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He brought an entirely new level of style and sophistication to jazz music. Although a gifted piano player, Duke Ellington used the orchestra as his principal instrument. He considered himself a composer and arranger rather than just a musician, like Jelly Roll Morton before him.It was in 1917 when Duke began playing music professionally in Washington, D. C. Stride piano players like James P • Johnson and Willie “The Lion” Smith influenced his piano technique. Duke led a band called The Washingtonians, which played at The Hollywood Club in Manhattan (the club was later renamed as the Kentucky Club). This band acquired a style all its own when trumpet player Bubber Miley joined it, bringing with him his unique plunger-mute style of playing. Called the “ Jungle Sound，” this sound came to be largely responsible for Ellington’ s early success. A good example of this style of playing is the song East St. Louis Toodle-Oo. In 1924，the group recorded their first album, Choo Choo ( Gotta Hurry Home and Rainy Nights ( Rainy Days) ) . However, the band didn’t hit the big time until after Irving Mills became their manager and publisher in 1926. In 1927, the band re-recorded versions of East St. Louis Toodle-Oo, then debuted two songs that would be associated with Duke for the rest of his career, Black and Tan Fantasy and Creole Love Call.Ellington’s Orchestra, unlike many of its contemporaries, was able to make the transition from 1920s hot jazz to 1930s swing music. One song it played, It Don’t Mean a Thing (If It Ain’t Got That Swing), even came to define the era. What kept the Ellington Orchestra a major force in jazz was this very ability to adapt and grow with the times.The fame and influence of Ellington continued to grow throughout the 40s and 50s. His band continued to come up with jazz standards like Take the ‘ A ’ Train, Perdido, the 4 C ’ Jam Blues, and Satin Doll Duke wrote several religious pieces in the 1960s. He also composed The Far East Suite, then also collaborated with a highly diverse group of jazz musicians, among them Charles Mingus and Max Roach with whom he played a trio.1.What is the main topic of this passage?2.According to the passage, Duke Ellington worked as all of the following EXCEPT as a（）.3.Which of the following statements would the author of this passage most probably agree with?4.All of the following statements about Duke Ellington are true EXCEPT（）.

Most readers underestimate the amount of rewriting it usually takes to produce a spontaneous reading. This is a great disadvantage to the student writer, who sees only a finished product and never watches the craftsman who takes the necessary step back, studies the work carefully, returns to the task, steps back, returns, steps back, again and again. Anthony Burgess, one of the most productive writers in the English speaking countries, admits, “I might revise a page twenty times.” Ronald Dahl, the popular children’s writer, states, By the time I’m nearing the end of a story, the first part will have been reread and changed and corrected at least 150 times... Good writing is essentially re-writing. I am positive of this. ’’ Rewriting isn’t something that ought to be done. It is simply something that most writers find they have to do to discover what they have to say and how to say it. It is a condition of the writer’s life.There are，however，a few writers who do little formal rewriting，primarily because they have the capacity and experience to create and review a large number of invisible drafts in their minds before they approach the page. And some writers slowly produce finished pages, performing all the tasks of revision，page by page. But it is still possible to see the sequence followed by most writers most of the time in rereading their own work.Most writers can scan their draft first，reading as quickly as possible to catch the larger problems of subject and form, then move in closer and closer as they read and write, reread and rewrite.1.What does the student writer fail to do?2.What do we know about Anthony Burgess?3.Why do some writers do little formal rewriting?4.What do most writers have in common?

During the 1700s and 1800s, major fighting during wars generally ceased for the winters and armies took up winter encampments. As winter descended upon Pennsylvania in 1777, General George Washington chose Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, some eighteen miles west of Philadelphia as site of the winter encampment of the Continental Army. The area was far enough away from the British in Philadelphia to discourage surprise attacks and its location between high hills and the Schuylkill River made it easily defensible.The Continental Army, however, was in bad shape. Of the 12,000 soldiers, many lacked the supplies or clothing to survive the winter and many others were starving at this point. At Valley Forge, defense lines were built along with over 1,000 huts to provide some relief from the brutal elements.Moisture from rain and melting snow made it impossible for many soldiers to stay dry and allowed for the spread of disease. The only reliable food that the soldiers received was a mixture of flour and water known as “firecake.’’ Occasionally, soldiers received meat and bread. Furthermore, many soldiers had inadequate supplies of clothing and were forced to endure the winter in tatters and without blankets. Many lacked shoes. Wounded soldiers often died from exposure to the elements. Unsanitary and crowded conditions led to the proliferation of diseases and sicknesses such as typhoid and pneumonia.Over 2,000 people died from such sicknesses.On February 23，1778，former German General Baron von Steuben arrived at Valley Forge to train the Patriots how to march in formation, fire guns quickly, use bayonets and become soldiers. Though von Steuben spoke little English, he developed a training manual in French that would be translated on the grounds into English. Unlike many American generals, von Steuben worked directly with the soldiers, endearing him to the thousands suffering at Valley Forge. Von Steuben’s presence did much to improve the morale of the army during the bitter winter and also helped them develop into a more tactical, effective military machine, capable of fighting the British.On June 19, 1778, the Continental Army left Valley Forge in pursuit of the British who were moving north to New York.1.Why did General Washington choose Valley Forge as the site of his army’s winter encampment?2.How was Baron Von Steuben different from American generals?3.What was probably the most important contributions made by Baron Von Steuben?4.What happened last?

If we accept that we cannot prevent science and technology from changing our world, we can at least try to（1 ）that the changes they make are in the right directions. In a democratic society, this means that the public needs to have a basic understanding of science（2 ） it can make informed decisions and not （3 ） them in the hands of experts. At the moment, the public has a rather ambivalent attitude（4 ） science. It has come to expect the steady increase in the standard of（5 ） that new developments in science and technology have brought to continue, but it also distrusts science because it doesn’t understand it. This distrust is evident in the cartoon （6 ） of the mad scientist working in his laboratory to produce a Frankenstein. It is also an important （7 ） behind support for the Green parties.What can be done to（8 ）this interest and give the public the scientific background it needs to make informed decisions on subjects like acid rain, the greenhouse effect, nuclear weapons, and genetic engineering? Clearly, the basis must lie in what is taught in schools. But in schools science is often（9 ） in a dry and uninteresting manner. Children learn it by rote to pass examinations, and they don’t see its（10 ）to the world around them. Moreover, science is often taught in terms of equations. Although equations are a concise and accurate way of describing mathematics ideas, they frighten most people.

A team of researchers（） the problem of diseases connected with contaminated milk.

He implied that the President had lied and （）obstructed justice.

The teacher wanted to make the students realize that reading good literature is a good way to broaden their（）.

Doctors say that moderate drinking can have a beneficial （）on your health.

They did not realize that they had （）a crime by cutting down the tree.

James is quite （） with the customs and languages of the people in that part of the country.

She is trying to（）him by phone as she has some very important news for him.

The initial results of the experiment didn’t （）quite as expected, to their disappointment.

The term nonverbal communication （）__ a number of categories: body language, vocal into-nations, physical objects, and space, among others.

New technology is making the traditional farming machinery and methods （）.

Historians share one fundamental （）that we can learn from the mistakes of our past.

If securities of a foreign corporation are sold in the US, the corporation is （） to the US law.

With the severe shortage of energy supply, we are facing the （） of a very hard winter.

Some sociologists are worried about the （） throughout the whole society.

I am（）to Mr. Morrison because of the kindness and concern that he showed me when I first got here.

Einstein was a man deeply （） to the ideal of the morally responsible scientist.

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