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She sent him a （wool）（） sweater as his birthday gift.

A person who is（）（conscious） is not aware of what is going on around him or her.

She is a pretty girl and loves（）（fashion） clothes and shoes.

The chemical（）（fertile） is widely used in the rural area.

He put a special（）for an extra day’s holidays so that he could attend his daughter’s wedding.

A（） translation is not always the closest to original meaning.

The chairman said it gave him great（） to welcome so many guests.

（） I realized that I had left my briefcase in the taxi!

（）, over the months, we began to get to know him.

Planes keep in touch with the control tower（）.

The tenant must be prepared to decorate the property（）the terms of the agreement.

Americans may have to（） the number of privately owned cars and depend more on public transportation systems.

Try some of this cake, which I（） especially for you.

Susan is studying algebra and geometry, and （） she’s taking microcomputer lessons.

Throughout history man has changed his physical environment in order to improve his way of life.With the tools of technology he has altered many physical features of the earth. He has transformed woodlands into farmland, and made lakes and reservoirs out of rivers for irrigation purpose or hydroelectric power. Man has also modified the face of the earth by draining marshes and cutting through mountains to build roads and railways. However, man’s changes to physical environment have not always had beneficial results. Today, pollution of the air and water is an increasing danger to the health of the planet. Each day thousands of tons come out of the exhausts of motor vehicles; smoke from factories pollutes the air of industrialized areas and the surrounding areas of countryside. The air in cities is becoming increasingly unhealthy.The pollution of water is equally harmful. In the sea, pollution from oil is increasing and is killing enormous numbers of algae（水藻）, fish and birds. The whole ecological balance of the sea is being changed. The same problem exists in rivers. Industrial wastes have already made many rivers lifeless.Conservationists believe that it is now necessary for man to limit the growth of technology in order to survive on earth.1. Man has changed his physical environment with a view to（）.2. According to the passage, pollution of the air and water is caused by（）.3. The ecological balance of the sea is lost when（）.4. Who would most probably disagree with conservationists? 5. The purpose of the writer is（）.

What, besides children, connects mothers around the world and across the seas of time? It’s chicken soup, one prominent American food expert says.From Russian villages to Africa and Asia, chicken soup has been the remedy for those weak in body and spirit. Mothers pass their knowledge on to ancient writers of Greece, China and Rome, and even the 12th century philosopher and physician Moses Mainmides extolled its virtues.Among the ancients, Aristotle thought poultry should stand in higher estimation than four-legged animals because the air is less dense than the earth. Chickens got another boost（吹捧）in the book of Genesis, where it is written that birds and fish were created on the fifth day, a day before four-legged animals. But according to Mimi Sheraton, who has spent much of the past three years exploring the world of chicken soup, much of the reason for chicken’s real or imagined curative powers comes from its color.Her new book, “The Whole World Loves Chicken Soup”, looks at the beloved and mysterious brew, with dozens of recipes from around the world. “Throughout the ages,” she said, “there has been a lot of feeling that white-colored foods are easier to eat for the weak-women and the ill.” In addition, “soup, or anything for that matter eaten with a spoon” are considered “comfort foods.” Sheraton said.“I love soup and love making soup and as I was collecting recipes I began to see this as an international dish ...It has a universal mystique as something curative, a strength builder.” Sheraton said from her New York home.Her book treats the oldest remedy as if it was brand new. The National Broiler Council, the trade group representing the chicken industry, reported that 51 percent of the people it surveyed said they bought chicken because it was healthier, 50 percent said it was versatile, 41 percent said it was economical and 46 percent said it was low in fat.1. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?2. Since ancient times, the value of chicken soup（）.3. Which of the following statements is not true?4. Chicken soup has curative powers mainly for（）according to Sheraton.5. It can be said from the survey that chicken is（）.

A senior United Nations Children’s（UNICEF）official on May 29 praised China for its remarkable achievements in children’s welfare.A.H.M. Farook, UNICEF’s operations area officer for China and Mongolia said that China “can be very satisfied to tell the whole world what can be done with limited resources to help its children to grow healthily and happily.”China’s child population makes up one-fifth of the world’s total. “The reason behind the tremendous achievement is China’s long tradition of caring for children both at home and in society, he said.”“What’s more is that Chinese people have always given special attention to children who are in special need.” The UN official made the remarks when addressing a group of 50 children and staff from the Beijing Children’s Welfare Home at the Shangri-la Hotel, Beijing.The hotel invites the orphans to share snacks, sing, dance and play games at a park inside the hotel for a “Share the Sunshine” party, as a prelude to celebrations to mark the Children’s Day.The Beijing children’s Welfare Home, set up soon after New China was founded in 1949, has at present more than 400 children.A leading official of the welfare institution said that the children live a happy life and that the agency spends 400-500 yuan a month for an average orphan. An average Chinese workers earned 440 yuan a month during the first quarter this year. Go Xiaojin, deputy secretary-general of the China Youth Development Foundation（CYDF）said people from all walks of life have contributed to the welfare of the Chinese children. She said that CYDF set up the Project Hope in 1989, which calls on people across the country to donate money to help poor children to continue their schooling.By the end of last year, she said, CYDF had collected nearly 700 million yuan in donations, which has helped the establishment of 2,074 hope primary schools and enabled more than 1.25 million dropouts to return to school classrooms. Three “Hope Stars” also attended the party. They were model teenagers chosen among students who are economically supported by the Project Hope to further their nine-year compulsory studies in the poverty-stricken regions. They will be torchbearers for the Chinese Team for the upcoming Atlanta Olympic Games this year.1. Children can grow healthily and happily as long as（）.2. Every year the Bejing Children’s Welfare Home spends（） on the orphans.3. CYDF collected 700 million yuan with the purpose of（）.4. We can infer from the text that（）.5. It is possible that this passage was written in（）.

The scientific and medical communities are very excited about the chances genetic research provides for getting rid of disease and prolonging human life. But those communities and policy makers also are careful about the scientific door they are opening as the project uncovers the mysteries of life.For the last few years, the genetic advances in the developing field of biotechnology have provides material for all kinds of work, but the developments of modern science in unlocking the secrets of the human genetic code have opened a world of possibilities for human health, as well as for the popular imagination.While European and Japanese researchers are making rapid progress in decoding human DNA, the leading organization for genetic research is in the United States, which began in 1990, is “unlocking the code”of the human body to learn how to defeat fatal diseases. Already, the Human Genome Project has become widely known and praised for finding the genes connected with terrible diseases as yet and making progress toward separating the genes that show a sign of breast cancer or AIDS.Once these genes are found and studied, researchers can develop new ways to attack infections, and genetic diseases. Medical companies are very interested in mapping the human genome, as they expect to develop a lot of new drugs for these illnesses.1. Why did the scientists work hard at mapping the human genome?2. Which country studied the genes most rapidly in the world?3. Which of the following is NOT true?4. The author suggests that the Human Genome Project can cause（）.5. The main idea of this article is about（）.

Directions: In this section, you are required to write a 300-word essay on the topic “Art or Science?” You can write according to the outline given. Please write your essay on you Answer Sheet.Art or Science?Some disciplines are called art and some disciplines are called science. For example, Art refers to…Science refers to…In conclusion…

Directions: In this section, you will be given a long passage. Please read the passage and write a 150-word abstract and five keywords for it. Write your abstract and keywords on your Answer Sheet.Russell’s conception of critical thinking involves reference to a wide range of skills, dispositions and attitudes which together characterize a virtue which has both intellectual and moral aspects, and which serves to prevent the emergence of numerous vices, including dogmatism and prejudice. Believing that one central purpose of education is to prepare students to be able to form “a reasonable judgment on controversial questions in regard to which they are likely to have to act”. Russell maintains that in addition to having “access to impartial supplies of knowledge” education needs to offer “training in judicial habits of thought.” Beyond access to such knowledge, students need to develop certain skills if the knowledge acquired is not to produce individuals who passively accept the teacher’s wisdom or the creed which is dominant in their own society. Sometimes, Russell simply uses the notion of intelligence, by contrast with information alone; to indicate the whole set of critical abilities he has in mind.Such critical skills, grounded in knowledge, include: （ i ） the ability to form an opinion for oneself, which involves, for example, being able to recognize what is intended to mislead, being capable of listening to eloquence without being carried away, and becoming adept at asking and determining if there is any reason to think that our beliefs are true; （ii） the ability to find and impartial solution, which involves learning to recognize and control our own biases, coming to view our own beliefs with the same detachment with which we view the beliefs of others, judging issues on their merits trying to ascertain the relevant facts, and the power of weighing arguments; （iii） the ability to identify and question assumptions, which involves learning not to be credulous, applying what Russell calls constructive doubt in order to test unexamined beliefs, and resisting the notion that some authority, a great philosopher perhaps, has captured the whole truth. Russell reminds us that “our most unquestioned convictions may be as mistaken as those of Galileo’s opponents.”There are numerous insights in Russell’s account which should have a familiar ring to those acquainted with the recent critical thinking literature. First, Russell’s language, especially his emphasis on judgment, suggests the point that critical skills cannot be reduced to a mere formula to be routinely applied. Critical judgment means that one has to weigh evidence and arguments, approximate truth must be estimated, with the result that skill demands wisdom. Second, critical thinking requires being critical about our own attempts at criticism. Russell observes, for example, that refutations are rarely final; they are usually a prelude to further refinements. He also notes, anticipating a recent objection that critical thinking texts restrict criticism to “approved” topics, that punishment awaits those who wander into unconventional fields of criticism... For Russell, critical thinking must include critical reflection on what passes for critical thinking. Third, critical thinking is not essentially a negative enterprise; witness Russell’s emphasis on constructive doubt, and his warning against practices which lead to children becoming destructively critical. Russell maintains that the kind of criticism aimed at is not that which seeks to reject, but that which considers apparent knowledge on its merits, retaining whatever survives critical scrutiny.There is a pervasive emphasis in Russell's writings, as in much recent commentary, on the reasons and evidence which support, or undermine, a particular belief. Critical scrutiny of these is needed to determine the degree of confidence we should place in our beliefs. He emphasizes the need to teach the skill of marshalling evidence if a critical habit of mind is to be fostered, and suggests that one of the most important , yet neglected, aspects of education is learning how to reach true conclusions on insufficient data. This emphasis on reasons, however, does not lead Russell to presuppose the existence of an infallible faculty of rationality. Complete rationality, he observes, is an unattainable ideal; rationality is a matter of degree. Far from having an uncritical belief in rationality, he was even prepared to say, somewhat facetiously, that philosophy was an unusually ingenious attempt to think fallaciously!The mere possession of critical skills is insufficient to make one a critical thinker. Russell calls attention to various dispositions which mean that the relevant skills are actually exercised. Typically, lie uses the notion of habit （sometimes the notion of practice） to suggest the translation of skills into actual behavior. Russell describes education as the formation, by means of instruction, of certain mental habits [and a certain outlook on life and the world]. He mentions, in particular: （ i ） the habit of impartial inquiry, which is necessary if one-sided opinions are not to be taken at face value, and if people are to arrive at conclusions which do not depend solely on the time and place of their education; （ii） the habit of weighing evidence, coupled with the practice of not giving full assent to propositions which there is no reason to believe true; （iii） the habit of attempting to see things truly, which contrasts with the practice of merely collecting whatever reinforces existing prejudice; and （iv）the habit of living from one’s own centre, which Russell describes as a kind of self-direction, a certain independence in the will. Such habits, of course, have to be exercised intelligently. Russell recognizes clearly, indeed it is a large part of the problem which critical thinking must address, that one becomes a victim of habit if the habitual beliefs of one’s own age constitute a prison of prejudice. Hence the need for a critical habit of mind.Because they are not simply automatic responses in which on has been drilled, such intellectual habits in effect reflect a person’s willingness, what Russell typically calls one’s readiness, to act and respond in various ways. His examples include: （i） a readiness to admit new evidence against previous beliefs, which involves an open-minded acceptance （avoiding credulity） of whatever a critical examination has revealed; （ii） a readiness to discard hypotheses which have proved inadequate, where the test is whether or not one is prepared in fact to abandon beliefs which once seemed promising; and （iii） a readiness to adapt oneself to the facts of the world, which Russell distinguishes from merely going along with whatever happens to be in the ascendant, which might be evil. To be ready to act, or react, in these ways suggests both awareness that the habits in question are appropriate and a principled commitment to their exercise. They have in common the virtue Russell called truthfulness, which entails the wish to find out, and trying to be right in matters of belief.In Russell’s conception, beyond the skills and dispositions outlined above, a certain set of attitudes characterizes the outlook of a critical person. By the critical attitude. Russell means a temper of mind central to which is a certain stance with respect to knowledge and opinion which involves: （i） a realization of human fallibility, a sense of the uncertainty of many things commonly regarded as indubitable, bringing with it humility; （ii） an open-minded outlook with respect to our beliefs, an “inward readiness” to give weight to the other side, where every question is regarded as open and where it is recognized that what passes for knowledge is sure to require correction; （iii） a refusal to think that our own desires and wishes provide a key to understanding the world, recognizing that what we should like has no bearing whatever on what is ; （iv） being tentative, without falling into a lazy skepticism （or dogmatic doubt）, but holding one’s beliefs with the degree of conviction warranted by the evidence. Russell defends an outlook midway between complete skepticism and complete dogmatism in which one of critical undogmatic receptiveness which rejects certainty （the demand for which Russell calls and intellectual vice and ensures that open-mindedness does not become mindless）.Russell describes critical undogmatic receptiveness as the true an attitude of science, and often speaks of the scientific outlook, the scientific spirit, the scientific temper, a scientific habit of mind and so on, but Russell does not believe that critical thinking is only, invariably, displayed in science. It is clear that Russell is suggesting a certain ideal to which science can only aspire but which, in his view, science exemplifies to a greater extent than philosophy, at least philosophy as practiced in the early twentieth century. Russell uses a number of other phrases to capture the ideal of critical thinking, including the philosophic spirit and a philosophical habit of mind, the liberal outlook （or even the liberal creed）, and the rational temper. All of these ideas are closely intertwined. He remarks, for example, that the scientific outlook is the intellectual counterpart of what is. in the practical sphere, the outlook of liberalism. The critical outlook, for Russell, reflects an epistemological and ethical perspective which emphasizes: （i） how beliefs are held i.e. not dogmatically, （ii） the doubtfulness of all beliefs, （iii） the belief that knowledge is difficult but not impossible, （iv） Freedom of opinion, （v） truthfulness, and （vi） tolerance.

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