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The novel contains some marvelous revealing ______ of rural life in the 19th century.

His expenditure on holidays and luxuries is rather high in ______ to his income.

The ______ of the word is unknown, but it is certainly not from Greek.

In the present economic ______ we can make even greater progress than previously.

Please write an article entitled My View on Craftsmanship Spirit (工匠精神). Please use examples to illustrate your ideas. You should write at least 250 words.

1. 没有永远的优点，也没有永远的缺点。这篇文章告诉我们，对待优点和缺点应当采取客观的态度。具体地说，盲目地崇拜他人的优点必定会伤害我们的自信，而完全忽略自身缺点则会导致自负。总而言之，两种极端都会使我们失去充分发挥自身优势的机会。因此，我们需要找到合适的方法释放自己的优势，并且把暂时的缺点转化成优点。2. 数字表明自我雇佣的英国人大多为男性，工作的时间比全职工作的员工长而且赚得少。事实上，2007至2016期间，自我雇佣者的实际薪水要比受雇佣员工下降得更快。这或许能解释为何英国近几年的生产率提高速度如同蜗牛爬行。3. 对于以音乐为爱好的研究者来说，音乐有助于他们的研究。把他们的头脑从实验的结构严密性以及数据的乏味中解脱出来，使之徜徉在韵律与节奏的世界里会帮助他发挥科学创造性。一位研究者发现，令人满意的表演持续几天甚至仅几个小时之后，常给他开展研究的灵感。

In the next few years, the term “big data” will come to seem naive, like when “information superhighway” gave way to “the internet” in 1995.We’re entering an age of personal big data and its impact on our lives will surpass that of the internet. Data will answer questions we could never before answer with certainty—everyday questions like whether that dress actually makes you look fat, or profound questions about precisely how long you will live.Every 20 years or so, a powerful technology moves from the realm of backroom expertise and into the hands of the masses. In the late 1970s, computing made that transition—from mainframes in glass-enclosed rooms to personal computer on desks. In the late 1990s, the first web browsers made networks, which had been for science labs and the military, accessible to any of us, giving birth to the modern internet.Each transition touched off an explosion of innovation and reshaped work and leisure. In 1975, 50,000 PCs were in use worldwide. Twenty years later, 225 million. The number of internet users in 1995 hit 16 million. Today it’s more than 3 billion. In much of the world, it’s hard to imagine life without constant access to both computing and networks.The 2010s will be the coming-out party for data. Gathering, accessing and gleaning insights from vast and deep data has been a capability locked inside enterprises long enough. Cloud computing and mobile devices now make it possible to stand in a bathroom line at a baseball game while tapping into massive computing power and databases. On the other hand, connected devices such as the Nest thermostat or Fitbit health monitor and apps on smart phones increasingly collect new kinds of information about everyday personal actions and habits, turning it into data about ourselves.That the world is awash in data may be as obvious as saying Lady Gaga dresses funny. But the game changer ushering in the new era is the ability to make sense of data in ways that let non-tech humans interact with it, learn from it and use it.More than 80 percent of data today is unstructured: tangles of You Tube videos, news stories, academic papers, social network comments. Unstructured data has been almost impossible to search for, analyze and mix with other data. A new generation of computers - cognitive computing systems that learn from data—will read tweets or e-books or watch video and comprehend its content. Somewhat like brains, these systems can link diverse bits of data to come up with real answers, not just search results.46. What caused the appearance of modern internet?47. What does the phrase “tapping into” (paragraph 5) probably mean in the text?48. In which way can we get data about ourselves?49. What is the essential difference between traditional computers and cognitive computer systems?50. What can be inferred from the text?

In any commercial transaction a consumer must have confidence that the business whose product they are about to purchase is reliable and that the product being offered is worth the price that is paid. The importance in gaining and maintaining is especially true when the consumer and business do not share commonalities of geography, culture and/or legal framework. The best companies always understand this expectation and continually strive to exceed it. Other companies —including many newer online merchants—may have good intentions, but lack the skills or experience to turn the consumer’s expectation into a reality. A few companies will intentionally seek to exploit this consumer’s expectation.How to separate these companies in a virtual world is not always easy, and has been the subject of intensive discussion by consumer groups, businesses and governments. Moreover, policing the companies in the virtual market place is perceived to a daunting challenge. These discussions have generally focused on three key ideas.Codes of Conduct for On-line Business: Individual corporations, business associations and/or governments around the world have worked to develop Codes of Conduct, Guidelines. Principles, or Best Practice, etc. for on-line businesses. They describe the actions that a Company should take to protect a consumer’s rights. They may be included on the company’s website and a consumer can review them before making a purchase.Trademark: To increase consumer’s confidence that a company will act in accordance with a code of conduct or best practices, a third party “Trustmark” is often used. The concept is that by displaying “Trustmark”. The company represents that it is subject to external oversight. The company would not be allowed to display the third party mark if the company’s action were inconsistent with what is contained in the “Code of Conduct” or similar document. Trustmark’s are most useful when they have strong brand recognition and credibility among customers.Dispute Resolution: Consumer’s confidence relies on the belief that any dispute will be settled quickly and fairly either by the company directly or through some other means. In the bricks and mortar world a consumer usually has the ability to inspect product before purchasing it and—if it is defective—return it for a refund, repair or replacement. Most of companies see this form of dispute resolution as their own best interest and an extension of their customer relation programs. While the same holds true in the world of on-line transactions, the critical difference is that a consumer can’t inspect the product before purchasing, and instead has to rely on the merchant’s photos or descriptions of the product. In both the traditional and on-line world, when dispute cannot be resolved directly between the consumer and the company, the merchant and the consumer must resort to other means. These often include appeals to consumer protection agencies, recourse to the courts, or use of alternative dispute resolution systems.41. The topic of the article is_______.42. When there exist differences in culture, legal framework and geography between consumers and businesses, what appear(s) more important?43. What are the three focuses discussed and considered important in market place?44. In which case is Trustmark most influential?45. What are other ways to resolve disputes besides refund, repair and replacement?

We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheal it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not’ the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree, Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most starting examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (便形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the sweeter and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.36. Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who turn off the electricity____.37. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to_.38. The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that_.39. The passage tells us that the most probably reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment was that.40. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals_____.

Every second in the United States alone, more than 250 animals are slaughtered for food, adding up to more than 8 billion animals each year. Reducing the amount of meat in one’s diet is nutritionally environmentally and ethically beneficial.People who eat meat usually have weaker immune systems compared to those of vegetarians. Meat has been directly linked to diabetes, obesity, arthritis, and many other illnesses. Furthermore, meat-eaters are at a higher risk for diseases, including cancer, and they are more likely to die from these diseases. Critics say that a meatless diet does not provide enough nutrients, especially protein and iron. Actually, according to A Teen’s Guide to Going Vegetarian, by Judy Krizmanic, protein is found in almost every food, and iron appears in many vegetables. Getting enough nutrients in a meat-reduced diet should not be difficult. A 2008 study found that some of the highest pesticide residues appear in meat and eggs. Diets including more fruits and vegetables will only make people healthier.Some skeptics believe that there will be a shortage of food if animals are not eaten. In fact, the opposite is true. More than 80% of the com and 95% of the oats grown in the U.S. are fed to livestock. The world’s cattle alone consume enough food to equal the caloric needs of 8.7 billion people. One half of the water used in the United States also goes to livestock; 2.50 gallons of water produces only 1 pound of beef. If people eat less meat and more plants, the amount of available food will increase.Many people become vegetarians because they feel that eating animals is unethical. 90% of these animals are raised in confinement. Chickens and other birds have only about half a square foot of space each, and since they are raised so close together, a lot blade is used to cut off their beaks to prevent them from pecking each other to death. Likewise, pigs that are repressed will bite each other’s tails, so both their teeth and tails are removed as soon as they are born.Eating animals is hazardous in numerous ways. Even a slight reduction in meat intake is better than nothing at all. Consuming less meat is beneficial to the health of animals, the health of people, and to the health of the world.31. Why do some people become vegetarians?32. Which of the following statement is true according to the book A Teen’s Guide to Going Vegetarian?33. Why does the author say reducing the amount of meat in one’s diet is environmentally beneficial?34. What is the attitude the author has toward eating meat?35. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?

Modern international joint ventures are more dynamic and different from 21 subsidiaries and similar organizational forms in the past, so traditional control systems may not be applicable. New forms of international management have not been studied very much in their own right—for example, 22 on the use of accounting and other information to evaluate performance.Organizational design should include control mechanisms when an IJV is planned. The Macquarie Group, for example, boasts that the key to its success is a unique management style that provides individual businesses with a balance between 23 freedom, controls on risk limits and observance of professional standards. The group’s argument is that this policy encourages a sense of ownership and entrepreneurship and has produced 24 major financial innovations.Competent international managers consider also the varying levels of control by different parties to joint ventures. They are usually easier to manage either if one parent plays a dominant role in daily operations or if the local general manager has considerable management control (25 both parents out of most of the daily operations).In any case, the more issues 26 before a merger, the less 27 to break up. Control over stability and success is built largely into initial agreements. Contracts specify responsibilities and rights. Where ownership is unequal, control and staffing choices 28 ownership share. In particular, choices of general managers influence relative allocation of control because they are responsible for running the venture and for coordinating relationships. Where ownership is divided among several partners, the partners tend to 29 daily operations to the local venture managers because this avoids many potential disputes. In addition, increased autonomy of the venture tends to reduce many common human resource problems such as staffing friction, 30 communication and clashing organizational cultures, resulting from conflicting goals and working practices.

Fossils are the traces of plants and animals of past geological ages that have been preserved in the Earth’s crust

The eastern slopes of the Catskill Mountains are precipitous, but the western slopes decline more gradually.

Frostbitten fingers and toes should be treated with lukewarm water.

The guests were in a jubilant mood as the wedding began.

A number of loopholes still remain in the campaign contribution law.

The officer murmured his consent.

The awards added luster to the author’s reputation.

The Civil War provided an impetus to Michigan's growth.

One of his eccentricities is sleeping under the bed instead of in the bed.

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