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Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors ― habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to-Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever ― had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off spring, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns.” said Carol Beming, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble the company that sold $ 76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Beming have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through cruel and endless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.1.According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap（） .2.The example of brushing teeth shows that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to3.Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to4.How did Carol Beming see creating automatic behaviors among consumers?5.What is the author’s attitude toward the influence of advertising on people’s habits?

Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earth’s ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. In most situations, the result is irreversible. Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.Certainly, there have been periods in Earth’s history when mass extinctions have occurred. The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or cosmic. There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme conclusion. Only 0.1 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died out.However, nothing has ever equated the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves, that will lead to biological devastation. Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt-time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new environments.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.The author mentions the reduction of the variety of species on Earth in line 10 to suggest that （）.3.The author mentions the extinction of the dinosaurs in the second paragraph to emphasize that（）.4.According to the passage, natural evolutionary change is different from changes caused by humans in that changes caused by humans（）.5.With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?

The Internet began in the 1960s as a small network of academic and government computers primarily involved in research for the U. S. Military. Originally limited to researchers at a handful of universities and government facilities, the Internet has quickly become a worldwide network providing users with information on a range of subjects and allowing them to purchase goods directly from companies via computer. By 1999, 84 million U.S. citizens had access to the Internet at home or work. More and more Americans are paying bills, shopping, ordering airline tickets, and purchasing stocks via computer over the Internet.Internet banking is also becoming increasingly popular. With lower overhead costs in terms of staffing and office space, Internet banks are able to offer higher interest rates on deposits and charge lower rates on loans than traditional banks. "Brick and mortar" banks are increasingly offering online banking services via transactional websites to complement their traditional services. At present, 14 percent of Internet households conduct their banking by means of the Internet, and the figure is expected to double or triple during the next two or three years.Increasing commercial use of the Internet has heightened security and privacy concerns. With a credit or debit card, an Internet user can order almost anything from an Internet site and have it delivered to their home or office. Companies doing business over the Internet need sophisticated security measures to protect credit card, bank account, and social security numbers from unauthorized access as they pass across the Internet. Any organization that connects its networks to the global Internet must carefully control the access point to ensure that outsiders cannot disrupt the organization’s internal networks or gain unauthorized access to the organization’s computer systems and data.1.According to the text, Internet banking（） .2.The term “brick and mortar banks”(Line3, Para. 2) refers to（） .3.The last sentence of the third paragraph tells us that（） .4.What is this text mainly about?5.Which commercial usage of the Internet does the author NOT refer to?

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person’s tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant’s tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer’s skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person’s self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener’s receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.What does the author mean by stating that, at interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen (lines 8-9)?3.Why does the author mention artistic, political, or pedagogic communication in line 15?4.According to the passage, an exuberant tone of voice may be an indication of a person’s5.According to the passage, what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?

Human beings are animals. We breathe, eat and digest, and reproduce the same life （1）common to all animals. In a biological laboratory, rats, monkeys, and humans seem very much the same.However, biological understanding is not enough: （2）itself, it can never tell us what human beings are.（3）to our physical equipment — the naked human body ― we are not an（4）animal. We are tropical creatures,（5）hairless and sensitive to cold. We are not fast and have neither claws nor sharp teeth to defend ourselves. We need a lot of food but have almost no physical equipment to help us to get it. In the purely physical（6） our species seems a poor （7） for survival.But we have survived-survived and multiplied and（8） the earth. Some day we will have a（9）living on the moon, a place with neither air nor water and with temperatures that turn gases into solids. How can we have done all these things? Part of the answer is physical. （10） its limitations, our physical equipment has some important （11） We have excellent vision and hands that can（12）objects with a precision unmatched by any other （13）. Most importantly, we have a large brain with an almost （14） number of neural （15） .We have used this physical equipment to create culture, the key to our survival and success. If we live in the Arctic, we supply the warmth our tropical bodies need （16） clothing, shelter, and（17） heat. If a million people want to live in a desert that supplies natural food for only a few hundred, we find water to grow food and（18） deficits by transporting supplies from distant places. Inhabitants of our eventual moon colony will bring their own food and oxygen and then create an artificial earth environment to supply necessities. With culture, we can overcome our natural limitations.It was not always （19）. Our distant ancestors were just animals, faced with the limits of their physical equipment. They had no （20）and lacked the physical capacity to use it.

It was essential that the application forms（） back before the deadline.

（） in India, the banana was brought to the Americas by the Portuguese who found it in Africa.

All the parts of this model of automobile are（） , so that you can easily replace them everywhere.

Doctors are often under sharp criticism nowadays for people believe they always （） too many medicines for minor illnesses.

When the family gathered to discuss financial matters, father started （）, by saying that it was absolutely necessary to set aside some money each month, for in an emergency we could use it.

That machine was very useful; but he was definitely（） when he said it was the greatest machine ever invented.

They（） his claim of innocence with eye-witness testimony

The committee is （）a decision from the headquarters before it takes any action.

It is a common theme of many science fiction stories that the world may one day be （）by beings from the outer space.

In the cowboy movies produced by Hollywood, the “bad guys”（） get punished at the end.

Communication is the process of a message（） from a source to an audience via a channel.

The microscope can（） the object 50 times in diameter.

The surpassing beauty of his paintings（） those of his contemporaries.

As long as we don’t lose heart, I believe we can achieve our goal（） .

The plant has been（） of the money it needs for modernization.

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