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The police have offered a large（） for information leading to the robber’s arrest.

As the manager was away on a business trip, I was asked to（） the weekly staff meeting.

Although he has become rich, he is still very （）of his money.

His expenditure on holidays and luxuries is rather high in （）to his income.

The customer expressed her（） for that broad hat.

I only know the man by （）but I have never spoken to him.

The team’s efforts to score were（） by the opposing goalkeeper.

The computer can be programmed to（） a whole variety of tasks.

The local authorities realized the need to make（） for elderly people in their housing programs.

The Olympic Games （）in 776 B.C.in Olympia, a small town in Greece.

More often than not, it is difficult to（） the exact meaning of a Chinese idiom in English.

In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of "My Aim for Doctoral Study” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put you composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1、你攻读博士学位的目标是 .2、你确定这一目标的原因是 .3、你将如何努力实现？

现在我们面临健康研究中的四大挑战：道德价值、公平和美德、可持续的健康研究体系、良好的研究环境及知识的产生和应用。为了应对挑战，保健体系和健康研究体系两者应向一个学习和解决问题的模式推进，把创新包括进运作之中，更好地把握未来发展的机遇。没有效果明显的锦囊妙计，没有简单的解决办法，只是有许多事情要去学习。

Joint ventures, in a number of cases, don’t work out because the “people” relationships become unglued and/or the business can’t be made profitable. With this in mind,international joint ventures should be structured to anticipate the worst contingencies. If this is done even though the contingencies don’t occur, you can feel that your company’s interests have been protected. Here, I would add an additional observation, namely, that a joint venture that did not work out may be profitable for the partners when broken up if the right decisions were made on the purchase of real estate or the acquisition of the right equipment. These assets may well be worth more when sold than when they were purchased by the joint venture when formed. This has been particularly true in Japan. If the breakup is profitable, then you’ll want to make sure that you get your share of these profits.

Consumers and producers obviously make decisions that mold the economy, but there is a third major （1） to consider the role of government. Government has a powerful （2）on the economy in at least four ways.Direct Services. The postal system, for example, is a federal system （3）the entire nation, as is the large and complex establishment. Conversely, the construction and ,（4）of most highways is the（5）of the individual states, and the public educational systems, despite a large funding role by the federal government, are primarily（6）for by country or city governments. Police and fire protection and sanitation （7）are also the responsibilities of local government.Regulation and Control. The government regulates and controls private （8）in many ways, for the（9）of assuring that business serves the best （10）of the people as a whole. Regulation is necessary in areas where private enterprise is granted a（11）, such as in telephone or electric service. Public policy permits such companies to make a reasonable （12）but limits their ability to raise prices （13） , since the public depends on their services. Often control is （14） to protect the public, as for example, when the Food and Drug Administration bans harmful drugs, or requires standards of（15）in food. In other industries, government sets guidelines to ensure fair competition without using direct control.Stabilization and Growth. Branches of government, including Congress and such entities as the Federal Reserve Board, attempt to control the extremes of boom and bust, of inflation and depression, by （16） tax rates, the money supply, and the use of credit They can also（17） the economy through changes in the amount of public spending by the government itself.Direct Assistance. The government provides many kinds of help to（18）and individuals. For example, tariffs （19）certain products to remain relatively free of foreign competition; imports are sometimes taxed so that American products are able to （20）better with certain foreign goods. In quite a different area, government supports individuals who cannot adequately care for themselves, by making grants to working parents with dependent children, by providing medical care for the aged and the indigent, and through social welfare system to help the unemployed and retirees.

Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court’s ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies. “We’re talking about admissions programs, scholarships, any program, only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different.” says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say they'll take their case to voters. “We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box.” Says University of California regent Ward Cannerly, who helped win voter approval of California's Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Monday’s ruling had no practical impact in the state. “It may be time for us to ...let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions.” Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, U.S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bush's stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions.” Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra DayO’ Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for sessions in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admissions officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. “Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate, ’’says Arthur Coleman, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a January poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. And some educators doubt that with Monday’s ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admissions officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admissions policies, may say they don’t expect significant changes.1.What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that（） 2.Connerly insists that the Court's ruling should（） .3.What is the attitude of the Department of Education towards affirmative action?4.Which of the following is TRUE about affirmative action according to the text?5.It can be inferred from the text that one of the major objectives of affirmative action is to（）

When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”，preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”，and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, and the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting 一 also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” 一 has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tight Wad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline — after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ’80s — and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life_growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one — as a personal recognition of your limitations.1.We know from the first paragraph that（）.2.The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting（） .3.“Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by（） .4.The word “it” in the first sentence of paragraph three refers to （）.5.According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of （）.

The multi-billion-dollar Western pop music industiy is under fire. It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide. “The most worrisome development is a culture of drug-friendliness that seems to be gaining prominence，” said the UN’s 13-member International Narcotics Control Board in a report released in late February 1998.The 74-page study says that pop music, as a global industry, is by far the most influential trend-setter for young people of most cultures. “Some lyrics advocate the smoking of marijuana(大麻)or taking other drugs, and certain pop stars make statements and set examples as if the use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes were a normal and acceptable part of a person's lifestyle,” the study says.Surprisingly, says the Board, the effect of drug-friendly pop music seems to survive despite the occasional shock of death by overdose. “Such incidents tend to be seen as an occasion to mourn the loss of a role model, and not an opportunity to confront the deadly effect of ‘recreational’ drug use，” it notes. Since the 1970s, several internationally famous singers and movie stars—including Elivis Presley, Janice Joplin, John Belushi, Jimi Hendrix, Jonathan Melvin and Andy Gibbs-have died of either drug abuse or drug related illnesses. With the globalization of popular music, messages tolerating or promoting drug abuse are now reaching beyond their countries of origin. “In most countries, the names of certain pop stars have become familiar to the members of every household,” the study says.The UN study also blames the media for its description of certain drug issues-especially the use of marijuana and issues of liberalization and legalization, which encourages, rather than prevents, drug abuse. “Over the last years, we have seen how drug abuse is increasingly regarded as being acceptable or even attractive,” says Hamid Ghodse, president of the Board. “Powerful pressure groups run political campaigns aimed at legalizing controlled drugs，” he says. Ghodse also points out that all these developments have created an environment which is tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse and spoils international drug prevention efforts currently underway.The present study, he says, focuses on the issue of demand reduction and prevention within an environment that has become tolerant of drug abuse. The Board calls on governments to do their legal and moral duties, and to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture to which young people increasingly are being exposed.1.Which of the following statements does the author tend to agree with?2.The italicized phrase “under fire (Par. 1, sentence 1) means（） .3.Under the influence of drug-friendly pop music, what might the youth think of the death of some pop stars caused by overdose?4.Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a factor that has contributed to creating an environment tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse?5.The pop music （）.

Japan is going through a complex national identity crisis. That may be no bad thing, says a new book by an American academic Japanologist. The economy is stalled, but the society is in motion. Japan is a difficult country to report on and analyze because things do not change in big, noticeable ways; they change in an incremental process, generally of small steps but which, over time, can add up to big movements. And just such a big movement seems to be taking place.Mr. Nathan, a professor of Japanese cultural studies, has been observing Japan since the 1960s. Whereas most people look at economic data or the comings and goings of prime ministers, he is more interested in schools, novels, comic books, and the minds of young entrepreneurs and maverick local politicians. In particular, his focus is on whether Japan’s famously cohesive, conformist society may be fracturing under the strain of economic stagnation, and on how such strains have been affecting the country’s sense of purpose and of national identity.Fractures are what he looks for and fractures are what he finds. On balance, they are neither obviously dangerous nor obviously positive, but they are, as he says, signs of motion which could, in time, lead in unpredictable directions. The most worrying fractures he writes about are in the schools, where violence and truancy have risen remarkably. Old Japan hands shrug wearily at such things, for worries about bullying have long existed but have never really seemed terribly serious. Now, though, Mr. Nathan’s numbers do make the situation look grave.Since 1998, youths aged between 14 and 19 have been involved in 50% of all arrests for felonies, including murder. Truancy is also in the up. Mr. Nathan asserts that the true number is 350,000 children, or 5% of the student population.Such trends appear to be symptoms of two related phenomena: a widespread feeling of disillusionment, alienation, uncertainty or plain anger, which has spread to children too; and a gradual breakdown of old systems of discipline—part familial, part social, part legal一which appear to prevent schools and parents from dealing effectively with errant children.Japan is, in short, passing through a national identity crisis. There are plenty of positive aspects to it too, however. One is a considerable increase in the number of actual or budding young entrepreneurs, a trend especially visible in the willingness of high-flyers to leave good, safe jobs in order to set up their own firms. The numbers remain modest, but are nevertheless surprisingly high given the state of the economy in recent years. Another is a new eagerness among popular writers and maverick politicians to try to define and encourage a new national pride.1.What characterizes the social changes in Japanese society is that（） .2.It is implied in the second paragraph that（）.3.School violence and truancy in Japan seem to be（） .4.The reason behind school violence and truancy in Japan seems to be that （）.5.What is the best title for this passage?

Like a ticking time bomb, the failing dollar has grabbed the attention of Japan and West Germany, forcing them to consider adopting economic policies the United States advocates. The U.S. government wants the dollar to fall because as the dollar declines in value against the yen and Deutsch mark, U.S. goods become cheaper. U.S. companies then sell more at home and abroad, and U.S. trade deficit declines. Cries for trade protection abate, and the global free-trade system is preserved.Then, the cheaper dollar makes it cheaper for many foreign investors to snap up U.S. stocks. That prompts heavy buying from abroad―especially from Japan. Also, if the trade picture is improving, that means U.S. companies eventually will be more competitive. Consequently, many investors are buying shares of export-oriented U.S. companies in anticipation of better profits in the next year or so. But that is a rather fashionable notion right now; if corporate earnings are disappointing in the next few quarters, the buying spree might disappear. And finally, if a falling dollar leads to a rise in interest rates, the stock market rally could stop.Improving U.S. competitiveness means a decline in another’s competitiveness.Japan and West Germany are verging on recession. Their export-oriented economies are facing major problems. Japan is worried about the damage the strong yen will do to Japanese trade. West Germany is also worried. Share prices in Frankfurt plummeted this past week. Bonn is thought to be considering a cut in interest rates to boost its economy.Could the falling dollar get out of hand? If the dollar falls too far, investors might lose confidence in U.S. investments—especially the government bond market. The money to finance the federal budget and trade deficits could migrate elsewhere; inflation could flare up, too, since Japanese and German manufacturers will eventually pass along price hikes—and U.S. companies might follow suit to increase their profit margins. The U.S. Federal Reserve then might need step in and stabilize the dollar by raising interest rates. And higher interest rates could cause the U.S. economy to slow down and end the Wall Street Rally.Worried about these side effects，Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcher has said the dollar has fallen far enough. What is the equilibrium level? Probably near where it is or slightly lower. It all depends on when the U.S. trade deficit turns around or if investors defect .from U.S. Treasury Bonds. “It requires a good deal of political patience on the part of the U.S. Congress,” says Dr. Cline, “And there must be an expectation of patience on the part of private investors. The chances are relatively good that we will avoid an Investor break or panic.”1.What is the main idea of this text?2.What does the word “rally” (Para. 2) mean?3.Why are Japan and West Germany worried about the falling dollar?4.If dollar-falling got out of hand, and the U.S. Federal Reserve might step in, what would happen?5.It can be inferred from the text, that the devaluation of the U.S. dollar（） .

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