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Old beliefs die hard; even when jobs became（）, the long-standing fear that unemployment could return at a moment’s notice persisted.

She is trying to（）him by phone as she has some very important news for him.

The manager promised to pay them well and in return he would expect their loyalty and （）.

Stanley was（）by what I had said and when I realized this, I apologized to him for being so tactless.

I’ll go to the airport tomorrow morning to （） a good friend who leaves for Australia.

If you （） the principle of democratic government to your family you will run into some obvious difficulties.

The （） feature in Ted’s character was pride; he couldn’t ever think of depending on anyone but himself.

I am （） to Mr. Morrison because of the kindness and concern that he showed me when I first got here.

The sheer diversity of tropical plants represents a seemingly （） source of raw materials, of which only a few have been utilized.

The spelling of many Old English words has been （）in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed.

Some social critics took a dim view of the industrialism of the nineteenth century, believing that it （） a harsh, crude life-style.

Freud derived psychoanalytic knowledge of childhood indirectly; he（） childhood processes from adult memory.

1.科学家是一小群努力洞悉自然,在表面的杂乱无序中寻求规律的人,他们具有特殊的能力进行思考与分析,具有无限的耐心进行观察与收集数据。2.当时我们所面临的最关键的问题是熟练劳动力的缺乏,用以培训这种劳动力的大学师资不足,以及我们的大学中由于用于教育和科研的师资和现代化设备短缺造成的研究能力衰退。3.科学是讲求实际的。科学是老老实实的学问,来不得半点虚假,需要付出艰巨的劳动。同时,科学也需要创造,需要幻想,有幻想才能打破传统的束缚,才能发展科学。4.如果你着手干一番事业而失败了,不要丧失信心。“我失败了三次”与“我是一个失败者”之间有着天壤之别。只要你对自己不持否定的想法,不把自己与失败等同起来,而是试图从失败中吸取教训,你很可能在未来取得成功。

Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and what it can do for us now than formerly. Summer homes，European vacations, travel, BMW' s—such items do not seem less in demand than they did a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot admit their dreams as easily and openly as they once could, lest they be thought of as pushing, acquisitive, and vulgar. For such people and many more perhaps not so outstanding, the proper action seems to be, “Succeed at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious.”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles, while its public defenders are few and ineffective. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and cultivated in the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its urges, but only that since it is no longer openly honored, it is therefore less often openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground or made devious.

Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation t resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.1 would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archaeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preser-vation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excava¬tor’s grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all lo appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply, everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in clamming that every ar¬tifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong. I refer to the thousand pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions known as l’ melekh handles have been found in abundance—more than 4000 examples so far. The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds； as a result, they cannot be found again and be¬come as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photo¬graphed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to a¬gree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to propose（）2.The author implies that all the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT（）.3.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum base¬ments?4.The author anticipates which of the following initial objections to the adoption of his proposal?

In most earthquakes the Earth’ s crust cracks like porcelain. Stress builds up until a fracture forms at the depth of a few kilometers and the crust slips to relieve the stress. Some earthquakes, however, take place hundreds of kilo¬meters down in the Earth's mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile that it flows instead of cracking, even under stress severe enough to deform it like putty. How can there be earthquakes at such depths?That such deep events do occur has been accepted only since 1927, when the seismologist Kiyoo Wadati con¬vincingly demonstrated their existence. Instead of comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, as earlier researchers had done, Wadati relied on a lime difference between the arrival of primary (P) waves and the slower secondary (S) waves. Because P and S waves travel at different but fairly constant speeds; the interval be¬tween their arrivals increases in proportion to the distance from the earthquake focus，or a rupture point.For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter, the point on the sur¬face where shaking is the strongest for a few events, however, the delay was long enough at the epicenter. Wadati saw a similar pattern when he analyzed data on the intensity of shaking. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with increasing distance from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a low¬er peak intensity, felt over a broader area. Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes: the more common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and the deep events, with a focus several hundred kilometers down.1.The passage is primarily concerned with（）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that if the S waves from an earthquake arrive at a given location long af¬ter the P waves, which of the following must be true?3.The passage suggests that which of the following must take place in order for any earthquake to occur?4.The author’s explanation of how deep events occur would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?

Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures，especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud，feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?For some fifty million years，despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet, under rocks in shallow water, or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors, ranging from black to reddish-brown to sand-colored and nearly white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber-shaped—hence their name— and because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape, combined with (heir flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night, sea cucumbers have the capacity to become quiescent and live at a low metabolic rate—feeding sparingly or not at all for long periods, so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for this faculty. they would devour all the food availa-ble in a short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs. When attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into the water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or the water becomes too polluted.1.According to the passage, why is the shape of sea cucumber important?2.The fourth paragraph of the passage primarily discusses（）3.What can be inferred about the defense mechanisms of the sea cucumber?4.Which of the following would NOT cause a sea cucumber to release its internal organs into the water?

Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philoso¬phies. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harm¬ful, or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values that we unquestionably accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd； Brave New World ridicules the preten¬sions of science; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of expression, the satire method, that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opin¬ions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous com¬bination, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because the readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Sat¬ire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to re¬mind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is hypocritical, sentimental, and only par¬tially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but lend lo forget them when they do not hear them expressed.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.Why does the author mention Don Quixote, Brave New World and A Modest proposal in the first paragraph?3.Which of the following can be found in satiric literature?4.According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to be（）

Even today, when air and road travel has made Africa so readily accessible to Europeans and Americans, there are innumerable aspects of African life which tend to take one by surprise. The unfamiliar lies hidden everywhere, and the presence of Western culture seems merely to emphasize this unfamiliarity. Basically, the essence of our reac¬tion to the strange, the unfamiliar, is a sense of fear. Every country contains landscapes that arouse unease—whether it be some remote Alpine valley, the wild lavender fields of Upper Province, or a lonely Norwegian fjord at twilight. But in my own experience West Africa contains more weird and eerie regions—rain-forest, mangroveswamp, parched plains of red earth—than any other place that I have seen. It is not only in the foreigner that these landscapes evoke fear. A large part of all old African religions is devoted to soothing the unknown and the unseen—evil spirits which live in a particular tree or a particular rock, a thousand varieties of ghosts and witches, the ever-present spirits of dead ancestors or relatives. I have myself been kept awake at night in Calabar by a friend from Lagos who was con¬vinced that the witches of the east were out to get him, or that he was about to be kidnapped and eaten. During four and a half hours in a canoe along the creeks of the Niger della, gliding over the still and colorless water beneath an equally still and colorless but burning sky, I, too, have experienced a sense of fear, or at least a sense of awe. Ex¬cept for the ticking of the little outboard engine the silence was complete. On either hand stretched the silver-white swamps of mangrove, seeming, with their awkward exposed roots, to be standing knee-deep in the water. Where the creek narrowed you could peer deep into these thickets of mangroves—vistas secret, interminable and somehow meaningless. There was no sign of life except for the shrill screech of some unseen bird.I was on my way to the ancient slaving port of Bonny, which we reached in late afternoon. Scrambling up some derelict stone steps (slithery with slime and which had managed to detach themselves from the landing-stage so that you had to jump a two-foot gap to reach wet land), 1 found myself in an area of black mud and tumbled blocks of stone.1.There are features of Western culture which are present in West Africa（）.2.A lot of the old African religion has to do with （）3.The author was kept awake by（）.4.“ Mangrove” means（）

A major reason for conflict in the animal world is territory. The male animal establishes an area. The size of the area is sufficient to provide food for him, his mate and their offspring. Migrating birds, for example, used up the best territory in the order of “first come, first（1）.” The late arrivals may acquire（2）territories, but less food is available, or they are too close to the（3）of the enemies of the species.（4）there is really insufficient food or the danger is very great, the animal will not（5）. In this way, the members of the species which are less fit will not have offspring. When there is conflict（6）territory, animals will commonly use force, or a show of force, to decide which will stay and which will go. It is interesting to note,（7），that animals seem to use only the minimum amount of force（8）to drive away the intruder. There is usually no killing. In the case of those ani¬mals which are capable of （9）each other great harm, （10） is a system for the losing animal to show the winning animal that he wishes to submit. When he shows this, the victor normally stops fighting.

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