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Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international marketplace. This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables: language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions. To cope with this system, an international manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned; its interpretation comes only through experience.The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem from the fact that one cannot learn culture—one has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonald’s. In some cases, globalization is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from converging.The other school proposes that companies must tailor business approaches to individual cultures. Setting up policies and procedures in each country has been compared to an organ transplant; the critical question centers around acceptance or rejection. The major challenge to the international manager is to make sure that rejection is not a result of cultural myopia or even blindness.Fortune examined the international performance of a dozen large companies that earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas. The internationally successful companies all share an important quality: patience. They have not rushed into situations but rather built their operations carefully by following the most basic business principles. These principles are to know your adversary, know your audience, and know your customer.41. According to the passage, which of the following is true?42. According to the author, the model of Pepsi .43. The two schools of thought .44. This article is supposed to be most useful for those .45. According to Fortune, successful international companies .

Terry Wolfisch Cole may seem like an ordinary 40-year-old mom, but her neighbors know the truth: She’s one of the “Pod People.” At the supermarket she wanders the aisles in a self-contained bubble, thanks to her iPod digital music player. Through those little white ear buds, Wolfisch Cole listens to a playlist mixed by her favorite disc presenter—herself. At home, when the kids are tucked away, Wolfisch Cole often escapes to another solo media pod—but in this one, she’s transmitting instead of just receiving. On her computer web log, or “blog”, she types an online journal chronicling daily news of her life, then shares it all with the Web. Wolfisch Cole-who also gets her daily news customized off the Internet and whose digital video recorder (DVR)scans through the television wasteland to find and record shows that suit her tastes-is part of a new breed of people who are filtering, shaping and even creating media for themselves. They are increasingly turning their backs on the established system of mass media that has provided news and entertainment for the past half-century. They’ve joined the exploding “iMedia” revolution, putting the power of media in the hands of ordinary people.The tools of the movement consist of a bubbling stew of new technologies that include iPods, blogs, podcasts, DVRs, customized online newspapers, and satellite radio.Devotees of iMedia run the gamut(范围) from the 89-year-old New York grandmother, known as Bubby, who has taken up blogging to share her worldly advice, to 11-year-old Dylan Verdi of Texas, who has started broadcasting her own homemade TV show or “vlog”, for video web log. In between are countless iMedia enthusiasts like Rogier van Bake l, 44, of Maine, who blogs at night, reads a Web-customized news page in the morning, travels with his fully loaded iPod and comes home to watch whatever the DVR has chosen for him.“If the old media model was broadcasting, this new phenomenon might be called ego-casting,” says Christine Rosen, a fellow with the Ethics and Public Policy Center. “The term fits,” she says, “because the trend is all about me-me-media—the idea is to get exactly what you want, when and where you want it.” Rosen and others trace the beginnings of the iMedia revolution to the invention of the TV remote, which marked the first subtle shift of media control away from broadcasters and into the hands of the average couch potato. It enabled viewers to vote with their thumbs-making it easier to abandon dull programs and avoid commercials. With the proliferation(激增) of cable TV channels in the late 1980s followed by the mid-1990s arrival of the Internet, controlling media input wasn’t just a luxury. “Control has become a necessity,” says Bill Rose, “Without it, there’s no way to sort through all the options that are becoming available.”36. Who is Terry Wolfisch Cole probably according to the passage?37. Which of the following is the characteristic of the new breed of people according to the passage?38. What can be learned about the devotees of iMedia from the passage?39. According to the passage, Christine Rosen calls the iMedia revolution ego-casting because ______.40. Why was the invention of the TV remote important according to the passage?

The unique human habit of taking in and employing animals—even competitors like wolves—spurred on human tool-making and language, which have both driven humanity’s success, Pat Shipman says, paleoanthropologist of Penn State University. “Wherever you go in the world, whatever ecosystem, whatever culture, people live with animals,” Shipman said.For early humans, taking in and caring for animals would seem like a poor strategy for survival. “On the face of it, you are wasting your resources. So this is a very weird behavior.” Shipman said. But it’s not so weird in the context something else humans were doing about 2.6 million years ago: switching from a mostly vegetarian diet to one rich in meat. This happened because humans invented stone hunting tools that enabled them to compete with other top predators. Quite a rapid and bizarre switch for any animal. So we invented the equipment, learned how to track and kill, and eventually took in animals who also knew how to hunt—like wolves and other canines. Others, like goats, cows and horses, provided milk, hair and, finally, hides and meat.Managing all of these animals—or just tracking them—requires technology, knowledge and ways to preserve and convey information. So languages had to develop and evolve to meet the challenges. Tracking game has even been argued to be the origin of scientific inquiry, said Peter Richerson, professor emeritus (名誉退休的) in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy at the University of California, Davis. One of the signs that this happened is in petroglyphs (史前岩画) and other rock art left by ancient peoples. At first they were abstract, geometric patterns that are impossible to decipher (破译). Then they converge on one subject: animals.There have also been genetic changes in both humans and our animals. For the animals those changes developed because human bred them for specific traits, like a cow that gives more milk or a hen that lays more eggs. But this evolutionary influence works both ways. Dogs, for instance, might have been selectively taken in by humans who shared genes for more compassion. Those humans then prospered with the dogs’ help in hunting and securing their homes.31. What do we learn from the first paragraph about animals?32. Why did Shipman say taking in animal is a poor strategy for survival?33. Why did languages have to develop and evolve to meet the challenges?34. What do we learn from the statement of Pat Shipman and Peter Richerson?35. What do we learn from the last paragraph?

The mass media is a big part of our culture, yet it can also be a helper, adviser and teacher to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a/an 21 for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way, it fulfils a variety of functions in human life.The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the 22 of leisure: there is less time for games, amusement and rest. 23 by what is happening on the screen, children not only imitate what they see but directly identify themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the prevalence of violence in the media and its 24 harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period, new media 25 , such as video games, cable television, music videos, and the Internet. As they continue to gain popularity, these media, along with television, 26 public concern and research attention.Another large societal concern on our young generation 27 by the media, is body image. 28 forces can influence body image positively or negatively. For one, societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing impact our concepts of beauty. In the mass media, the images of 29 beauty fill magazines and newspapers, beam from our televisions and entertain us at the movies. Even in advertising, the mass media play on accepted cultural values of thinness and fitness for commercial gain. Young adults are presented with a 30 defined standard of attractiveness, an ideal that carries unrealistic physical expectations.

Convenience foods which are already prepared for cooking are available in grocery stores.

Since Helen is my wife, it is difficult for me to be objective about her talent.

Some old people don’t like pop songs because they can’t tolerate so much noise.

It bestows the ability to overcome laziness, temptations and negative habits, and to carry out actions, even if they require effort, are unpleasant and tedious or contrary to one’s habit.

Should this crisis continue, the Palestinian heath system will further deteriorate and services will be disrupted.

The cat’s happy expression bore testimony that it had eaten the cream.

The odd noises and flashes of light in the empty house completely baffled him.

Her heart was filled with compassion for the motherless children.

The Red Cross appealed to philanthropy to save a life of a prisoner.

His mother scanned his face to see if he was telling the truth.

The corporation expects only ______ increases in sales next year despite a yearlong effort to revive its retailing business.

International financial issues are typically ______ by the United States media because they are too technical to make snappy headlines and too inaccessible to people who lack a background in economics.

This product is ______ to change without notice.

Flood, ______ and famine are natural disasters often facing the people in the peninsula.

She had spent several days ______ her lecture, so it was quite successful.

Tony has not the least ______ of giving up his research work.

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