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The campers have to make do with the old equipment.

Who can shed light on the reasons?

If a foreign object becomes lodged in the eye, medical help is necessary.

No one imagined that the apparently _____ businessman was real criminal.

As an industry, biotechnology stands to ______ electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpasses it in social impact by 2020.

The capital intended to broaden the export base and ______ efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution.

France’s _____ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.

In what _____ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.

Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of _____ every business operation in the whole country.

Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his _____ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.

The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be _____ the welfare of his animals.

He talked so much during the match that he _____ my game.

He is too young to be able to _____ between right and wrong.

In this section, you are to write an essay of about 250 words based on the following fact. “Some people think children should learn to compete, but others think that children should be taught to cooperate. n Express some reasons for both views and give your own opinion.

1.近年来，人民生活水平显著提高。改善民生力度不断加大，城乡就业持续扩大，居民收入较快增长，家庭财产稳定增加，衣食住行用等条件明显改善。城乡最低生活保障标准和农村扶贫标准大幅提升，企业退休人员基本养老金持续提高。2.仔细观察一个小孩，随便哪个小孩都行，你会发现，他每天都会发现一两件令他快乐的事情，尽管过一会儿他可能会哭哭啼啼。再看看一个大人，我们中间任何人都行。你会发现，一周复一周，一月又一月，他总是以无可奈何的心情迎接新的一天的到来，以温文尔雅、满不在乎的心情忍受这一天的消逝。确实，大多数人都跟罪人一样苦恼难受，尽管他们太百无聊赖，连罪恶都不犯——也许他们的冷漠就是他们的罪孽。真的，他们难得一笑。如果他们偶尔笑了，我们会认不出他们的容貌，他们的脸会扭曲走样，不再是我们习以为常的固定不变的面具。即使在笑的时候，大人也不会像小孩儿那样，小孩儿用眼睛表示笑意，大人只用嘴唇。这实际上不是笑，只是咧咧嘴：表示一种心情，但跟快乐无关。

1. Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy—ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it next because it relieves loneliness—that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what—at last—I have found.2. During these ten years, we have seized and made the most of the important period of strategic opportunities for China’s development, successfully met major challenges and brought socialism with Chinese characteristics to a new stage of development. Facing environment and fierce competition in overall national strength in the new century, we have deepened reform and opening up and accelerated development. We took China’s accession to the World Trade Organization as an opportunity to turn pressure into motivation and turn challenges into opportunities, and we have forged ahead in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amount of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.46. Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity___.47. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to_.48. The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that_.49. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment was that_.50. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals___.

A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Days after days my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together—honesty, kindness and so on—accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law—and ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability to people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities—smaller towns, usually—where schools maintain disciplines and where parents hold up standards that proclaim, “In this family certain things are not tolerated—they simply are not done!”Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this breakdown is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized; by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.41. What the wise man said suggests that___.42. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, _.43. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have_.44. The writer is sorry to have noticed that_.45. The key point of the passage is that___.

Poverty exists because our society is an unequal one, and there are overwhelming political pressures to keep it that way. Any attempt to redistribute wealth and income in the United States will inevitably be opposed by powerful middle-and upper-class interests. People can be relatively rich only if others are relatively poor, and since power is concentrated in the hands of the rich, public policies will continue to reflect their interests rather than those of the poor.As Herbert Gans (1973. has pointed out, poverty is actually functional from the point of view of the non-poor. Poverty ensures that “dirty” work gets done. If there were no poor people to scrub floors and empty bedpans, these jobs would have to be rewarded with high incomes before anyone would touch them. Poverty creates jobs for many of the non-poor, such as police officers, welfares workers, pawnbrokers, and government bureaucrats. Poverty makes life easier for the rich by providing them with cooks, gardeners, and other workers to perform basic chores while their employers enjoy more pleasurable activities. Poverty provides a market for inferior goods and services, such as day-old bread, run-down automobiles, or the advice of incompetent physicians and lawyers. Poverty legitimizes middle-class values. To the middle class, the fate of the poor, who are supposed to lack the virtues of thrift, honesty, and a taste for hard work, only confirms the desirability of qualities the poor are thought to lack. Poverty also provides a group that can be made to absorb the costs of change. For example, the poor bear the brunt of unemployment caused by automation, and it is their homes, not those of the wealthy, that are demolished when a route has to be found for a new highway. There is no deliberate, conscious “conspiracy” of the wealthy to keep the poor in poverty. It is just that poverty is an inevitable outcome of the American economic system, which the poor are politically powerless to influence or change.36. The title that best expresses the main idea of this passage is___.37. Poverty exists in American society because_.38. The poor take on “dirty work”_.39. Poverty makes life easier_.40. The author thinks that____.

When was the last time you had a holiday? And did you organize the trip or did you take a package tour? These days, most people choose a package tour, especially when they go abroad on holiday. They pay for their travel and accommodation in their own country, and they take traveler’s cheques which their exchange for local money when they arrive in the foreign country. But in the past it was very different. In fact, before the middle of the nineteenth century, traveling for pleasure was rare and very expensive, and only a few rich people traveled abroad. The man who changed all this and brought in age of mass tourism was Thomas Cook.Thomas Cook was a printer in Leicester, England and the secretary of a local church organization. In 1841, it was his job to arrange train travel for members of his church to a meeting in Loughborough, a round trip of twenty-two miles. This was the world’s first package trip. After this first success, he organized many more for his church. Then in 1845 he advertised a package tour to Liverpool for the general public, and before it took place he went to Liverpool to meet the hotel staff, and check the accommodation and restaurants.He then started to organize trips all over Britain, including the Great Exhibition in London. In 1851 he published the world’s first travel magazine which had details of trips, advice to travelers and articles and reports about the places to visit.In 1854 he gave up his job as a printer. In 1855 he took his first group of tourists to Paris and later that year led a tour of Belgium, Germany and France. In 1863 he went to Switzerland and in 1864 to Italy. By then he had a million clients. The following year he opened an office in London, which his son John Mason managed. They introduced a circular ticket which gave the traveler a single ticket to cover one journey instead of a number of tickets from all the railway companied involved, and they organized a system which people bought at home and exchanged in the foreign country for a hotel room and meals.In 1866 the first group of European tourists visited New York and the Civil War battlefields of Virginia. In 1868 the Cook went to the Holy Land with tents because there were no hotels there at that time. After the Suez Canal opened in 1869, Cook created his own group of boats to travel up the river Nile.It was dangerous to carry large amounts of cash, so in 1874 Cook introduced an early form of traveler’s cheque, which travelers could cash at a number of hotels and banks around the world.Thomas Cook died in 1892 at the age of 84, and his son John Mason seven years later. But the age of the package tour and mass tourism was born.31. Which of the following was the world’s first package trip?32. In the first paragraph, what does “it” in sentence “But in the past it was very different” refer?33. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?34. According to the passage, the author mentions Cook’s contribution to the following EXCEPT _.35. The main idea of this passage is_.

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