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If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem. Human management is not traditionally seen as a central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered as individual responsibility. Labor is simply another force of production to be hired/rented at the lowest possible cost, which is a must as one buys raw material or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human resource management can be seen in the corporate pecking order. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer. By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm’s hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work force, in fact, they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional or managerial employees. And the limited investments that made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in German (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in German than it is in United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at the speed with which new equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retaining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1.Which of the following applies to the human resource management of American companies?2.What is the position of the executive of human-resource management in American firms?3.The money most American firms put in work force training mainly goeson （）.4.Why is there a slow pace of technological change in American firms?5.What is the main idea of the passage?

A scientific panel convened by the World Health Organization recommended guidelines on Friday for doctors conducting clinical studies of SARS patients. The panel urged doctors to apply the guidelines in analyzing the masses of potentially useful information about various therapies that were collected in this year’s epidemic. Much of that information has not been published or analyzed.“It is a matter of urgency to get better analysis and review，” said Dr. Simon Mardel, a WHO official who led the two-day meeting that ended on Friday. He said thousands of potential therapies and compounds had been tested so far as researchers try to determine treatments for SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome. “We recognize that having no treatment for SARS is hindering our ability to control an epidemic in so many ways.” He said.In the epidemic earlier this year, various treatments, like drugs to fight the virus or strengthen the immune system, as well as traditional Chinese medicine, were delivered under emergency conditions, in widely different settings and countries to patients suffering from varying stages of the illness. Those conditions- generally without standardized measurements or controlled situations-have made it hard to interpret results.Standard supportive therapy like nursing, and in severe cases the use of mechanical respirators to help patients breathe, is the mainstay of SARS care, and helped many patients survive. But doctors still do not know how best to treat SARS patients who have breathing difficulties. Dr. Mardel said. One method is invasive ventilation. A second method involves blowing oxygen into the lungs through a mask. Both carry the risk of transmitting the virus to hospital employees. Without proper analysis, the panel was unable to say definitively which treatment worked best, or which caused the most harm. “There is a lack of shared information，” Dr. Mardel said, noting that a lot of data have not been published.The panel also agreed on guidelines that would allow doctors to conduct quick and safe clinical trials, a process that generally takes years to complete. The world Health Organization, a United Nations agency did not release the guidelines. Dr. Mardel said they were flexible because no one knew where, when and in what setting SARS would return. Experts in many countries have already listed the treatments they want to test, and the health agency is leaving these decisions to individual nations.1.Guidelines recommended by the scientific panel can be sued for（） .2.According to the passage, it is difficult to interpret the results of certain treatments for SARS because（） .3.According to doctors, the two methods to treat SARS patients who have breathing difficulties both （）.4.According to Dr. Mardel, the guidelines were flexible because（） .5.Which of the following can be best title of the passage?

Write an essay of at least 250 words on the topic My View on High Housing Price. You are required to base your writing on the following outline.(1) 问题与现状(2) 危害(3) 原因(4) 解决办法

在中国较大的城市中，自行车流——曾一度是中国城市最生动的形象之一，已经被挤满汽车的街道取代了，可怕的是，驾驶者大多是新手。通过禁止或严格限制在这些城市使用摩托车，中国跳过了它的亚洲邻国的发展模式，在这些国家中，摩托车通常使新富们初次尝到了不需费力就可四处移动的滋味。拥有大约九百万辆普通自行车的上海，去年因禁止自行车在市中心的主要街道上行驶，引起了媒体的一阵批评。但是近来自行车用得是越来越少了。

In recent years Westerners have reassured themselves and irritated others by expounding the notion that the culture of the West is and ought to be the culture of the world.This conceit takes two forms. One is the Coca-colonization thesis. Its proponents claim that Western, and more specifically American, popular culture is envelopin—g the world: American food, clothing, pop music, movies, and consumer goods are more and more enthusiastically embraced by people on every continent. The other has to do with modernization. It claims not only that the West has led the world to modern society, but that as people in other civilizations modernize they also westernize, abandoning their traditional values, institutions, and customs and adopting those that prevail in the West. Both theses project the image of an emerging homogeneous, universally Western world—and both are to varying degrees misguided, arrogant, false, and dangerous. Advocates of the Coca-colonization thesis identify culture with the consumption of material goods. The heart of a culture, however, involves language, religion, values， traditions，and customs. Drinking Coca-Cola does not make Russians think like Americans any more than eating sushi makes Americans think like Japanese. Throughout human history, fads and material goods have spread from one society to another without significantly altering the basic culture of the recipient society. Enthusiasms for various items of Chinese, Hindu, and other cultures have periodically swept the Western world, with no discernible lasting spillover. The argument that the spread of pop culture and consumer goods around the world represents the triumph of Western civilization depreciates the strength of other cultures while trivializing Western culture by identifying it with fatty foods, faded pants, and fi drinks. The essence of Western culture is the Magna Carta, not the Magna Mac.The modernization argument is intellectually more serious than the Coca-colonization thesis, but equally flawed. The tremendous expansion of scientific and engineering knowledge that occurred in the nineteenth century allowed humans to control and shape their environment in unprecedented ways. Modernization involves industrialization; urbanization; increasing levels of literacy，education，wealth, and social mobilization; and more complex and diverse occupational structures. It is a revolutionary process comparable to the shift from primitive to civilized societies that began in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile, and the Indus about 5000 B.C.The attitudes, values, knowledge，and culture of people in a modern society differ greatly from those in a traditional society. As the first civilization to modernize, the West is the first to have fiilly acquired the culture of modernity. As other societies take on similar patterns of education, work, wealth, and class structure, the modernization argument runs, this Western culture will become the universal culture of the world.

Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. （1） .Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.（2） .Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocksformed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.（3） .There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were coveredwith a homy substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.（4） .Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.（5） .About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

That trade protection hurts the economy of the country that imposes it is one of the oldest but still most startling insights economics has to offer. The idea dates back to the origin of economic science itself. Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, which gave birth to economics, already contained the argument for free trade: by specializing in production instead of producing everything, each nation would profit from free trade. In international economics it is the direct counterpart to the idea that people within a national economy will be better off if they specialize at what they do best instead of trying to be self-sufficientIt is important to distinguish between the cases for free trade for oneself and the case for free trade for all. The former is an argument for free trade to improve one nation’s own welfare (the "national-efficiency” argument). The latter is an argument for free trade to improve every trading country's welfare (the "cosmopolitan-efficiency" argument).Underlying both cases is the assumption that free markets determine prices, but governments may distort market prices by, for example, subsidizing production or governments may protect intellectual property inadequately, causing underproduction of new knowledge.The cosmopolitan-efficiency case for free trade is relevant to questions such as the design of international trade regimes. The national-efficiency case for free trade concerns national trade policies; it is, in fact, Adam Smith's case for free trade. Economists typically have the national-efficiency case in mind when they talk of the advantage of free trade and of the folly of protectionism.The trade policy of the United States today is premised on a different assessment: that indeed U.S. markets can, and should, be closed as a means of opening new markets abroad. This premise underlies sections 301 through 310 of the 1988 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act. These provisions permit, and sometimes even require, the U.S. government to force other countries into accepting new trade obligations by threatening tariff retaliation if they do not. But those ”trade obligations" do not always entail free trade. They can, for instance, take the form of voluntary quotas on exports of certain goods to the United States. Thus, they may simply force weak nations to redirect their trade in ways that strong nations desire, cutting away at the principle that trade should be guided by market prices. Much economic analysis shows that in the past 20 years U.S. "fair trade" mechanisms turned increasingly into protectionist instruments used unfairly against foreign competition.1.The author mentions that it’s true of Adam Smith that he argued that （）.2.The national-efficiency and the “cosmopolitan-efficiency” argument rest on the assumption that（） .3.According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT the argument that（） .4.The author is most critical of（）.5.The best statement to summarize the author's argument would be（） .

Whenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it is tempting to look for more than a coincidental relationship between them. The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics and the cultures which are found there are also unusual, though not unique. However, there is no intention of adopting Montesquieu's view of climate and soil as cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture are important to its development, they do not determine it.The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accompanying further raising of the previously established rages had a marked effect on the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon（季风）from reaching Central Asia at all. Secondarily, air and moisture from other directions were also reduced.Prior to the raising of the Himalayas, the land now forming the Tibetan uplands had a dry,continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel, but somewhat different than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier. With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant population. The ensuing incomplete Pleistocene glaciations （冰蚀）had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus after the end of the glaciations there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from the Tarim basin and Turfan depression, species which had already adapted to the dry steppe climate, and would otherwise have been expected to flourish in Tibetan, the remaining native fauna and flora （动植物）multiplied. Armand describes the Tibetan fauna as not having great variety, but being "striking” in the abundance of the particular species that are present. The plant life is similarly limited in variety, with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plants in even the relatively fertile Eastern Tibetan valleys ; with fewer than ten food crops. Tibetan ’’tea" is a major staple, perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.The difficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable climates, are great. These difficulties may well have influenced the unusual polyandrous（一妻多夫制）societies typical of the region. Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-husband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands which permitted noexperimentation and "froze" the cultures which came there. Kawakita, on the other hand, sees the polyandry as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head husband regardless of age. His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of talent mobility is a situation where even the best talent is barely enough for survival for more than a coincidental relationship between them.In sum, though arguments can be made that a pre-existing polyandrous system was strengthened and preserved （insofar as it has been） by the rigors of the land, it would certainly be an overstatement to lay causative factors of any stronger nature to the ecological influences in this case.1.What are the "unusual traits or situations" referred to in the first sentence?2.The purpose of the passage is to （）.3.The author's knowledge of Tibet is probably（） .4.According to the passage, which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?5.The species of fauna and flora remaining in Tibet after the Pleistocene glaciations can properly be called continental because they（） .

Perhaps all criminals should be required to carry cards which read: Fragile: Handle with Care. It will never do, these days, to go around referring to criminals as violent thugs. You must refer to them politely as “social misfits”. The professional killer who wouldn’t think twice about using his club or knife to batter some harmless old lady to death in order to rob her of her meager life-savings must never be given a dose of his own medicine. He is in need of “hospital treatment”. According to his misguided defenders, society is to blame. A wicked society breeds evil - or so the argument goes. When you listen to this kind of talk, it makes you wonder why aren’t all criminals. We have done away with the absurdly harsh laws of the nineteenth century and this is only right. But surely enough is enough. The most senseless piece of criminal legislation in Britain and a number of other countries has been the suspension of capital punishment.The violent criminal has become a kind of hero-figure in our time. He is glorified on the screen; he is pursued by the press and paid vast sums of money for his “memoirs”. Newspapers which specialize in crime reporting enjoy enormous circulations and the publishers of trashy cops and robbers stories or “murder mysteries” have never had it so good. When you read about the achievements of the great train robbery, it makes you wonder whether you are reading about some glorious resistance movement. The hardened criminal is cuddled and cosseted by the sociologists on the one hand and adored as a hero by the masses on the other. It’s no wonder he is a privileged person who expects and receives VIP treatment wherever he goes.Capital punishment used to be a major deterrent. It made the violent robber think twice before pulling the trigger. It gave the cold-blooded prisoner something to ponder about while he was shaking up or serving his arsenic cocktail. It prevented unarmed policemen from being killed while pursuing their duty by killers armed with automatic weapons. Above all, it protected the most vulnerable members of society, young children, from brutal violence. It is horrifying to think that the criminal can literally get away with murder. We all know that “life sentence” does not mean what it says. After ten years or so of good conduct, the most desperate villain is free to return to society where he will live very comfortably, thank you, on the proceeds of his crime, or he will go on committing offences until he is caught again.People are always willing to hold liberal views at the expense of others. It’s always fashionable to pose as the defender of the under-dog, so long as you, personally, remain unaffected. Did the defenders of crime, one wonders, in their desire for fair-play, consult the victims before they suspended capital punishment? Hardly, you see they couldn’t, because all the victims were dead.1.According to the passage, which of the following is the author’s opinion?2.The tone taken by the author towards these defenders of crime in the passage is （）.3.“Capital punishment” most probably means（） .4.Which of the following is true according to the passage?5.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

We are told the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs programme as Panoroma. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed too much intimation about societies, forms of life, and attitudes other than those which they obtain in their local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities, width of judgment, and a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in quarry(采石场)and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones do not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe fleetingly individually interesting points of difference between them is sufficient in itself.Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to—or feel we should try to—make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. The disinclination to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communications. The organs of the establishment, however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form (the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliche assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question cliches nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. They will stress the “stimulation” the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation itself; they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo (现状).There were exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.1.According to the passage, the mass media present us with（） .2.What effect is it claimed the mass media can have on our intellectual and imaginative development?3.The author uses the comparison with building a cathedral that（） .4.How are the mass media said to influence our ability to make decisions?5.The main weakness of the mass media is identified by the author as （）.

Nobody likes taking exams; exams in your own language can be stressful enough but somehow exams in a foreign language always seem to cause more worry and anxiety. Well, the good news is that, if you（1）some simple steps, taking English language exams can be really quite（2） It won't exactly be fun, but it certainly shouldn't give you too many headaches or sleepless nights.If you are planning to（3）one of the well-known exams such as Cambridge First Certificate, you will probably find that there's a preparation course （4）at a school near you. Check that the school has a good （5）of exams success and that the teacher is （6）.It is a good idea to ask if you will be given homework and （7 ）your written will be marked by a teacher who knows the level of English （8） by the exam.If you take an exam preparation course your teacher will give you all the information you need and you will find that （9） in the class helps you to study more effectively. But you will still need to （10）in a lot of work yourself (after all, the teacher can't take the exam for you.

TWA was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifying victims' families.

There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.

Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jefferson contented that the country should remain chiefly agricultural.

Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurors prevailed.

The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery.

There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents' wishes.

The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about the consequences.

Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting and photography.

These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despite the appalling working conditions.

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