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Though fined several times, he still （）no importance to his old habits.

With his face （）by a mask, the fireman dashed into the house on fire.

The teacher was in a rage with him, for his handwriting in the composition was （） .

The rapid growth of Florida’s cities has caused the state’s roads and highways to become （） .

Many ecologists believe that raising rare animal species in protected environment will（） the decline of endangered wild life.

Because of their chemical structure, synthetic dyes generally（） more slowly than natural ones.

In studying social groups, sociologists often gain （） through the use of such devices as questionnaires.

In his fifties, Dr. Brown became director of the chemical company, a position he （） for the rest of his life.

Dr. Elizabeth Hurdon distinguished herself as a surgeon at a time in which medical profession was （）male.

The （）of modern bridge is made of concrete or steel and covered with something else.

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as “nature/nurture”.Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist B.F. Skinner sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic, they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.1. Which of the following statements would supporters of the “nature” theory agree with?2. Which of the following statements would proponents of the “nurture” theory agree with?3. B.F. Skinner .4. Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writer of this article .5. In the U.S, black people often score people on intelligence tests. With this in mind, which one of the following statements is not true?

In the past few years, reformers have embraced a disarmingly simple idea for fixing schools; Why not actually flunk those students who don’t earn passing grades? Both Democrats and Republicans have begun attacking the practice of “social promotion”—shuttling bad students to the next grade, advancing them with peers even if they are failing. Make F truly mean failure, the movement says.Last week in Los Angeles, the reformers learned just how ornery, the current system can be. According to a plan released Tuesday by the L.A. school district, ending social promotion there will take at least four years, could cost hundreds of millions of dollars—and probably would require flunking about half the district’s students. That’s a pessimistic assessment, but it’s not just bureaucrats’ caterwauling. Rather, L.A school superintendent Ruben Zacarias was an eager convert to the crusade against social promotion. In February he unveiled an ambitious plan to end unwarranted promotions in five grades during the 1999-2000 school year—a full year ahead of the timetable set by a state law.At the time, Zacarias acknowledged that his goal would be hard to meet. He estimated that as many as 6 of every 10 students would flunk if they had to advance on merit. Zacarias wanted to spend $140 million in the first year alone to help these kids. Why so much? Because a mountain of research shows that ending social promotion doesn’t work if it just means more Fs. Kids who are simply forced to repeat grades over and over usually don’t improve academically and often drop out. Zacarias wanted more tutoring, summer school and intensive learning classes. Unqualified students wouldn’t rise to the next grade; nor would they be doomed to redo work they already failed. It was a forward-looking plan that Zacarias, 70, didn’t have the clout to enact. He wasn’t popular enough—the school board recently bought out his contract after a bitter power struggle—but even fellow reformers think his plan was too much, too soon. Says board member. David Tokofsky: “You’ve got the unions who want their say. And, of course, there’s the facilities issue: Where do you send all these eighth-graders if you can’t send them to high school?” The district now says it will stop advancing low-achieving students only in two grades (second and eighth), and it will begin next year.Los Angeles isn’t the only place that has run into roadblocks while trying to end social promotion. In New York City, some advocates have said in lawsuits that parents weren’t notified early enough that their kids were flunking. And in Chicago, which led the nation on the issue, a parents’ group has filed civil rights complaints alleging that the promotion crackdown holds back a disproportionate number of black and Latino kids.Still, the war on social promotion could have one salutary consequence: if every school district takes L.A.’s approach, struggling students will get a lot more teaching help, not just a kick in the rear as they finish another unproductive school year.1. “Social promotion” is .2. Education officials give the reform prospect a pessimistic assessment because .3. The writer mentioned the case of Zacarias to show that .4. It seems that the effort at ending social promotion .5. Toward the proposal of ending social promotion, the author’s attitude seems to be __.

Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for “academic mobility” is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, and their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether either with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.In the 20th century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the airplane, making contact between schools even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention: there are far more centers of learning and a far greater number of scholars and students. In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work m some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.1.According to the passage, scholars and students are great travelers because （）.2.The writer says that travel was important in the past because it （）.3.What, in the writer’s opinion, happens to a scholar who shares his ideas with his colleagues?4.According to the passage, the recent growth in air travel has meant that （）.5.The writer thinks that academic work has recently become more specialized because （） .

Economic liberalism was the prevailing economic philosophy in much of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the U.S. economy developed within its framework. Economic liberalism promoted freedom of action for the individual and the firm through the doctrines of free trade, self-interest, private property, laissez-faire, and competition.According to this philosophy, individuals were free to seek their own occupations, to enter any business, and to act as they saw fit to improve their economic welfare. Economic society was held together by self-interest. Self-interest was thus the motivating force of the economy. For example, to increase personal economic welfare, an individual might decide to produce goods and sell them for profit. But in so doing, that individual automatically benefited the community as well—by purchasing raw materials, providing employment, and supplying goods or services. A worker seeking increase his or her wages could do so by increasing productivity. This, too, benefited the employer and the community in general. According to Adam Smith, the individual, in seeking personal gain, was led by an invisible hand to promote the welfare of the whole community.Competition was the regulation of the economy under economic liberalism. Business competed with one another for consumer trade by developing new and better products and by selling existing products at lower prices. Free entry into the market ensured adequate competition, and prices were determined by the free forces of supply and demand. Competitive foresees determined not only the prices of goods and services bust also wage rates.Since a beneficial self-interest was the motivating and driving force of the economy and since competition was to serve as the regulator of the economy, a policy of laissez-faire prevailed. According to this policy, the government kept its hands off the economic activities of individuals and businesses. Its economic rolls were strictly to protect private property, to enforce contracts, and to act as a judge in economic disputes.1. Concerning “economic liberalism”, which of the following is true?2. According to the passage, people exchange goods and services in order to .3. Which of the following is the best interpretation for Adam Smith’s theory?4. Competitive forces have the following functions except .5. According to the policy of laissez-faire, the government should __.

“Financial gain should be the most important factor in choosing a career.”Discuss the extent to which you agree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from own experience, observations, or reading.

商务印书馆是中国现代出版史上历史最悠久的文化出版机构。作为国内外著名的出版机构, 它为文化的传播和新知识的介绍做出了卓越的贡献。出版物遍及社会科学、自然科学、应用技术、文学艺术、儿童读物、教科书、中外语文辞书、各类杂志和各个门类专业的工具书。商务印书馆的出版物, 对我国思想界、文化界、教育界均有一定的影响。通信卫星系统在过去的几十年中取得了很大的成功, 已引起了人们对未来的广泛的关注, 一些国家正在采用卫星来发展国内的通信, 以取代传统的陆地电话线。但是, 卫星研制、发射和运转的成本很高, 超出了一些国家的经济承受能力。尽管如此, 通信卫星系统得到了越来越多的人的重视和支持, 这种技术会在未来更加普及。

The term education can be applied to primitive culture only in the sense of enculturation, which is the process of cultural transmission. A primitive person, whose culture is the totality of his universe, has a relatively fixed sense of cultural continuity and timelessness. The model of life is relatively static and absolute, and it is transmitted from one generation to another with little deviation. As for prehistoric education, it can only be inferred from educational practices in surviving primitive cultures. The purpose of primitive education is thus guide children to become good members of their tribe or band.Historically all cultures and societies have provided some form of “education”, formal and informal. Whether we are discussing informal education of a demonstration variety or the highly ritualized and formal mechanisms of a doctoral program in the United States, all systems of education operate implicitly or explicitly with a set of pedagogical objectives. In a broad sense the overall goals of education, formal and informal, are to transmit the skills, competencies, and values that the specific culture deems necessary to assure the maintenance of the society.

Companies spend millions of dollars on ads and commercials, trying to（）the American public into purchasing their products.

My aunt（）a brightly-colored thread round her finger so as not to forget her appointment.

A violent thunderstorm was（）as dark clouds were collecting overhead.

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