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（）It was after the failure of this attempt that he to force.

Write an essay on the Answer Sheet in about 200 words with the title “Open Mind”

For any business, the cost of transportation is normally the largest sin¬gle item in the overall cost of physical distribution. It doesn’t necessarilyfollow, though, that a manufacturer should simply pick up the cheapest a- 101. vailable form of transportation. Many companies today use the total physic-cal distribution concept, an approach involves maximizing the efficiency of 102. physical distribution activities while minimizing their cost. Often, thismean that the company will make cost tradeoff between the various physic-103. cal distribution activities. For instance, air freight may be much more ex¬pensive than rail transport, so a national manufacturer might use air 104. freight to ship everything from a single warehouse and thus avoid the greater expense of maintaining several warehouses.When a firm chooses a type of transportation, it has to bear in mindits other marketing concern—storage, financing, sales, inventory size, 105. and the like. If the firm can supply its customers’ needs quickly and relia- 106. bly than its competitors do, it will have a vital advantage: so it may bemore profitable at the long run to pay higher transportation costs, rather 107. than risking the loss of future sales. In addition, speedy delivery is crucial 108. in some industries. A mail-order distributor sending fruit from Oregon toPennsylvania need the promptness of air freight. On the other hand, a 109. manufacturer shipping lingerie from New York to Massachusetts may be perfectly satisfied by slower (and cheaper) truck or rail transport. 110.

Those of you who approve the death penalty might be able to give 91. New Jersey some advice on that you think the best way is to execute some- 92. one. It’s one of the states that can’t decide. Everyone is always looking forthe most humane method, but if you are among the people who think thedeath penalty is a deterrent crime, putting someone to death in the most 93. humane manner isn’t the best way to get what you are going after. If you 94. want to scare criminals off murder, maybe you’d want to consider a lawthat could call up torturing them to death. 95. How about burying them in sand up to their chins and leave them in 96. the hot sun? I’ve read that they do it that way in some Middle East coun- 97. tries. That would surely deter any would-be murderer who can’t take theheat, I should think.Another thing you should consider a deterrent is the firing squad. It’s 98. dramatic, it’s long-drown-out, and unless you also make it mandatory for 99. the television networks to show it on the evening news, everyone wouldwatch and think of twice or perhaps even three or four times before mur- 100. dering anyone.

At our house, nobody gets more mail than Jake: catalogs, coupons, and offers to subscribe to magazines. He is also urged to donate to worth causes and take advantage of some pretty incredible credit-card offers.He ignores all of them. What do they expect? He’s a dog.It all started when I used Jake’s name as an alias on the Internet, in an attempt to protect what’s left of my privacy. Before I knew it, junk was poring in, proving once again that these days every move you make online can be, often is, carefully watched and recorded by people who don’t know you from your dog—everyone from ad and insurance agencies to nonprofit groups and even the dreaded telemarketers. And let’s not forget the more, shall we say, unscrupulous characters.We’ve all heard horror stories about people whose identities, in the form of credit card or Social Security numbers, were assumed by crooks. Identity theft is one of the fastest-growing crimes around.Even if you never buy anything online, your privacy can be compromised by Web “cookies”. A cookie is a small file that a Web site stores on your computer containing information it can use to “recognize” you if you return to that site.Most cookies pose little risk to privacy on their own. The problem comes when others get hold of your cookies. In a highly publicized case earlier this year. Doubleclick Inc. Planned to cross-reference consumer cookie data with information from a marketing database, such as name, address and credit card-purchase history. Seen as an unethical violation ofconsumers’ privacy, a lawsuit followed. Doubleclick gave up the plan, for now.In the meantime, other threats to your cyberprivacy still exist. Example; Anyone who know where to look can buy stolen credit card numbers in chat rooms, and spends up every penny on your card in minutes.In this technology-driven world, your new best friend may be a different kind of animal: Privacy Enhancing Technologies, which let you complete electronic transactions anonymously. The Anonymizer (anonymizer.com)offers anonymous surfing. Anonymous payment mechanisms such as electronic cash (dagicash.com) let you shop online without a credit card. And you can download free software such as the Internet Junkbuster to filter out most cookies before they touch your computer.Still, as new technologies bring out the creativity in crooks, your best bet may be plain old-lash-ioned vigilance. Keep track of each penny, balance your checkbook and follow up on discrepancies in your statements immediately. However much the world changes, it still pays to be your own watchdog.1.The author used an alias on the Internet in order to （）.2.“We’ve al heard horror stories about people whose identities, in the form of credit card orSocial Security numbers, were assumed by crooks.” (Para. 4) The word “assume” means（）3.Cookies post great threat to your privacy when（） .4.The PETs can enhance your privacy by（） .5.To protect yourself online, you’d better（） .

Western states were the first to give women the vote. Between 1869 and the outbreak of World War I，seventeen states west of the Mississippi gave women the right to vote in state elections and Representatives. It was not until 1920 that the Federal Government under pressure by suffragettes (women insisting on their right to vote), following the states’ lead and permitted women to take part in national elections for Congresswomen and the President.Women have made great strides since then in achieving political equality. Recently, American feminists have been working hard to achieve social and economic equality as well as political. Their belief is that, as there is nothing that women cannot do just as men, they should be shown the same respect and have the same social rights and the same pay as their male counterparts. Anything less is discrimination and sexism.Few American girls agree with the extreme feminists who deride marriage and romantic love, but more and more of them are prepared to live with a man outside marriage, often saved enough money. Young couples today share both the household chores and care of the baby.The old generations, especially those that live in the city suburbs, are bewildered and disturbed by this trend. It is all against the great American tradition of the “home” as the symbol of the unified family.The American woman makes the most of her free time. She helps with political campaigns. She sits on committees. She goes to classes of all kinds, from health foods to English literature, from environmental studies to karate. She swims, plays tennis, and she takes an active interest in her children’s education. In most of these activities her companions are other housewives from her neighborhood.There are women executives of some important industries and businesses. In fact there are women in most jobs which were formerly reserved for men. There are women lawyers, doctors, architects, as well as women bus drivers, but the ordinary working women will earn less than a man gets for doing the same job—although there is a law which makes this illegal. American girls tend to marry young, which means that 60% of the women in work are married. This also helps to explain why so many young married couples have such a high standard of living.American women seem to have more self-confidence than women from most other countries. For years they have felt no inferiority whatsoever to the male sex. Therefore visitors to the USA rarely meet militant feminists.1.When were the American women first given right to vote in national elections?2.American feminists believe that women（） .3.What attitude do the American women have towards marriage according to the passage?4.During their free-time, American women are usually engaged in （）.5. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?

The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business class. In the last 15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference. The source of this interference remains unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic devices such as portable computers, radio and cassette players and mobile telephones.RTCA, an organization which advises the aviation industry, has recommended that all airlines ban such devices from being used during “critical” stages of flight, particularly take-off and landing. Some experts have gone further, calling for a total ban during all flights. Currently, rules on using these devices are left up to individual airlines. And although some airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most are reluctant to enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.The difficulty is predicting how electromagnetic fields might affect an aircraft’s computers. Experts know that portable devices emit radiation which affects those wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication. But, because they have not been able to reproduce these effects in a laboratory, they have no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous or not.The fact that aircraft may be vulnerable to interference raises the risk that terrorists may use radio systems in order to damage navigation equipment. As worrying, though, is the passenger who can’t hear the instructions to turn off his radio because the music’s too loud.1.The passage is mainly about（） .2.What is said about the over 100 aircraft incidents in the past 15 years?3.Few airlines want to impose a total ban on their passengers using electronic devices because（）4.Why is it difficult to predict the possible effects of electromagnetic fields on an airplane’s computers?5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author（） .

One of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is, of course, the voice of the advertisers. Its strident clamor dominates our lives. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers; waves to us from every page of the newspaper; plucks at our sleeves on the escalator; signals to us from the roadside billboards all day and lashes messages to us in colored lights all night. It has forced on us a whole new conception of the successful man as a man no less than 20% of whose mail consists of announcements of giant carpet sales.Advertising has been among England’s biggest growth industries since the war, in terms of the ratio of money earnings to demonstrable achievement. Why all the fantastic expenditure?Perhaps the answer is that advertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer. At the stage of designing and developing a product, there is quite enough to think about without worrying over whether anybody will want to buy it. The designer is busy enough without adding customer-appeal to all his other problems of man-hours and machine tolerances and stress factors. So they just go ahead and make the thing and leave it to the advertiser to find eleven ways of making it appeal to purchasers after they have finished it, by pretending that it conform status or a tracts love or signifies manliness. If the advertising agency can do this authoritatively enough, the manufacturer is in clover.Other manufacturers find advertising saves them from changing their product. And manufacturers hate change. The ideal product is one which goes on unchanged for ever. If， therefore, for one reason or another, some alternation seems called for as to how much better to change the image, the packet or the pitch made by the product, rather than go to all the inconvenience of changing the product itself.The advertising man has to combine the qualities of the three most authoritative professions: Church. Bar, and Medicine. The great skill required of our priests, most highly developed in missionaries but present, in all, is the skill of getting people to believe in and contribute money to something which can never be logically proved. At the Bar，an essential ability is that of presenting the most persuasive case you can to a jury of ordinary people, with emotional appeals masquerading as logical exposition; a case you do not necessarily have to believe in yourself, just one you have studiously avoided discovering to be false. As for Medicine, any doctor will confirm that a large part of his job is not clinical treatment but faith healing. His apparently scientific approach enables his patients to believe that he knows exactly what is wrong with them and exactly what they need to put them right, just as advertising does—“Run down? You need...” “No one will dance with you? A little of... will make you popular”.Advertising men use statistics rather like a drunk uses a lamppost-for support rather than illumination. They will dress anyone up in a white coat to appear like an unimpeachable authority, or, failing that, they will even by happy with the announcement. “As used by 90% of the actors who play doctors on television.” Their engaging quality is that they enjoy having their latest tricks uncovered almost as much as anyone else.1.According to the passage, modern advertising is “authoritative” because of the way it（）2.The forms of advertising mentioned in the first paragraph would have least impact（）3.According to the passage, customers are attracted to a product because it appears to（）4.The advertising man is said to share with the Church, Bar, and Medicine the ability to（）5.The advertisers（） .

When we speak of progress in connection with our individual endeavors or any organized human effort, we mean an advance toward a known goal. It is not in this sense that social evolution can be called progress, for it is not achieved by human reason striving by known means toward a fixed aim. It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect, a process of adaptation and learning in which not only the possibilities known to us but also our values and desires continually change. As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable. It always leads into the unknown, and the most we can expect is to gain an understanding of the kind of forces that bring it about. Yet, though such a general understanding of the character of this process of cumulative growth is indispensable if we are to try to create conditions favorable to it, it can never be knowledge which will enable us to make specific predictions. The claim that we can derive from such insight necessary laws of evolution that we must follow is an absurdity. Human reason can neither predict nor deliberately shape its own future. Its advances consist in finding out where it has been wrong.Even in the field where search for new knowledge is most deliberate, i, e, in science, no man can predict what will be the consequences of his work. In fact, there is increasing recognition that even the attempt to make science deliberately aim at useful knowledge—that is, at knowledge whose future uses can be foreseen—is likely to impede progress. Progress by its very nature cannot be planned. We may perhaps legitimately speak of planning progress in a particular field where we aim at the solution of a specific problem and are already on the track of the answer. But we should soon be at the end of our endeavors if we were to confine ourselves to striving for goals now visible and if new problems did not spring up all the time. It is knowing what we have not known before that makes us wiser man.But often it also makes us sadder men. Though progress consists in part in achieving things we have been striving for, this does not mean that we shall like all its results or that all will be gainers. And since our wishes and aims are also subject to change in the course or process, it is questionable whether the statement has a clear meaning that the new state of affairs that progress creates is a better one. Progress in the sense of the cumulative growth of knowledge and power over nature is a term that says little about whether the new state will give us more satisfaction than the old. The pleasure may be solely in achieving what we have been striving for, and the assured possession may give us little satisfaction. The question whether, if we had to stop at our present stage of development, we would in any significant sense be better off or happier that if we had stopped a hundred or a thousand years ago is probably unanswerable.The answer, however, does not matter. What matters is the successful striving for what at each moment seems attainable. It is not the fruits of past success but the living in and for the future in which human intelligence proves itself. Progress is movement for movement’s sake, for it is in theprocess of learning, and in the effects of having learned something new, that man enjoys the gift of his intelligence.1.Which of the following statements does the passage most strongly support?2.Progress, in the view of the writer（）, 3.When considering the search for knowledge,（） .4.Progress, according to this argument,（） .5.The author suggests that （）.

Medicine achieved its splendid eminence by applying the principle of fragmentation to the human condition. Our bodily ills have been split up relegated to different experts: an itch to the dermatologist, a twitch to the neurologist and if all else fails, a visit to the psychiatrist. For this last, intangible function & the family doctor has been taken over by the specialist confessional.In Israel, you queue at one desk for a cut finger, at another for a sprain, and a third for shock-even if all three symptoms resulted from one accident. In Britain, both the growing importance of hospital facilities and the reluctance of GE.s to unit their resources has gone far towards making the surgery a baby or calming a neurotic.Consultants and G.Ps begin the same way, as medical students obliged to cultivate detachment. But whereas family doctor gets involved in the intimate details of his “parish”， the consultant need only meet aspects of the patient relevant to his specialty. The more he endeavors to specialize, the more extraneous phenomena must be shut out. Beyond the token bedside exchanges he need not go.Consequently, in a surgical ward, there are no people at all: only an appendectomy, a tumor, two hernias, and a “terminal case” (hospitals avoid the word “dying”). To make impersonality easier, beds are numbered and patients are known by numbers. Remoteness provides the hospital with a practical working code.Nurses too have evolved their own defense system. Since they care for individuals, they could with dangerous ease become too involved. The nursing profession has therefore perfected its own technique of fragmentation, task assignment”. This enables one patient’s needs to be split up among many nurses. One junior will go down a row of beds inserting a thermometer into a row of mouths. Whether the owners are asleep or drinking tea is irrelevant; the job comes first, in her final year, a student will undertake the pre-medication of patients on theatre-list. She has by that time learnt to see them as objects for injection, not frightened people.Nursing leaders realize the drawbacks in this system. There-has been talk of group-assignment to link nurses with particular patients and give some continuity. But the actual number of experiments can be counted on one hand. Nurses, as they often plead, touchingly, “are only human”. They shun responsibility for life and death, if responsibility is split into a kaleidoscope of urines, it weighs less on any one person.1.In this passage, the writer is ultimately suggesting that（）.2.According to the passage nurses are（） .3.In this passage, the writer is ultimately suggesting that （）.4.According to the writers the attempts by nursing leaders to improve the system 5.The word “shun” in the last paragraph means （）.

To pull a personality together takes inner reserves of powerd（） frombeyond oneself.

For most allergies, the best treatment is（） of the bother—some substances from the sensitive person’s environment.

Producing elastic through chemical synthesis is a tedious process consuming three months.

Hardly （）when a loud explosion was heard.

Babies soon began to take an active（） the world around them.

The authorities are discouraging new（） who want to enter the country as there aren’t enough jobs for them.

In the case of Finney, where an attendant at a mental hospital caused the death of a patient by releasing a flow of trailing water into a bath, the test was whether he was grossly（） .

In ancient India, there used to be a very formidable（） in religious and social life.

The prodigal son（） his large inheritance in a few years of heavy spending.

Agreement made by the President with other countries（） the approval of the senate.

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