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“Opinion” is a word that is used carelessly today. It is used to refer to matters of taste, belief, and judgment. This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion. Unfortunately, most do attach great importance to it. “I have as much right to my opinion as you to yours,，” and “Everyone's entitled to his opinion,” are common expressions. In fact, anyone who would challenge another’s opinion is likely to be branded intolerant.Is that label accurate? Is it intolerant to challenge another’s opinion? It depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind. D.For example, you may ask a friend, “What do you think of the new Ford cars?” And he may reply, “In my opinion, they’re ugly.” In this case, it would not only be intolerant to challenge his statement, but foolish. For it's obvious that by opinion he means his personal preference, a matter of taste. And as the old saying goes “It's pointless to argue about matters of taste.”But consider this very different use of the term, a newspaper reports that the Supreme Court has delivered its opinion in a controversial case. Obviously the justices did not state their personal preferences, their mere likes and dislikes. They stated their considered judgment, painstakingly arrived at after thorough inquiry and deliberation.Most of what is referred to as opinion falls somewhere between these two extremes. It is not an expression of taste. Nor is it careful judgment. Yet it may contain elements of both. It is a view or belief more or less casually arrived at, with or without examining the evidence.Is everyone entitled to his opinion? Of course, this is not only permitted, but guaranteed. D.We are free to act on our opinions only so long as, in doing so, we do not harm others.1. The new Ford cars are cited as an example to show that .2. Considered judgment is different from personal preference in that .3. As indicated in the passage, being free to act on one’s opinion .

It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”, the social sciences as “soft”, and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earth’s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. D.Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting, and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of or even of earth's geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data comes in and new theories are worked out. If we define the “security” our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme.Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.1. The author believes that our knowledge of social systems is more secure than that of physical systems because.2. The chances of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are the biggest because.3. We know less about the astronomical universe than we do about any social system because__.

I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convince myself that if it weren’t for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population lives in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. All you can see from your window is sky, or blocks of flats. Children become aggressive and nervous -- — cooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world. D.Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don't even say hello to each other.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. There’s little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leaves for the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet.What, then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds a feeling of isolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its main advantages is that you are at the centre of things, and that life doesn’t come to an end at half-past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought) a compromise between the two: they have expressed their preference for the “quiet life” by leaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behind—they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.What then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring “morning” to the locals as they pass by. I’m keen on the idea, but you see there’s my cat, Toby. I’m not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass. I mean, can you see him mixing with all those hearty males down the farm? No, he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening.1. We get the impression from the first paragraph that the author .2. In the author’s opinion, the following may cause city people to be unhappyEXCEPT .3. The passage implies that it is easy to buy the following things in the country EXCEPT_______.4. According to the passage, which of the following adjectives best describes those people who work in large cities and live in villages?5. Do you think the author will move to the country?

People have been donating blood since the early twentieth century to help accident victims and patients undergoing surgical procedures. Usually a pint of whole blood is donated, and it is then divided into platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells. People can donate blood (for red blood cells) about once every two months.Transfusing the blood from the donor to the recipient is straightforward. D.It involves taking the blood from a donor’s arm vein by means of a hypodermic syringe. The blood flows through a plastic tube to a collection bag or bottle that contains sodium citrate, which prevents the blood from clotting.When the blood is given to a patient, a plastic tube and hypodermic needle are connected to the recipient’s arm. The blood flows down from the container by gravity. This is a slow process and may last as long as 2 hours to complete the infusion of blood into the recipient. The patient is protected from being infected during the transfusion. Only sterile containers, tubing, and needles are used, and this helps ensure that transfused or stored blood is not exposed to disease-causing bacteria.Negative reactions to transfusions are not unusual. The recipient may suffer an allergic reaction or be sensitive to donor leukocytes. Some may suffer from an undetected red-cell incompatibility. Unexplained reactions are also fairly common. Although they are rare, other causes of such negative reactions include contaminated blood, air bubbles in the blood, overloading of the circulatory system through administration of excess blood, or sensitivity to donor plasma or platelets.Today, hospitals and blood banks go to great lengths to screen all blood donors and their blood. D.All donated blood is routinely and rigorously tested for diseases, such as HIV (which cause AIDS), hepatitis B, and syphilis. When the recipient is a newborn or an infant, the blood is usually irradiated to eliminate harmful clement. Donated blood is washed, and the white blood cells and platelets are removed.Storing the blood sometimes requires a freezing process, to freeze the red blood cells, a glycerol solution is added. D.To unfreeze, the glycerol is removed. D.The ability to store blood for long periods has been a boon to human health.1. According to this passage, how often can people donate blood for red blood cells?2. Which sentence in paragraph 2 explains how clotting is prevented in the blood container?3. All of the following are mentioned as potential negative reactions to transfusions EXCEPT?4. Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about blood transfused to infants and newborns?5. What does the author imply in the passage?

He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, ______ that he paid me back to following week.

It is not uncommon for there ______ problems of communication between the old and the young.

In order to repair barns, build fence, grow crop and care for animals, a farmer must indeed be ______.

Undergraduate students have no to the rare books in the school library.

Animals that could not themselves to the changed environment perished and those that could survived.

The United States consists of fifty states, has its own government.

If he had known how to repair the toaster, he surely her.

When the British government tried to new employment legislation, there was a general strike.

Of recent inventions, it is perhaps the motor car which has our lives more than anything else.

Many athletes take extra vitamins as a ______ to their diet when they are preparing for competition.

Computer equipment can become very quickly because new technology emerges so fast.

The government has decided to an investigation into the increase in deaths from drugs.

The decision of the university to close the swimming pool at weekends an angry reaction among students.

In the 1970s, Saudi Arabia and other oil-rich states vast sums of money through the sale of oil.

The president's speech was so that many people were persuaded to accept the need for change.

Improvements in quality control techniques have resulted in more high-quality products with very few ______.

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