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I cannot give you（）for the type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market.

（）the advances of science the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us.

Evidence came up（）specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as six months old.

It was the largest experiment we have ever had; it（）six hours.

The man to whom we handed the forms pointed out that they had not been（）filled in.

Directions: Put the following paragraph into English. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet.科学这个词似乎具有某种魅力。它一旦被提出，就应该立即得到认可，而不允许有任何可能的讨论。这种需要人们立即认可的情况出现在广告中，但是基本上不合情理。要知道，科学不是一种信条，也不是神灵向人类揭示物。它是人类思维的产物，因此是可以讨论和修正的。科学绝无绝对真理，通常只有相对性。它以人的观察和经骑为基础，对人类知识进行逻辑性的总结，然而人的观察和经骑总是有限的而且缺少一定的精确性。至于那些用来对经验事实进行归类的逻辑则完全是我们大脑的产物。我们选择我们认为有着逻辑联系的实验结果，而忽略许多不符合我们自己“逻辑”的事实。这种相当人为的选择结果是我们自己的事。对此，我们非常得意，以至于主张这些人为选择的结果应该被当作“自然规律” 来对待。

Directions: Put the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet.Under the impact of modern science, the very conception of the task of philosophy has undergone a radical reorientation. In very broad historical perspective it may be said that the philosophers throughout the ages have been engaged in three major endeavors: they have been searching for absolute truths regarding basic reality, and for absolute standards of morality; they have tried to construct a synthesis, a view of the universe and of man's place in it, i.e., a perspective that would integrate the various contributions of the sciences into an intelligible and harmonious whole; finally, philosophers have attempted to clarify the meaning and the validity of the fundamental concepts, assumptions, and methods of knowledge and of evaluation.In the light of modern science, i.e., not only of its results and conclusions but especially of its open-minded attitude and critical approach, the search for absolute truth is largely being abandoned as fruitless, if not as meaningless. The spirit of contemporary science is "critical" in the sense that all its conclusions are considered sound or tenable only "until further notice". In other words, neither of the extremes-dogmatism or skepticism—is acceptable. The police of the open mind indicates that while we should keep all our convictions in principle open for criticism and revision, it is perfectly reasonable to reply on well-confirmed assumptions until strong evidence forces us to modify or to replace them by other assumptions that are more strongly supported by relevant evidence.

In its most abstract sense the perception of a loss of community in modern society refers to changes in both the structure and content of personal relationships. Here community is used to denote a sense of common identity between individuals, and enduring ties of affection and harmony based upon personal knowledge and face-to-face contact. It is often contrasted with the impersonal and dehumanizing aspects of modern life, with the rise of a selfish individualism, a calculative approach to human relationships and the sense of social dislocation present under conditions of rapid social and economic change. These judgments were typified by the pessimistic strand of much eighteenth-and nineteenth-century Romanticism, which stressed the unity of man with nature, opposed reason with sentiment and offered thoroughgoing criticism of the emerging urban, industrial worlD.The concept of community was used in order to come to terms with this new form of society. The scientific and technological advances of the new age were contrasted with man’s spiritual and emotional impoverishment, in which the loss of community was taken as emblematiC.The term was therefore used in a literally reactionary way, as a reaction to both the material squalor and the spiritual degradation which Romanticism associated with the rise of urban industrialism. Community signified a more humane and intimate existence, more stable, more traditional and less tainted by the rational pursuit of self-interest. The term was used by writers like Cobbett and Coleridge to evoke a largely mythical golden age in the pre-industrial world, where organic communities of beneficent landowners and merry rustics lived a happy Arcadian existence in the mainly agricultural villages and small market towns which constituted pre-industrial-society. Rapid urbanization and industrialization were accused of having destroyed this notion of community.The Industrial Revolution was believed to have changed not only the structure of society by concentrating large numbers of people in cities and in factories, but also the quality of the relationships upon which a sense of community resteD.Out of this perception there emerged a very common literary and cultural theme, fully explored by Raymond Williams in two of his books, Culture and Society and The Country and the City (Williams, 1961, 1973). Since urban industrialism had brought a breakdown of community it followed that real communities could not exist in the new industrial cities but only in the countryside. The village therefore came to be regarded as the ideal community. The romantic assertion of the unit of man with nature found its counterpart in an idyllic view of rural life as consisting of harmony and virtue. Relationships in rural communities were regarded as more indefinably profound and fulfilling, generating a prevailing sense of meaningful social intimacy. In cities, on the other hand, it was believed that the "unnatural" separation of their inhabitants from the land and from one another provoked dislocation and a superficial and alienating way of life. This tendency to identify a sense of community with particular patterns of settlement and particular geographical locations has proved to be an immensely enduring one. As Williams shows, it is a tradition that has penetrated large areas of our culture, including our literature, our aesthetics, our architecture and town and country planning, and even our social science. Such a tradition continues to act as a filter through which the reality of urban and rural life is constantly being interpreteD.Even today there is a tendency to regard only rural villages as real communities where we can find our roots, while life in cities is viewed as a necessary evil to be avoided whenever possible.1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?2.The eighteenth-and-nineteenth-century Romanticism insisted that（）.3.The word "emblematic" ( ParA.1 ) may have the meaning of（）.4.According to the passage, the concept of community（）.5.Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?

Murovyovka Nature Park, a private nature reserve, is the result of the vision and determination of one man, Sergei Smirenski. The Moscow University Professor has gained the support of international funds as well as local officials, businessmen and Collective farms.Thanks to his efforts, the agricultural project is also under way to create an experimental farm to teach local farmers how to farm without the traditionally heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Two Wisconsin farmers, Don and Ellen Padley, spent last summer preparing land in Tanbovka district, where the park is located，and they will return this summer to plant it.Specialists from the University of Utah also came to study the local cattle industry, looking to develop possibilities for beef exports to Japan.Separately, 10 New Jersey school teachers will spend the summer in the district running summer camps for the local children that will stress field trips and lectures on the nature around them.These programs, particularly the agricultural project, are getting some support from the United States, including funding from the MacArthur Foundation, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and the US Agency for International Development. The Trust for Mutual Understanding and the Weedier Foundation are also supporting the International Crane Foundation's work in creating the park.The World Bank is funding a small project to study the possibilities for ecotourism in theAinu basin region. Delta Dream Vacations, a Delta Airlines subsidiary, is looking into flights to Khabarovsk and Vladivostok for ecology tours, with some of the money going to support the zapovedniks (totally wild preserves used only for scientific research) in the region.But this money has also generated a jealous attempt by the local wildlife service to block the Murovyovka project.They said, "Give us their money, and we'll do it better," Smirenski says. They went to the local court to get a court order to halt the contract. Although they were successful at that level, the Atom regional government, with encouragement from Moscow, has already moved to reverse the decision as illegal."I don't pay attention to this negative side. " Smirenski says characteristic optimistic fashion. "I decided we should continue to create."Beyond Murovyovka, there are even vaster grasslands and wetlands in the Amur basin that are vital nesting areas for rare birds such as the eastern white stork, and the red-crowned, white-napped; and hooded cranes. A complex of 100,000 hectares, for example, lies largely unprotected in Zhuravalini [literally "a place for cranes"] downstream from MurovyovkA.Creation of a national park, along for tourist use, has been proposed for this area.A key part of the conservation strategy is to gain the support of regional governments by getting them to see that such internationally backed nature projects can lead to business and other ties, particularly to countries like Japan and ChinA.For example, the cranes that nest in Russia have been tracked by satellite to wintering grounds in Izumi, on Japan's southern Kyushu IslanD.This linkage has proved useful bringing regional officials from both countries together.Last summer, 100 Japanese school children from the Tama region outside of Tokyo came to Khabarovsk on the Amen to experience the kind of untouched nature that has disappeared from Japan. As part of the exchange, the Mayor of Tama donated 26 secondhand fire trucks to his counterpart."After this the mayor of Khabarovsk said, Now I will listen to you, about your birds and all your problems.'" Recounts Smirenski. Now the officials understand what cranes mean to them."1.A probable goal of the agricultural project is to（）. 2.Summer camps in the area will（）.3.Projects connected with the development of the nature park are（）.4.The zapovedniks appear（）.5.The passage implies that projects like Murovyovka（）.

A classic series of experiments to determine the effects of overpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B.Calhoun, and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant maternal behavior: they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups, and, without their mothers’ care, the pups dieD.Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats diD.The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male, female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, tike all the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation. The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun’s experiments. In large urban areas such as New York, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun's experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.1.Paragraph 1 is organized according to（）.2.Calhoun stabilized the rat population（）.3.Which of the following inferences CANNOT be made from the information in ParA.1.4.Which of the following behavior didn't happen in this experiment?5.The main idea of the paragraph three is that（）.

Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre-modern erA.In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who would afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan areA.Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years—lots that could have housed five to six million people.Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanneD.It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city, borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.1.With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?2.The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT（）.3.Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?4.According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?5.The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city（）.

Philosophy in the second half of the 19th century was based more on biology and history than on mathematics and physics. Revolutionary thought drifted away from metaphysics and epistemology and shifted more towards ideologies in science, politics, and sociology. Pragmatism became the most vigorous school of thought in American philosophy during this time, and it continued the empiricist tradition of grounding knowledge on experience and stressing the inductive procedures of experimental science. The three most important pragmatists of this period were the American philosophers Charles Peirce (1839-1914), considered to be the first of the American pragmatists, William James (1842-1910), the first great American psychologist, and John Dewey (1859 ~ 1952), who further developed the pragmatic principles of Peirce and James into a comprehensive system of thought that he called '"experimental naturalism", or "instrumentalism".Pragmatism was generally critical of traditional western philosophy, especially the notion that there are absolute truths and absolute values. In contrast, Josiah Royce (1855 - 1916), was a leading American exponent of idealism at this time, who believed in an absolute truth and held that human thought, and the external world were unifieD.Pragmatism called for ideas and theories to be tested in practice, assessing whether they produced desirable or undesirable results. Although pragmatism was popular for a time in Europe, most agree that it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicality, and the equally American distrust of abstract theories and ideologies. Pragmatism is best understood in its historical and cultural context. It arose during a period of rapid scientific advancement, industrialization, and material progress; a time when the theory of evolution suggested to many thinkers that humanity and society are in a perpetual state of progress. This period also saw a decline in traditional religious beliefs and values. As a result, it became necessary to rethink fundamental ideas about values, religion, science, community, and individuality. Pragmatists regarded all theories and institutions as tentative hypotheses and solutions. According to their critics, the pragmatist's refusal to affirm any absolutes carried negative implications for society, challenging the foundations of society's institutions.1.What is this passage primarily about?2.Which of the following is true?3.According to the passage, pragmatism was more popular in America than Europe, because（）.4.All of the following are true EXCEPT（）.5.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into' which the machines has been introduceD.For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole female sex into public industry." Observers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization's effects, but they agreed that it would transform women's lives.Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women's economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women's work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered "women's work." The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women-than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.Women's work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-collar work. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women's household labor remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.1.Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?2.The author, mentions all of the following inventions as examples of dramatic technological innovations EXCEPT the（）.3.It can be inferred from the passage that, before the Industrial Revolution, the majority of women's work was done in which of the following settings?4.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would consider which of the following to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions of women's work?5.The passage states that, before the twentieth century, which of the following was true of many employers?

The salmon is one of our most valuable fish. It offers us food, sport and profit. Every year commercial fishing （1）a harvest of over a billion pounds of salmon from the seA.Hundreds of thousands of salmon are caught each year by eager（2）fishers.In autumn, the rivers of the Northwestern United States come（3）with salmon. The salmon have left the ocean and are（4）their yearly run up river to spawn. Yet today, there are far fewer salmon than（5）, because the salmon , （6）has suffered from many perils of the modern age.Water pollution has killed many salmon by（7）them of oxygen. Over-fishing has further decreased their number. Dams has another（8），because they lock migration paths. Fish ladders,（9）stepped pools, have been built so that salmon can swim（10）over the dams. But young salmon swimming to the ocean have trouble（11）the ladders. Often they（12）their deaths over the dam or are killed in giant hydroelectric turbines.（13）America will continue to have plenty of salmon, conservationists have planned several ways to（14）the salmon population. Conservation officials have had some success（15）salmon in hatcheries and stocking salmon rivers with them. Salmon are also being（16）into new areas. In 1996, hundreds of thousands of young Coho salmon were planted in streams off Lake Michigan. The adults were expected to migrate to the lake and（17）an undesirable fish. The Cohoes（18）so well on this kind of fish in Lake Michigan（19）Cohoes are being planted in other Great Lakes.Thanks to the foresight and（20）of conservationists, the valuable salmon should be around American shores, rivers and lakes for a long time to come.

By evacuating the inhabitants in the densely populated areas of the city and establishing temporary shelters, the city（）itself for a possible new quake.

Bribery（）the confidence that must exist between buyer and seller.

The president placed a wreath on the monument to the heroes and then made a speech to pay（）to the great achievements of the martyrs.

It is natural for me to（）on his motives for the visits for we have not been on speaking terms for many years.

The conductor of the orchestra was not satisfied with the ballet for the steps of the dancer was not（） with the rhythm of the music.

In the end they came to the conclusion that the evidence produced by the plaintiff was（）.

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