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If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive for path-breaking innovation will eventually dry up.

Foreign disinvestment and the （）of South Africa from world capitalmarkets after 1985 further weakened its economy.

The river is already（）its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.

In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly（） if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.

Fuel scarcities and price increases （）automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.

We all know that Mary has had a strict （）.

I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to（） my debt in return for certain services.

Corporations and labor unions have（） great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public.

He knows little of mathematics, and （）of chemistry.

As my exams are coming next week, I’ll take advantage of the weekend to （）on some reading.

The scientists have made an （）study of the viruses that cause the disease.

In this part, you are required to write a passage in at least 200 words on the following topic. You should use an appropriate title for your passage.More and more students choose to go abroad for higher education. Do you think the benefits outweigh the problems associated with it?

"学习"这两个字是由孔夫子首先讲的，他是一个伟大的教育家。他自己学习十分努力，又有了多年的教学经验，总结了那么一句话：“学而时习之，不亦说（悦）乎？” 意思是说，学了一些东西，经常温习它，不是很快乐的事情吗？这是"学习”一词的来源。任何人要获得新知识，途径只有一条，那便是“学”，向具有这门知识的人学，向记有这门知识的书本学，但是学了，懂得了，却不等于掌握了这门知识。要使它成为自己的东西，就必须“习”。只有经常温习，才能记得住，记得牢。

France has a strong regional identity. When a Frenchman talks of ”mon pays"（my country）, he is more likely to be referring to the area in which he grew up than to the nation as a whole. So Normandy（诺曼底）remains resolutely Norman. Brittany（布列塔尼）defiantly Breton, and the villages of the south decidedly contrary.And because of this local sense of being, the baker from another region beyond the hills will be regarded as much of a foreigner as the welcome visitor from overseas, clutching a guidebook. And regional pride guarantees that shopkeepers, restaurateurs and even the old man playing petanque（滚球游戏）on a dusty village square will upgrade the welcome to any stranger if only to prove that their region is the only true France.You'll soon discover that, as much as the landscape, it is the local food that defines each region of France. Chance encounters are sometimes the best 一 coming across a strawberry fair in the north, or an olive market in the south; happening upon monks tending their vines in a walled clos（庄园）filling cupped palms and any spare bottles with mineral water in a spa-resort（温泉胜地）；or watching the morning catch spill onto a harbor quayside（码头区）.

The ideal companion machine-the computer-would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user's life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer’s own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.1.Which of the following is not a feature of the ideal companion machine?2.The computer would develop friendships with humans in a (n) - way（）.3.Which of the following aspects is not mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits of artificial relationships?4.Throughout the passage, the author is in his attitude toward the computer（）.5.Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?

Women’s minds work differently from men's. At least, that is what most men are convinced of. Psychologists view the subject either as a matter or frustration or a joke. Now the biologists have moved into this minefield, and some of them have found that there are real differences between the brains of men and women. But being different, they point out hurriedly, is not the same as being better or worse. There is, however, a definite structural variation between the male and female brain. The difference is in a part of the brain that is used in the most complex intellectual processes-the link between the two halves of the brain.The two halves are linked by a trunkline of between 200 and 300 million nerves, the corpus callosum. Scientists have found quite recently that the corpus callosum in women is always larger and probably richer in nerve fibres than it is in men. This is the first time that a structural difference has been found between the brains of women and men and it must have some significance. The question is "What?'*, and, if this difference exists, are there others? Research shows that present-day women think differently and behave differently from men. Are some of these differences biological and inborn, a result of evolution? We tend to think that is the influence of society that produces these differences. But could we be wrong? Research showed that these two halves of the brain had different functions, and that the corpus callosum enabled them to work together. For most people, the left half is used for word handing, analytical and logical activities; the right half works on pictures, patterns and forms. We need both halves working together. And the better the connections, the more harmoniously the two halves work. And, according to research findings, women have the betterconnections. But it isn't all that easy to explain the actual differences between skills of men and women on this basis. In schools throughout the world girls tend to be better than boys at "language subjects" and boys better at maths and physics. If these differences correspond with the differences in the hemispheric trunkline, there is an unalterable distinction between the sexes.We shan't know for a while, partly because we don’t know of any precise relationship between abilities in school subject and the functioning of the two halves of the brain, and we cannot understand how the two halves interact via the corpus callosum. But this striking difference must have some effect and, because the difference is in the parts of the brain involved in intellect, we should be looking for differences in intellectual processing. 1.Which of the following statements is CORRECT?2.According to the passage it is commonly believed that brain differences are caused by factors（）. 3."These differences" in paragraph 5 refer to those in（） .4.At the end of the passage the author proposes more work on（） .5.What is the main purpose of the passage?

By about A.D. 500 the Mound Builder （筑堤人）culture was declining, perhaps because of attacks from other tribes or perhaps because of severe climatic changes that undermined agriculture. To the west another culture, based on intensive agriculture, was beginning to flourish. Its center was beneath present-day St. Louis, and it radiated out to encompass most of the Mississippi watershed, from Wisconsin to Louisians and from Oklahoma to Tennessee. Thousands of villages were included in its orbit. By about A.D. 700 this Mississippian culture, as is known to archaeologists, began to send its influence eastward to transform the life of most of the less technologically advanced woodland tribes. Like the Mound Builders of the Ohio region, these tribes, probably influenced by Meso-American cultures through trade and warfare, built gigantic mounds as burial and ceremonial places. The largest of them, rising in four terraces to a height of one hundred feet, has a rectangular base of nearly fifteen acres, larger than that of the Great Pyramid of Egypt. Built between A.D. 900 and 1100 this huge earthwork faces the site of a palisaded （用栅围护）Indian city which contained more than one hundred small artificial mounds marking burial sites. Spread among them was a vast settlement containing some 30 000 people by current estimations. The finely crafted ornaments and tools recovered at Cahokia, as this center of Mississippi culture is called, include elaborate ceramics （陶器）finely sculpted stonework, carefully embossed and engraved copper and mica （云母）sheets, and one funeral blanket fashioned from 12 000 shell beads. They indicate that Cahokia was a true urban center, with clustered housing, markets, and specialists in tool making, hide-dressing, potting, jewelry-making, weaving, and salt-making.1.What is the main topic of the passage?2.The paragraph preceding this one most probably discussed （）.3.In relation to the Mississippian culture, the Mound Builder culture waslocated （）.4.The Mississippian culture influenced the culture of the（）5.According to the passage, the mounds were used as （）.

I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convince myself that if it weren’t for my job I would immediately head out for the open space and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the populations live in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. All you can see from your window is sky, or other blocks of flats. Children become aggressive and nervous—cooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world. Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don’t even say hello to each other.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. There’s little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leaves for the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet.What, then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds a feeling of isolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its main advantages is that you are at the centrer of things, and that life doesn’t come to an end at half past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought) a compromise between the two: they have expressed their preference for the “quiet life” by leaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behind they are polluted with strange ideas about changes and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.What then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring “morning” to the locals as they pass by. I’m keen on the idea, but you see there’s my cat, Toby. I’m not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass. I mean, can you see him mixing with all those healthy males down the farm? No, he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening.1.We get the impression from the first paragraph that the author（） .2.In the author’s opinion the following may cause city people to be unhappy EXCEPT（） .3.The passage implies that it is easy to buy the following things in the country EXCEPT（） .4.According to the passage, which of the following adjectives best describes those people who work in large cities and live in villages?5.Do you think the author will move to the country?

The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and (predispose) to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, we saw earlier that among the Ngoni the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not so widespread today if parents, caretakers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial.Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.1.This passage primarily argues that（） .2.The phrase “predispose to” (Para. 1, line 3) most probably means （）.3.According to Bowlby's analysis, it is quite possible that（） .4.It is implied but not stated in the second paragraph that .5.The writer concludes that （）.

In the case of mobile phones, change is everything. Recent research indicates that the mobile phone is changing not only our culture, but our very bodies as well.First, let’s talk about culture. The difference between the mobile phone and its parent, the fixed-line phone is, you get whoever answers it.This has several implications. The most common one, however, and perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever, is the “meeting” influence. People no longer need to make firm plans about when and where to meet. Twenty years ago, a Friday night would need to be arranged in advance.You needed enough time to allow everyone to get from their place of work to the first meeting place. Now, however, a night out can be arranged on the run. It is no longer "see you there at 8", but "text me around 8 and we’ll see where we all are".Texting changes people as well. In their paper, “Insight into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging”，two British researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users: the “talkers” and the lexters”一those who prefer voice to text message and those who prefer text to voice.They found that the mobile phone’s individuality and privacy gave texters the ability to express a whole new outer personality. Texters were likely to report that their family would be surprised if they were to read their texts. This suggests that texting allowed texters to present a self-image that differed from the one familiar to those who knew them well.Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to body language.There are two kinds that people use while speaking on the phone. There is the “speakeasy”： the head is held high, in a self-confident way, chatting away. And there is the “spacemaker”： these people focus on themselves and keep out other people.Who can blame them? Phone meetings get cancelled or reformed and camera-phones intrude on people’s privacy. So, it is understandable if your mobile makes you nervous. But perhaps you needn't worry so much. After all, it is good to talk.1.When people plan to meet nowadays, they （）.2.According to the two British researchers, the social and psychological effects are mostly likely to be seen on（） .3.We can infer from the passage that the texts sent by texters are（） .4.According to the passage, is afraid of being heard while talking on the mobile（）.5.An appropriate title for the passage might be（） .

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