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The United States is confronted by many economic problems—for example, inflation, unemployment, pollution, poverty, declining productivity, and rapidly increasing energy cost. In recent years, Americans have become increasingly aware of the fundamental economic problem facing humanity; scarce resources with which to meet the needs of ever growing numbers of people. For all practical purposes, human wants may be regarded as limitless. Scarcity has always been of major concern to economists.A given quantity of resources used to meet one need cannot simultaneously be used to meet another. A choice must be made: Which need will prevail? What will be produced? Filling one urgent need often means sacrificing the opportunity to satisfy another. Hence, the very important economic concept of opportunity cost arises. Every time one is forced by scarcity to make a choice, one is incurring（承受）opportunity costs. These costs are measured in terms of forgone（放弃的）alternatives.How are these, difficult choices of priorities and forgone opportunities arrived at in a society? The answer to this question is the subject matter of microeconomic, or the study of resource allocation among individual sectors ad groups within the economic system. Microeconomics, analysis deals with the principles and guidelines that help determine what and how much is produced, the method of production used, and the division of the resulting output（as income） among the members of the society. The combined effect of all these individual decisions provides the answer to the macroeconomic questions of whether there is full employment, whether prices in general are rising, and whether the economy as a whole is growing.It is important to understand from the very story that economics is regarding government economic policy making, policy makers（usually elected officials） cause the government to intervene（or not to intervene） in the economy according to certain political, social, or economic goals with which economists may or may not agree. The economist’s role then is to point out the full economic effects of such actions so that policy decisions can be made more intelligently.1.The fundamental problem of economics is, in short,（）.2.Opportunity cost（）.3.Even government policy measures have “opportunity costs” which means（）.4.The causes of general unemployment and inflation are topics studied in（）.5.Economic analysis of a policy proposal usually does not allow（）.

Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation; they are a very mild form of electrical or magnetic wave that moves through space. Unlike X-rays and gamma rays, which are very powerful rays of radiation, microwaves are rather weak and are much more like the waves of radiation used in radio broadcasting.In microwave ovens, the use of microwaves with which most people are familiar, the waves are produced by an electronic tube called a magnetron. Microwaves produce beat in any food placed inside the oven by causing the water in the food to vibrate rapidly and thus heat up. Food that have more water in them take less time to cook and probably have more of their nutrients left intact when cooked in a microwave oven.Microwaves do not pass through metals so the microwaves are retained within the oven. Microwaves pass immediately through glass, paper, and plastic with no effect on these materials or on the microwaves; nothing inside the microwave oven is heated except the food itself, so the cooking process is much more efficient than in conventional ovens. Sometimes a part or container is heated because it is touching the hot food, though; some users of microwave ovens have been burned by hot food, by hot pans, or steam escaping from the food. No documented case of radiation burns from a microwave oven has ever been reported.Actually, we know very little about how microwave radiation might affect human beings. Obviously, if microwaves can cook a roast by exciting the water molecules in the meats they could do the same thing to human flesh. Human being could be burned by prolonged exposure to high levels of microwaves. But scientists are more concerned about the effects of low level microwave exposures, such as might result from a leaking microwave oven.No research has yet been performed on people who have been exposed to low level microwave radiation. Some experiments have been performed on animals, but the results are very difficult to interpret. As the eyes are particularly sensitive, rabbits exposed to low level microwaves were checked for the growth of cataracts, and none were found. On the other hand, some animals seem able to sense microwave radiation and try to escape from it immediately. In others, microwave radiation causes the body to react as if defending itself against decease. These responses lead some scientists to think that microwave radiation is harmful，though in some yet undiscovered way.1. The purpose of this passage is to discuss（）.2. Microwaves are（）.3. We can conclude from this passage that（）.4. The author’s tone is（）.5. As used in the 3rd paragraph of this passage, the word “documented" means（）.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark "Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass" You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explain what you will do to make your life more meaningful. You should write at least 200 words. Put your essay on Answer Sheet 2.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark ’'Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass" You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explain what you will do to make your life more meaningful. You should write at least 200 words. Put your essay on Answer Sheet.Part I Cloze

How Marketers Target Kids[A] Kids represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents' buying decisions and they are the adult consumers of the future. Industry spending on advertising to children has exploded in the past decade, increasing from a mere $100 million in 1990 to more than $2 billion in 2000.[B] Parents today are willing to buy more for their kids because trends such as smaller family size, dual incomes and postponing children until later in life mean that families have more disposable income. As well, guilt can play a role in spending decisions as time-stressed parents substitute material goods for time spent with their kids. Here are some of the strategies marketers employ to target kids:Pester Power[C] Today’s kids have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than in previous generations, so it follows that kids are vocal about what they want their parents to buy. "Pester power" refers to children’s ability to nag their parents into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy. Marketing to children is all about creating pester power, because advertisers know what a powerful force it can be.[D] According to the 2001 marketing industry book Kidfluence, pestering or nagging can be divided into two categories—“persistence” and " importance". Persistence nagging （a plea that is repeated over and over again） is not as effective as the more sophisticate “importance nagging". This latter method appeals to parents' desire to provide the best for their children, and plays on any guilt they may have about not having enough time for their kids.The Marriage of psychology and Marketing[E] To effectively market to children, advertisers need to know what makes kids tick. With the help of well-paid researchers and psychologists, advertisers now have access to in-depth knowledge about children’s developmental, emotional and social needs at different ages. Using research that analyzes children’s behavior, fantasy lives, art work, even their dreams, companies are able to craft sophisticated marketing strategies to reach young people.[F] The issue of using child psychologists to help marketers target kids gained widespread public attention in 1999, when a group of U.S. mental health professionals issued a public letter to the American Psychological Association （APA）urging them to declare the practice unethical. The APA is currently studying the issue.Building Brand Name Loyalty.[G] Canadian author Naomi Klein tracks the birth of "brand" marketing in her 2000 book NoLogo. According to Klein, the mid-1980s saw the birth of a new kind of corporation—Nike, Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, to name a few—which changed their primary corporate focus from producing products to creating an image for their brand name. By moving their manufacturing operations to countries with cheap labor, they freed up money to create their powerful marketing messages. It has been a tremendously profitable formula, and has led to the creation of some of the most wealthy and powerful multi-national corporations the world has seen.[H] Marketers plant the seeds of brand recognition in very young children, in the hopes that the seeds will grow into lifetime relationships. According to the Center for a New American Dream, babies as young as six months of age can form mental images of corporate logos and mascots. Brand loyalties can be established as early as age two, and by the time children head off to school most can recognize hundreds of brand logos. While fast food toy and clothing companies have been cultivating brand recognition in children for years, adult-oriented businesses such as banks and automakers are now getting in on the act.Buzz or Street Marketing[T] The challenge for marketers is to cut through the intense advertising clutter （杂乱）in young people's lives. Many companies are using "buzz marketing" a new twist on the tried-and-true "word of mouth" method. The idea is to find the coolest kids in a community and have them use or wear your product in order to create a buzz around it Buzz or "street marketing’’，as it's also called, can help a company to successfully connect with the elusive （难找的）teen market by using trendsetters to give them products "cool" status.[J] Buzz marketing is particularly well-suited to the Internet, where young "Net promoters" use chat rooms and blogs to spread the word about music, clothes and other products among unsuspecting users.Commercialization in Education[K] School used to be a place where children were protected from the advertising and consumer messages that permeated their world— but not anymore. Budget shortfalls are forcing school boards to allow corporations access to students in exchange for badly needed cash, computers and educational materials.[L] Corporations realize the power of the school environment for promoting their name and products. A school setting delivers a captive youth audience and implies the endorsement of teachers and the educational system. Marketers are eagerly exploiting this medium in a number of ways, including: 1） sponsored educational materials; 2） supplying schools with technology in exchange for high company visibility; 3） advertising, posted in classrooms, school buses, on computers in exchange for funds; 4） contests and incentive programs: for example, the Pizza Hut reading incentives program in which children receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal; 5） sponsoring school events.The Internet[M] The Internet is an extremely desirable medium for marketers wanting to target children. It’s part of youth culture. This generation of young people is growing up with the Internet as a daily and routine part of their lives. Kids are often online alone, without parental supervision. Unlike broadcasting media, which have codes regarding advertising to kids, the Internet is unregulated. Sophisticated technologies make it easy to collect information from young people for marketing research, and to target individual children with personalized advertising.Marketing Adult Entertainment to Kids[N] Children are often aware of and want to see entertainment meant for older audiences because it is actively marketed to them. In a report released in 2000, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission （FTC）revealed how the movie, music and video games industries routinely market violent entertainment to young children.[O] The FTC studied 44 films rated “Restricted”，and discovered that 80 per cent were targeted to children under 17. Marketing plans included TV commercials run during hours when young viewers were most likely to be watching. The FTC report also highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children. Mature and teen rated video games are advertised in youth magazines: and toys based on “Restricted” movies and M-rated video games are marketed to children as young as four.1. Guilt can affect parents’ spending decisions because they don’t have enough time for their kids.2. The Center for a New American Dream pointed out that brand loyalties could be formed as early as age two.3. School boards allow corporations to access to students because they need money and educational materials badly.4. The FTC report highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children.5. For this generation of young people, the Internet is a daily and routine part of their lives.6. According to Kidfluence, “persistence nagging" is less effective than the more sophisticated “importance nagging”.7. According to a report released by the U.S Federal Trade Commission, the movie, music and video games industries usually market violent entertainment to young children.8. Buzz marketing is well-suited to the Internet because the interactive environment can spread messages effectively.9. A group of U.S. mental health professionals think that it is unethical to use child psychologists to help marketers target kids.10. According to the Pizza Hut reading incentives program, children will receive certificates for flee pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal.

How Marketers Target Kids[A] Kids represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents' buying decisions and they are the adult consumers of the future. Industry spending on advertising to children has exploded in the past decade, increasing from a mere $100 million in 1990 to more than $2 billion in 2000.[B] Parents today are willing to buy more for their kids because trends such as smaller family size, dual incomes and postponing children until later in life mean that families have more disposable income. As well, guilt can play a role in spending decisions as time-stressed parents substitute material goods for time spent with their kids. Here are some of the strategies marketers employ to target kids:Pester Power[C] Today’s kids have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than in previous generations, so it follows that kids are vocal about what they want their parents to buy. "Pester power" refers to children’s ability to nag their parents into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy. Marketing to children is all about creating pester power, because advertisers know what a powerful force it can be.[D] According to the 2001 marketing industry book Kidfluence, pestering or nagging can be divided into two categories—“persistence” and " importance". Persistence nagging （a plea that is repeated over and over again） is not as effective as the more sophisticate “importance nagging". This latter method appeals to parents' desire to provide the best for their children, and plays on any guilt they may have about not having enough time for their kids.The Marriage of psychology and Marketing[E] To effectively market to children, advertisers need to know what makes kids tick. With the help of well-paid researchers and psychologists, advertisers now have access to in-depth knowledge about children’s developmental, emotional and social needs at different ages. Using research that analyzes children’s behavior, fantasy lives, art work, even their dreams, companies are able to craft sophisticated marketing strategies to reach young people.[F] The issue of using child psychologists to help marketers target kids gained widespread public attention in 1999, when a group of U.S. mental health professionals issued a public letter to the American Psychological Association （APA.urging them to declare the practice unethical. The APA is currently studying the issue.Building Brand Name Loyalty.[G] Canadian author Naomi Klein tracks the birth of "brand" marketing in her 2000 book NoLogo. According to Klein, the mid-1980s saw the birth of a new kind of corporation—Nike, Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, to name a few—which changed their primary corporate focus from producing products to creating an image for their brand name. By moving their manufacturing operations to countries with cheap labor, they freed up money to create their powerful marketing messages. It has been a tremendously profitable formula, and has led to the creation of some of the most wealthy and powerful multi-national corporations the world has seen.[H] Marketers plant the seeds of brand recognition in very young children, in the hopes that the seeds will grow into lifetime relationships. According to the Center for a New American Dream, babies as young as six months of age can form mental images of corporate logos and mascots. Brand loyalties can be established as early as age two, and by the time children head off to school most can recognize hundreds of brand logos. While fast food toy and clothing companies have been cultivating brand recognition in children for years, adult-oriented businesses such as banks and automakers are now getting in on the act.Buzz or Street Marketing[T] The challenge for marketers is to cut through the intense advertising clutter （杂乱）in young people's lives. Many companies are using "buzz marketing" a new twist on the tried-and-true "word of mouth" method. The idea is to find the coolest kids in a community and have them use or wear your product in order to create a buzz around it Buzz or "street marketing’’，as it's also called, can help a company to successfully connect with the elusive （难找的）teen market by using trendsetters to give them products "cool" status.[J] Buzz marketing is particularly well-suited to the Internet, where young "Net promoters" use chat rooms and blogs to spread the word about music, clothes and other products among unsuspecting users.Commercialization in Education[K] School used to be a place where children were protected from the advertising and consumer messages that permeated their world— but not anymore. Budget shortfalls are forcing school boards to allow corporations access to students in exchange for badly needed cash, computers and educational materials.[L] Corporations realize the power of the school environment for promoting their name and products. A school setting delivers a captive youth audience and implies the endorsement of teachers and the educational system. Marketers are eagerly exploiting this medium in a number of ways, including: 1） sponsored educational materials; 2） supplying schools with technology in exchange for high company visibility; 3） advertising, posted in classrooms, school buses, on computers in exchange for funds; 4） contests and incentive programs: for example, the Pizza Hut reading incentives program in which children receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal; 5） sponsoring school events.The Internet[M] The Internet is an extremely desirable medium for marketers wanting to target children. It’s part of youth culture. This generation of young people is growing up with the Internet as a daily and routine part of their lives. Kids are often online alone, without parental supervision. Unlike broadcasting media, which have codes regarding advertising to kids, the Internet is unregulated. Sophisticated technologies make it easy to collect information from young people for marketing research, and to target individual children with personalized advertising.Marketing Adult Entertainment to Kids[N] Children are often aware of and want to see entertainment meant for older audiences because it is actively marketed to them. In a report released in 2000, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission （FTC.revealed how the movie, music and video games industries routinely market violent entertainment to young children.[O] The FTC studied 44 films rated “Restricted”，and discovered that 80 per cent were targeted to children under 17. Marketing plans included TV commercials run during hours when young viewers were most likely to be watching. The FTC report also highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children. Mature and teen rated video games are advertised in youth magazines: and toys based on “Restricted” movies and M-rated video games are marketed to children as young as four.1. Guilt can affect parents’ spending decisions because they don’t have enough time for their kids.2. The Center for a New American Dream pointed out that brand loyalties could be formed as early as age two.3. School boards allow corporations to access to students because they need money and educational materials badly.4. The FTC report highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children.5. For this generation of young people, the Internet is a daily and routine part of their lives.6. According to Kidfluence, “persistence nagging" is less effective than the more sophisticated “importance nagging”.7. According to a report released by the U.S Federal Trade Commission, the movie, music and video games industries usually market violent entertainment to young children.8. Buzz marketing is well-suited to the Internet because the interactive environment can spread messages effectively.9. A group of U.S. mental health professionals think that it is unethical to use child psychologists to help marketers target kids.10. According to the Pizza Hut reading incentives program, children will receive certificates for flee pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal.

Directions: Give a list of at least 5 examples of how Chinese culture shines at dazzling Olympics opening ceremony, e.g. the percussion rhythms of 2,008 fous, a primitive instrument made of clay or bronze. Remember to write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

Directions: For this section, you are asked to write a composition on the following topic. You are required to write no less than 150 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Some people say that the Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information. Others think access to so much information creates problems. Which view do you agree with?What is your opinion? Give your comments and write them down on the ANSWER SHEET. You should supply on appropriate title for your essay.

While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to woman. Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success. Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck. All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.

1. “Teach Your Child How to Think” offers lessons in perception improvement, of clearly seeing the implications of something you are saying and of exploring the alternatives. （Passage One）2. Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently between time zones or by working nights. （Passage Two）3. Selling online carried its own risks, however. With so many companies competing for consumers' attention, price competition was intense and profit margins thin or nonexistent. （Passage Three）4. Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behaviors. （Passage Four）5. Never mind something as complex as conversations: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid. （Passage Five）

Since he was a child, Don Cameron has been interested in anything which flies. He grew up on the outskirts of Glasgow and, as a student at Glasgow University, joined the University Air Squadron. 1.（）. His grandfather was an engineer, who turned his hand to making model steam engines and boats.Don Cameron’s first job was at Bristol Aircraft, where he worked as an engineer. He then had jobs in the steel works at Lanwem and for Rio-Tinto Zine in Bristol, working with computers. In the mid-sixties, news of American experiments with hot air balloons crossed the Atlantic, and he and a couple of friends decided to build their own balloon. Probably the first hot air balloon in western Europe, they called it The Bristol Belle. 2.（）.At 40 he has already been halfway round the world by balloon. 3.（）. He has crossed the Channel by balloon and even flown in the Arctic Circle in one. “Before you fly there”, he remembers, “you are told how to build igloos and survive in the snow. It’s a lovely place to fly”.“In the early days”, he recalls. “I used to work night and day.” He looks down at his schedule for the next few days. It includes a drive to France to make a delivery, plus reading proofs of a ballooning handbook he has written. “I still don’t take it very easy.” he says. He started the business in the basement of the large Victorian house, where he lives with his wife Kin and two children. 4.（）. They include specially designed balloons for advertising purposes. The firm exports all over the world and is setting up a factory in America, where balloons will be made for them under license. 5.（）. A.The turnover is now around $500.000 a year and there is a staff about 25B.In 1972 he piloted the lust hot air balloon to cross the Swiss Alps; and later that year he took part in what the calls “an odd expedition” to the Sahara Desert, with two balloons and a truck to carry the gas.C.Now Cameron Balloons has its own premises in an old church hail in Bristol, making about 150 balloons a year.D.Interest in the mechanics of movement, if not flight, was a family tradition.E.Now there are 300 balloons in this country alone...and at least two-thirds of them have been made by the firm Don Cameron set up, Cameron Balloons.F.Don Cameron set up a firm and it was very successful.G.His mother was an engineer.

In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence （AI） predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, they’re nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversations the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the held went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.Imitating the brain's neural, network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors”, he explains, “but it’s not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves.” Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brain’s capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.1. The author says that the powerful computers of today（）.2. The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from（）.3. Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to（）.4. What's the author’s opinion about the new AI movement?5. Which of the following is closet in meaning to the underlined phrase “the only game in town” （para.4）?

It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. You might tolerate the rude and inconsiderate drivers, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers'" campaign, otherwise, it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behaviors. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgment in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgments of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, improper politeness can also be dangerous. A typical example is the driver who waves a child across a crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to slop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learn to filter correctly into traffic streams without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper.Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive let alone be well-mannered on the road. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.1. According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by（）.2. The sentence “You might tolerate the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well mannered motorist is the exception to the rule” implies that（）.3. By “good sense’’ （Paragraph2）, the writer means（）.4. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion（）.5. In the writer’s opinion（）.

In 1998 consumers could purchase virtually anything over the internet. Books, compact discs. And even stocks were available from Word Wide Web sites that seemed to spring up almost daily. A few years earlier, some people had predicted that consumers accustomed to shopping in stores would be reluctant to buy things that they could not see or touch in person. For a growing number of time-starved consumers, however, shopping from their home computer was proving to be a convenient alternative to driving to the store.A research estimated that in 1998 US consumers would purchase $7.3 billion of goods over the internet, double the 1997 total. Finding a bargain was getting easier owing to the rise of online auctions and Web sites that did comparison shopping on the Internet for the best deal.For all the consumer interest, retailing in cyberspace was still a largely unprofitable business, however. Internet pioneer Amazon.Com, which began selling books in 1995 and later branched into recorded music and videos, posted revenue of $153.7 million in the third quarter, up from $37.9 million in the same period in 1997. Overall, however, the company’s loss widened to $45.2 million from $9.6 million, and analysts did not expect the company to turn a profit until 2001. Despite the great loss, Amazon.com had a stock market value of many billion, reflecting investors’ optimism about the future of industry.Internet retailing appealed to investors because it provided efficient means for reaching millions of consumers without having the cost of operating conventional stores with their armies of salespeople. Selling online carried its own risks, however. With so many companies competing for consumers’ attention, price competition was intense and profit margins thin or nonexistent. One video retailer sold he hit movie Titanic for $9.99, undercutting the $19.99 suggested retail price and losing about $6 on each copy sold. With Internet retailing still in its initial stage, companies seemed willing to absorb such losses in an attempt to establish a dominant market position.1. Which of the following is TRUE, according to the writer?2. Finding a bargain on the internet was getting easier partly because（）.3. “For all the consumer interest” （Paragraphs） means（）.4. It can be inferred from the passage that Amazon.com（）.5. Investors are interested in Internet retailing because（） .

For millions of years before the appearance of the electric light, shift work, all-night cable TV and the Internet, earth’s creatures evolved in a planet with predictable and reassuring 24-hour rhythms. Our biological clocks are set for this daily cycle. Simply, our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives. （Contrary to popular belief humans don't need less sleep as they age.）But on average, Americans sleep only about seven and a half hours per night, a marked drop from the nine hours they averaged in 1910. What’s worse, nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night. For most people, that’s not nearly enough.Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently between time zones or by working nights. Dr. James F. Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed as other discomforts. About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders. "Before we do anything else, we look at their sleep.” John says.Sleep experts say that most people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns. “My motto （座右铭）is 'Sleep defensively'," says Mary Carskadon of Brown University. She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things. Sleep routines—like going to bed and getting up at the same time every day —are important. Pre- bedtime activities also make a difference. As with Eisner, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few lifestyle changes——avoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bedtime, relaxing with a hot bath-yield better sleep.1. What is TRUE of human sleep?2. For our bodies to function properly, we should（）.3. According to the author, many sleeping disorders are caused by（）.4. Which of the following measures can help you sleep better?5. “Sleep defensively” means that（）.

Lateral thinking（迂回思维）, first described by Edward de Bone in 1967, is just a few years older than Edward’s son. You might imagine that Caspar was raised to be an adventurous thinker, but the de Bone was so famous, Caspar’s parent’s worried that any time he would say something bright at school, his teacher might snap, “Where do you get that idea from?”“We had to be careful and not overdo it.” Edward admits. Now Caspar is at Oxford — which once looked unlikely because he is also slightly dyslexic（诵读困难）. In fact, when he was applying to Oxford, none of his school teachers though he had a chance. “So then we did several thinking sessions,” his father says, “using my techniques and, when he went up for the exam, he did exactly well.” Soon after, Edward de Bone decided to write his latest book, “Teach Your Child How to Think,” in which he transforms the thinking skills he developed for brain-storming businessmen into informal exercises for parents and children to share.Thinking is traditionally regarded as something executed in a logical sequence, and knows that children aren’t very logical. So isn’t it an uphill battle, trying to teach them to think?“You know,” Edward de Bone says, “if you examine people’s thinking, it is quite unusual to find it of logic. But the faults of perception are huge! Often we think ineffectively because we take too limit view.”“Teach Your Child How to Think” offers lessons in perception improvement, of clearly see the implications of something you are saying and of exploring the alternatives.1. What is “TRUE about Caspar?2. Caspar succeeded in applying to Oxford because（）.3. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Edward（）.4. According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements express Edward de Bone’s view?5. Lateral thinking refers to the following EXCEPT（）.

Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Ansyver Sheet.The following is the Excerpts from an article on Xinhuanet:Last month the Ministry of Education asked all schools to get their students to take part in an online “Blessing the Motherland" program during Spring Festival. But, surprisingly, some netizens have questioned, even criticized, the proposal.Economic globalization has brought about cultural diversity in China. As a result, many young people prefer to celebrate Christmas, Valentine's Day and other Western festivals to traditional Chinese festivals such as Dragon Boat Festival. It is important to teach the importance of Chinese culture to such people if we don’t want the traditional festivals to become history.Coincidently, the lunar new year starts on Feb 14, celebrated as Valentine’s Day only in the West till a few years ago but now a sort of craze among youths in China’s cities. That’s why the “Blessing the Motherland” is important; it is aimed at making students more importance to Spring Festival and traditional Chinese culture....Do you think the programs that promote traditional Chinese culture and values among the younger generation deserve your support or not? Develop your ideas one essay.You are to write in three parts:In the first part, state what you think is the best way.In the second part, support your view with one or two reasons.In the third part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.You should supply an appropriate title for you essay.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.

Directions: Summarize in your own words, the advantages and disadvantages of owning a television. Your account should not be more than 120 words.With the invention of televisions, many forms of entertainments have been replaced. Lively programs like television serials and world news, have removed from us the need to read books or papers, to listen to radios or even to watch movies. In fact, during the 1970s, when televisions were first introduced, cinema theatres suffered great losses as many people chose to stay in the comforts of their homes to watch their favorite programs.Indeed, the television brings the world into our house. Hence, by staying at home and pressing some buttons world happenings immediately presented before us. Children nowadays develop faster in language, owing to the early exposure to television programs. At such tender age, it would be difficult for them to read books or papers. Thus, television programs are a .good source of learning for them. Furthermore, pronunciations by tile newscasters, actors or actresses are usually standardized, hence young children watching these programs will lean the right pronunciations too. Owning a television is also extremely beneficial to working parents who usually too busy or tired to take their kids out for entertainments. Surrounded by the comforts of their home, the family can have a chance to get together and watch their favorite television programs.Of course, we should not be too carried away by the advantages of the television and overlook its negative points. Watching television programs takes away our need to read. Why bother to read the papers when we can hear them from the television news reports? Why read books when exciting movies are screened? The lack of reading is unhealthy especially to younger children as they will grow up only with the ability to speak but not write. I have a neighbor whose six-year-old child can say complete sentences like “I like cats,” but when told to write out the sentence, is unable to do so. Not only are the writing skills of children affected, their thinking capacities are also handicapped. Television programs remove the need to think. The stories, ideas and facts are woven in the way television planners wanted. Exposure to such opinions and the lack of thinking opportunities will hinder the children’s analyzing ability.Despite the disadvantages of watching television programs, personally, I think that choosing the 'middle path’，which is to do selective television viewing and not over indulging in the habit should be the best solution to reconcile both the merits and demerits of owning a television.

A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It all translates to a fundamental change in the way we work. Already we're partly there.1.The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World Today. The majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan （two thirds or more in many of these countries） are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the workforce than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. 2.But the breadth of the economic transformation can’t be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise to a basic new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held concepts about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers — all these are being challenged.We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. 3.No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen, the ways in single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrow's achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still factory robots. Tomorrow’s achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar way of dramatic changes. 4.But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be valued above all else.5.If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job.

Every student is required to give a（）（present） on the seminar.

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