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Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others, Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public: buildings or monuments, we do not have multilingual waiters bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The, attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives-usually the richer-who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are, slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.1.It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably（） .2.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their（） .3.American people ignore cultural differences in other countries because （）.4.According to the author, Americans culture blindness and linguistic ignorance will （）.5.The author’s intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that（） .

The widespread adoption of the Internet and the Web makes it possible to administer questionnaire surveys electronically, potentially achieving much greater cost-effectiveness and permitting the integration of data from many resources. At the same time, there are significant technical challenges that must be met, especially in the areas of logistics and sampling. Recognizing the need for innovation in this and related areas, the NSF Methodology, Measurement, and Statistics Program, in collaboration with a consortium of federal statistical agencies represented by the Interagency Council of Statistical Policy and the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, has held a special competition on survey research methods. Included among the topic areas in the competition announcement is "secure and easy-to-use methods of collecting survey data via the Web".Today's leading social scientific surveys are very expensive interview studies of national samples. For example, the GSS administers a 90-minute face-to-face interview to 1500 American adults at a cost of about $ 500 per interview. However, the respondents are not a true random sample because cost considerations with respect to the interviewer's travel require that respondents be recruited in a limited number of geographic clusters, and there is no list of residents from which a random sample could be drawn. The small number of geographic areas surveyed limits scientists' ability to link GSS data to other geographically based data such as the U.S. census. Because of the high cost and the many research communities that seek time in the GSS, it is impossible to include more than a handful of question on any particular topic. This prevents the GSS from employing much of the best methodology of measurement scale construction, which requires inclusion of a large number of items. Surveys like the GSS will be needed in future decades to chart the changing social, economic, and political conditions of the American public. But many types of social science will advance more rapidly through surveys administered over the web.Web-based surveys can reach very large numbers of respondents at low cost. They will be geographically dispersed so that their data can be, linked to the census, to local economic information, and to data from other web-based surveys. It might not be possible to hold the interviewees interest for the full 90-minute questionnaire of the GSS, but shorter duration surveys administered to very large number of respondents can in aggregate include, far more items, thereby permitting much finer measurement of scientifically interesting variables. The high cost of major national surveys generally has restricted the topic studied to those that especially require highly representative samples such as family structure and economic status in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and voting behavior in the American National Election Study, data from both of which are now freely available over the web. A vast array of other scientific research areas, therefore, have languished from many years without the large-scale survey data that would permit knowledge to progress.1.Administering surveys via the Web would result in（）.2.The second paragraph is mainly about（）.3.What makes traditional surveys unscientific according to the second paragraph?4.The author firmly believes that Web-based surveys will（）.5.It is implied in the last sentence that（）.

A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So,as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once—proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together—honesty, kindness, and so on accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law—and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability of people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective, that internal restrains such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities—smaller towns, usually—where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaims: “In this family certain things are not tolerated—they simply are not done.Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it's the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn't teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn't provide a stable home.I don't believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.1.What the wise man said suggests that（）.2.According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crim（）.3.Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have（）.4.The writer is sorry to have noticed that（）.5.The key point of the passage is that（）.

Much of the language used to describe mometary policy, such as“steering the economy to a soft landing”or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence there is an analogy that likens the conduct of mometary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1980s and early 1990s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 2003 the panel of economists which The Economists polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 2004. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan, over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s，have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment-the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little, defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.1.According to the text, making monetary policy changes（）.2.From the passage we learn that（）.3.The passage suggests that（）.4.By saying "This is no flash in the pan" (in Paragraph 3) the author implies that（）.5.How does the author feel about the present situation?

According to psychologists, an emotion is aroused when a man or animal views something as either bad or good. When person feels like running away from something he thinks will hurt him, we call this emotion fear. If the person wants to remove the danger by attacking it, we call the emotion anger. The emotions of joy and love are aroused when we think something can help us. An emotion does not have to be created by something in the outside world; it can be created by a person's thoughts.Everyone has emotions. Many psychologists believe that infants are born without emotions. They believe children learn emotions just as they learn to read and write. A growing child not only leams his emotions, but also learns how to act in certain situations because of an emotion.Psychologists think that there are two types of emotion: positive and negative. Positive emotions include love, liking, joy, delight, and hope. They are aroused by something that appeals to a person. Negative emotions make a person unhappy or dissatisfied. They include anger, fear, despair, sadness, and disgust. In growing up, a person learns to cope with the negative emotions in order to be happy.Emotions may be weak or strong. Some strong emotions are so unpleasant that a person will try any means to escape from them. In order to feel happy, the person may choose unusual ways to avoid the emotion.Strong emotions can make it hard to think and to solve problems. They may prevent a person from learning or paying attention to what he is doing. For example, a student taking an examination may be so worried about failing that he cannot think properly. The worry drains valuable mental energy he needs for the examination.1.We learn from the passage that an emotion is created by something that（）.2.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? （）3.The author's purpose of writing this passage is to（）.4.We can safely conclude that a student may fail in an exam if（）.5.As used in the last sentence, the word“drains”means（）.

Who won the World Cup 2002 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? （1）an event takes place; newspapers are on the streets（2）the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to（3） the news.Newspapers have one basic（4）, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to（5） it. Radio, telegraph, television, the Internet and（6）inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication （7）, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the（8）and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are（9）and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers（10）of the latest news, today's newspapers（11）and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers' economic choices （12）advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very（13）Newspapers are sold at a price that（14） to cover even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main（15）of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The（16） in selling advertising depends on a newspaper's value to advertisers. This（17）in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends（18）on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment（19）in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information（20）the community, city, country, slate, nation, and world—and even outer space.

In 1915 Einstein made a trip to Gottingen to give some lectures at the invitation of the mathematical physicist David Hilbert. He was particularly eager ——too eager, it would turn （1）to explain all the intricacies of relativity to him. The visit was a triumph, and he said to a friend excitedly. “I was able to（2） Hilbert of the general theory of relativity.” （3）all of Einstein’s personal turmoil at the time, a new scientific anxiety was about to （4）. He was struggling to find the right equations that would （5） his new concept of gravity, （6）that would define how objects move（7）space and how space is curved by objects. By the end of the summer, he（8）the mathematical approach he had been （9）for almost three years was flawed. And now there was a（10）pressure. Einstein discovered to his （11）that Hilbert had taken what he had lectures and was racing to come up （12）the correct equations first.It was an enormously complex task. Although Einstein was the better physicist, Hilbert was the better mathematician. So in October 1915 Einstein （13）himself into a month-long-frantic endeavor in（14）he returned to an earlier mathematical strategy and wrestled with equations, proofs, corrections and updates that he（15）to give a lecture to Berlin’s Prussian Academy of Sciences on four（16）Thursdays.His first lecture was delivered on Nov.4.1915, and it explained his new approach, （17）he admitted he did not yet have the precise mathematical formulation on it. Einstein also took time off from（18）revising his equations to engage in an awkward fandango with his competitor Hilbert. Worried （19）being scooped, he sent Hilbert a copy of his Nov.4 lecture. “I am（20）to know whether you will take kindly to this new solution”. Einstein noted with a touch of defensiveness.

Every student must（） the library rules.

Before he went to Japan on a business trip, Mr. Henry had （）the day-to-day management of his company to his son.

His opinions are very（） ; he does not want the situation to change very much.

I could （）the shadowy figure of a man in the distance.

The United States and Canada are lands of （）except for the Indians, who are the only true natives.

Many young people take （）radios to the beach with them.

When you are in excellent health, death is（） unimaginable.

Mary was taken in on more than one occasion, for she would （）any story.

I feel rather at a（） talking to her, because she is so clever.

If hockey players are too （）,they are penalized.

Leaves that fall from trees eventually（） and turn into soil.

The town square really looks magnificent at night when it is（）

The boy answered all my questions with complete （）.

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