts was unthinkable for Poseidon — he had been appointed God of the Sea in the beginning, and that he had to remain.What irritated him most 一 and it was this that was chiefly responsible for his dissatisfaction with his job—was to hear of the conceptions formed about him: how he was always riding about through the tides with his trident. When all the while he sat here in the depths of the world-ocean, doing figures uninterruptedly, with now and then a trip to Jupiter as the only break in the monotony—a trip, moreover, from which he usually returned in a rage. Thus he had hardly seen the sea—had seen it but quickly in the course of hurried trips to Olympus, and he had never actually traveled around it. He was in the habit of saying that what he was waiting for was the fall of the world; then, probably, a quiet moment would be granted in which, just before the end and having checked the last row of figures, he would be able to make a quick, little tour.Poseidon became bored with the sea. He let fall his trident. Silently he sat on the rocky coast and a gull, dazed by his presence, described wavering circles around his head. 1.The underlined sentence ("It…him") in the first paragraph suggest that Poseidon regarded his work with ( ).2.It can be inferred from the author's description of Poseidon's routine ("how...in a rage") that ( ).3.According to the passage, Poseidon's dissatisfaction with his job primarily stems from ( )4.The author of the passage portrays the god Poseidon as ( ) .5.Poseidon is unable to change occupations for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ( ).

The high unemployment rates of the early 1960s occasioned a spirited debate within the economics profession. One group found the primary cause of unemployment in slow growth and the solution in economic expansion. The other found the major explanation in changes that had occurred in the supply and demand for labor and stressed measures for matching demand with supply.The expansionist school of thought, with the Council of Economic Advisers as its leading advocates, attributed the persistently high unemployment level to a slow rate of economic growth resulting from a deficiency of aggregate demand for goods and services. The majority of this school endorsed the position of the Council that tax reduction would eventually reduce the unemployment level to 4% of the labor force with no other assistance. At 4%, bottlenecks in skilled labor, middle-level manpower, and professional personnel were expected to retard growth and generate wage-price pressures. To go beyond 4%, the interim goal of the Council, it was recognized that improved education, training, and retraining, and other structural measures would be required. Some expansionists insisted that the demand for goods and services was nearly satiated and that it was impossible for the private sector to absorb a significant increase in output. In their estimate, only the lower-income fifth of the population and the public sector offered sufficient outlets for the productive efforts of the potential labor force. The fact that the needs of the poor and the many unmet demands for public services held higher priority than the demands of the marketplace in the value structure of this group no doubt influenced their economic judgments.Those who found the major cause of unemployment in structural features were primarily labor economists, concerned professionally with efficient functioning of labor markets through programs to develop skills and place individual workers. They maintained that increased aggregate demand was a necessary but not sufficient condition for reaching either the CEA's 4% target or their own preferred 3%. This pessimism was based, in part, on the conclusion that unemployment among the young, the unskilled, minority groups, and depressed geographical areas is not easily attacked by increasing general demand. Further, their estimate of the numbers of potential members of the labor force who had withdrawn or nor entered because of lack of employment opportunity was substantially higher than that of the CEA. They also projected that increased demand would put added pressure on skills already in short supply rather than employ the unemployed, and that because of technological change, which was replacing manpower, much higher levels of demand would be necessary to create the same number of jobs.The structural school, too, had its hyperenthusiasts: Fiscal conservatives who, as an alternative to expansionary policies, argued the not very plausible position that a job was available for every person, provided only that he or she had the requisite skills or would relocate. Such extremist positions aside, there was actually considerable agreement between two main groups, though this was not recognized at the lime. Both realized the advisability of a tax cut to increase demand, and both needed to reduce unemployment below a point around 4%. In either case, the policy implications differed in emphasis and not in content. 1.The author's treatment of the "hyperenthusiasts" can best be described as one of ( ).2.According to the passage, there was a good deal of agreement between the expansionist and structuralist theories on ( ).3.Although they agreed that an increase in demand was necessary to reduce unemployment, the expansionists argued that( ).4.The author discounts the value of the expansionists' judgment by pointing out that it( ).5.It can be inferred that the hyperenthusiasts contended that( ) .

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