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Having liberated the player from an exclusively team performance, Louis Armstrong ______ codified the vocabulary of the soloist in a series of famous recordings.

While modulation/demodulation technology was being standardized for the most recent modems, several other _____ standards were also being developed.

A major role of computer science has been to ______ problems, mainly by making computer systems cheaper, faster, more reliable, and easier to use.

Penal systems of most countries provide for more ______ imprisonment of habitual offenders than would normally be imposed upon first offenders.

The advantage of these contracts is that if property is destroyed by a ______ not specifically excluded the insurance is good.

Composed of song, dance, and personal invective, the old comedy plays also include _____ political criticism and comment on literary and philosophical topics.

They are young, smart and brash. They may wear flip-flops to the office or listen to iPods at their desks. This is Generation Y, a force of as many as 70 million, and the first wave is taking their place in an increasingly multigenerational workplace.Get ready, because this generation whose members have not just yet hit 30 is different from any that have come before. This age group is moving into the labor force during a time of major demographic change, as companies around the USA face an aging workforce. Sixty-year-olds are working besides 20-year-olds. Freshly minted college graduates are overseeing employees old enough to be their parents. And new job entrants are changing careers faster than college students change their majors, creating frustration for employers struggling to retain and recruit talented high performers.Unlike boomers who tend to put a high priority on career, today’s youngest workers are more interested in making their jobs accommodate their family and personal lives. They want their jobs with flexibility, telecommunicating options and the ability to go part time or leave the workforce temporarily when children are in the picture. “There’s a higher value on self-fulfillment,” says Diana Diego, 24, who works on college campuses helping prepare students for the working world. “After 9/11, there is a realization that life is short. You value it more.”Generation Yers do not expect to stay in a job, or even a caree, for too long. They have seen the scandals that imploded Enron and Arthur Andersen, and they are skeptical when it comes to such concepts as employee loyalty. They also believe in their own self-worth and value that they are not shy about trying to change the companies they work for.“They’re like Generation X on steroids,” Jordan Kaplan says, “They walk in with high expectations for themselves, their employer, their boss. If you thought you saw a clash when Generation X came into the workplace, that was the fake punch. The haymaker is coming now.”A recent example is a young woman who just started a job at a cereal company. She showed up the first day with a recipe for a new cereal she’d invented.In the workplace, conflicts can arise over a host of issues, even seemingly innocuous subjects such as appearance, as a generation used to casual fare such as flip-flops and capri pants finds more traditional attire is required at the office.And then there is Gen Y’s total comfort with technology. While boomers may expect an in-person meeting on important topics, younger workers may prefer virtual problem solving.Employers are examining new ways to recruit and retain and trying to sell younger workers on their workplace flexibility and other qualities generally attractive to Gen Y.Aflac, an insurer based in Columbus, Ga., is highlighting such perks as time off given as awards, and recognition.Xerox is using the slogan “Express Yourself” as a way to describe its culture to recruits in the hope of appealing to Gen Y’s desire to develop solutions and change.1. What does Gen Y refer to?2. What makes today’s US employers frustrated according to the passage?3. What does the example about the young woman who showed up the first day in the company with a recipe for a new cereal she’d invented shows us?4. Which of the following is not mentioned as the characteristic of Gen Yers?5. What is the author’s purpose of employing examples of Aflac and Xerox?

I spent some of the most exciting days of my life working on the eastern shores of Kenya’s Lake Turkana, searching for the fossilized remains of our early ancestors. We did not always find what we wanted, but every day there was much more to discover than the traces of our own predecessors. The environment was not too different from the wetter grasslands of Africa today, but it was full of amazing animals that are now long extinct. There were probably more than twice as many species a million years ago as there are today.That was true not just for Africa. It is estimated that more than 95% of the species that have existed over the past 600 million years are gone. So, should we be concerned about the current spasm of extinction, which has been accelerated by the inexorable expansion of agriculture and industry? I believe it is. But dealing with the extinction crisis is no simple matter, since much of the world’s biodiversity resides in its poorest nations, especially in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Can such countries justify setting aside national parks and nature reserves where human encroachment and even access is forbidden?Such questions make me uneasy about promoting wildlife conservation in impoverished nations. Nevertheless, I believe that we can and should do a great deal. People in poor countries should not be asked to choose between their own short-term survival and long-term environmental needs. If their government are willing to protect the environment, the money needed should come from international sources. To me, the choice is clear, either the more affluent world helps now or the world as a whole will lose out.Of course, we must be careful not to allow the establishment of slush funds or rely on short-term, haphazard handouts that would probably do to waste. We need a permanent global endowment devoted to wildlife protection, funded primarily by the governments of the industrial nations and international aid agencies. The principal could remain invested in the donor nations as the interest flowed steadily into conservation efforts.A major challenge for the 21st century is to preserve as much of our natural estate as possible. Let us call upon the world’s richest nations to provide the money to make that possible. That would not be a contribution to charity; it would be an investment in the future of humanity and all life on Earth.1. What was the purpose of the author’s research work on the eastern shores of Kenya’s Lake Turkana?2. What makes it difficult for us to deal with the extinction crisis?3. What way is suggested by the author for poor countries to protect the environment?4. Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?5. How does the author sound toward the issue in writing this passage?

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